Synthetic modified N-POMC(1-28) controls in vivo proliferation and blocks apoptosis in rat adrenal cortex

The identity of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived mitogen in the adrenal cortex has been historically controversial. We have used well-established in vivo models, viz., hypophysectomized (Hyp) or dexamethasone (Dex)-treated rats, to study the effect of the synthetic modified peptide N-terminal POMC (N-POMC(1-28)) on DNA synthesis in the adrenal cortex, as assessed by BrdU incorporation and compared with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). We evaluated the importance of disulfide bridges on proliferation by employing N-POMC(1-28) without disulfide bridges and with methionines replacing cysteines. Acute administration of synthetic modified N-POMC(1-28) distinctly increased DNA synthesis in the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata, but not in the zona reticularis in Hyp rats, whereas in Dex-treated rats, this peptide was effective in all adrenal zones. ACTH administration led to an increase of BrdU-positive cells in all adrenal zones irrespective of the depletion of Hyp or Dex-POMC peptides. The use of the ACTH antagonist, ACTH(7-38), confirmed the direct participation of ACTH in proliferation. Two different approaches to measure apoptosis revealed that both peptides similarly exerted a protective effect on all adrenocortical zones, blocking the apoptotic cell death induced by hypophysectomy. Thus, ACTH(1-39) and N-POMC(1-28) have similar actions suggesting that the disulfide bridges are important but not essential. Both peptides seem to be important factors determining adrenocortical cell survival throughout the adrenal cortex, reinforcing the idea that each zone can be renewed from within itself.

The proliferative effect of synthetic N-POMC(1-28) peptides in rat adrenal cortex: A possible role for cyclin E

Modified synthetic N-POMC(1-28) without disulfide bridges has been shown to act as an adrenal mitogen. Cyclins and their inhibitors are the major cell cycle controls, but in the adrenal cortex the effect of ACTH and N-POMC on the expression of these proteins remains unclear. In this work, we evaluate the effect of different synthetic N-POMC peptides on the S-phase of the cell cycle. In addition, we examine the cyclin E expression in rat adrenal cortex. Rats treated with dexamethasone were injected with ACTH and/or synthetic modified N-POMC and/or synthetic N-POMC with disulfide bridges. DNA synthesis was determined by BrdU incorporation and protein expression was analyzed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that similarly to modified N-POMC without disulfide bridges, administration of synthetic N-POMC with disulfide bridges and the combination of ACTH and N-POMC promoted an increase of BrdU-positive nuclei in adrenal cortex. However, the proliferative effect of N-POMC was comparable to that of ACTH only in the zona glomerulosa. An increase in cyclin E expression was observed 6 h after N-POMC treatment in the outer fraction of the adrenal cortex, in agreement with immunohistochemical findings in the zona glomerulosa. In summary, the effect of synthetic N-POMC with disulfide bridges was similar to modified synthetic N-POMC, increasing proliferation in the adrenal cortex, confirming previous evidence that disulfide bridges are not essential to the N-POMC mitogenic effect. Moreover, cyclin E appears to be involved in the N-POMC- and ACTH-stimulated proliferation in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

EFFECT OF AN LH-RH ANALOG ON CAT TESTIS AND ADRENAL-CORTEX FUNCTION

The LH-RH analog LH-RH-A (des-Gly10,[D-Trp6]-LH-RH ethylamide) was administered in pharmacological doses (20-mu-g/kg, sc) to adult male cats for 15 days and its effect on testis and adrenal function was determined. Daily administration of the analog promoted a 3-fold increase in plasma testosterone levels after 7 days, indicating a stimulatory effect of LH-RH-A (mean +/- SD for 6 treated cats, 1.88 +/- 0.35 vs 0.51 +/- 0.08 ng/ml for 6 control cats). After 15 days the LH-RH-A-treated group exhibited a similar plasma testosterone concentration as the control group (mean +/- SD, 0.96 +/- 0.35 ng/ml vs 0.88 +/- 0.39 ng/ml, respectively), similar testicular and adrenal weights and no significant differences in the spermatogenic process. However, semiquantitative analysis of the zona fasciculata of the adrenals from the LH-RH-A-treated group showed a significant accumulation of a substance not stained by hematoxylin-eosin or Schiff periodic acid (mean +/- SD of index of accumulation was 3.50 +/- 0.4 for treated cats vs 2.20 +/- 0.3 for control cats). The present results show that pharmacological doses of LH-RH-A have an effect on the adrenal cortex of cats without modifying spermatogenesis or plasma testosterone levels.

Efeito da superalimentação neonatal sobre a função adrenal e o desenvolvimento da microesteatose hepática em ratos adultos

O estado nutricional e hormonal em fases iniciais de desenvolvimento (gestação e lactação) está relacionado a alterações epigenéticas, que podem levar ao desenvolvimento de doenças. A obesidade infantil está relacionada com a ocorrência da obesidade na idade adulta, resistência à insulina e maior risco cardiometabólico. Em estudos experimentais, a superalimentação neonatal causa obesidade e aumenta o risco de doenças cardiovasculares. Estes animais apresentam obesidade visceral, hiperfagia, hiperleptinemia e hipertensão na idade adulta. Previamente, demonstramos que a hiperleptinemia neonatal causa hiperfunção da medula adrenal e microesteatose na idade adulta. No presente estudo avaliamos a função adrenal de ratos adultos obesos no modelo de superalimentação neonatal por redução do tamanho da ninhada e a sensibilidade as catecolaminas no tecido adiposo visceral (TAV) e no fígado. Ao nascimento todas as ninhadas tiveram seu número de filhotes ajustados para 10. Para induzir a superalimentação neonatal, o tamanho da ninhada foi reduzido de dez para três filhotes machos no terceiro dia de lactação até o desmame (SA), enquanto que o grupo controle permaneceu com 10 filhotes durante toda a lactação. Após o desmame, os ratos tiveram livre acesso à dieta padrão e água até 180 dias (1 animal de cada ninhada, n = 7). O TAV e as glândulas adrenais foram pesadas. As contrações hormonais séricas, o conteúdo hepático de glicogênio e triglicerídeos foram avaliados por kits comerciais. O conteúdo e a secreção de catecolaminas adrenais foram avaliados utilizando o método do trihidroxindol. O conteúdo dos hormônios eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-córtex adrenal, das enzimas da via de síntese das catecolaminas na glândula adrenal, ADRB2 no fígado e ADRB3 no TAV foram determinados por Western blotting ou imunohistoquímica. As diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p <0,05. Aos 180 dias de vida, o grupo SA apresentou maior massa corporal (+15%), maior consumo alimentar (+15%) e maior adiposidade visceral (+79%). Os hormônios do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-córtex-adrenal não foram alterados. O grupo SA apresentou maior expressão de tirosina hidroxilase e de DOPA descarboxilase (+31% e 90%, respectivamente); conteúdo de catecolaminas adrenais (absoluta: 35% e relativa: 40%), e secreção de catecolaminas, tanto basal quanto estimulada por cafeína (+35% e 43%, respectivamente). O conteúdo ADRB3 no TAV não foi alterado nos grupo SA, entretanto o ADRB2 no fígado apresentou-se menor (-45%). O grupo SA apresentou maior conteúdo de glicogênio e triglicerídeos no fígado (+79% e +49%, respectivamente), além de microesteatose. A superalimentação neonatal resulta em hiperativação adrenomedular e aparentemente está associada a preservação da sensibilidade às catecolaminas no VAT. Adicionalmente sugerimos que o maior conteúdo de glicogênio e triglicerídeos hepático seja devido a menor sensibilidade as catecolaminas. Tal perfil pode contribuir para a disfunção metabólica hepática e hipertensão arterial que são características deste modelo de obesidade programada.

Structure-Phenotype Correlations of Human CYP21A2 Mutations in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is a family of autosomal recessive disorders involving impaired synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol by adrenal cortex. The predominant causes of the disorder are mutations in the CYP21A2 gene that encodes a Cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase enzyme, which is central to steroidogenesis. The severity of the disease depends upon the extent of impaired enzymatic activity and can be classified under severe Classical form or the mild Non-Classical form, Molecular characterisation of CYP21A2 mutations can be used to predict clinical phenotype and disease severity based upon changes it brings in 21-hydroxylase enzyme structure. A humanized model of CYP21A2 has been used to map and investigate the structural role of all known disease-causing mutations. A structural explanation of clinical manifestation allows us to put forward criteria that might allow the prediction of clinical severity of the disease.

Endocrine Surgery: Principles and Practice:adrenal chapter

The paired adrenal (suprarenal) glands are flattened retroperitoneal endocrine glands closely applied to the medial aspect of the superior pole of each kidney. The internal structure of these pale yellow glands are incongruous in that the adrenal gland is composed of two discrete parts, namely an outer cortex enveloping a central medulla. The adrenal cortex and medulla contain distinct endocrine tissues that secrete different hormones and are regulated by separate control systems.

Élucidation des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l’expression aberrante du récepteur au peptide insulinotropique glucose-dépendant (GIP) dans les tumeurs du cortex de la glande surrénale

Les tumeurs du cortex surrénalien sont variées et fréquentes dans la population. Bien que des mutations aient été identifiées dans certains syndromes familiaux, les causes génétiques menant à la formation de tumeur du cortex surrénalien ne sont encore que peu connues. Un sous-type de ces tumeurs incluent les hyperplasies macronodulaires et sont pressenties comme la voie d’entrée de la tumorigenèse du cortex surrénalien. L’événement génétique le plus fréquemment observé dans ces tumeurs est l’expression aberrante d’un ou plusieurs récepteurs couplés aux protéines G qui contrôle la production de stéroïdes ainsi que la prolifération cellulaire. L’événement génétique menant à l’expression aberrante de ces récepteurs est encore inconnu. En utilisant le récepteur au peptide insulinotropique dépendant du glucose (GIP) comme modèle, cette étude se propose d’identifier les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l’expression aberrante du récepteur au GIP (GIPR) dans les tumeurs du cortex surrénalien. Une partie clinique de cette étude se penchera sur l’identification de nouveaux cas de tumeurs surrénaliennes exprimant le GIPR de façon aberrante. Les patients étudiés seront soumis à un protocole d’investigation in vivo complet et les tumeurs prélevées seront étudiées extensivement in vitro par RT-PCR en temps réel, culture primaire des tumeurs, immunohistochimie et biopuces. Le lien entre le GIP et la physiologie normal sera également étudiée de cette façon. Une autre partie de l’étude utilisera les nouvelles techniques d’investigation à grande échelle en identifiant le transcriptome de différents cas de tumeurs exprimant le GIPR de façon aberrante. L’importance fonctionnelle des gènes identifiée par ces techniques sera confirmée dans des modèles cellulaires. Cette étude présente pour la première des cas de tumeurs productrices d’aldostérone présentant des réponses aberrantes, auparavant confinées aux tumeurs productrice de cortisol ou d’androgènes surrénaliens. Le cas probant présenté avait une production d’aldostérone sensible au GIP, le GIPR était surexprimé au niveau de l’ARNm et un fort marquage a été identifié dans la tumeur spécifiquement. Dans les surrénales normales, cette étude démontre que le GIP est impliqué dans le contrôle de la production d’aldostérone. Ces résultats ont été confirmés in vitro. Finalement, le profilage à grande échelle des niveaux d’expression de tous les gènes du génome a permis d’isoler une liste de gènes spécifiquement liés à la présence du GIPR dans des hyperplasies du cortex surrénalien. Cette liste inclus la périlipine, une protéine de stockage des lipides dans les adipocytes et la glande surrénale, dont l’expression est fortement réprimée dans les cas GIP-dépendant. Des études dans un modèle cellulaire démontrent que la répression de ce gène par siRNA est suffisante pour induire l’expression du récepteur au GIP et que cette protéine est impliquée dans la stimulation de la stéroïdogénèse par le GIP. En alliant des méthodes d’investigation in vivo de pointe à des techniques in vitro avancée, cette étude offre de nouveaux regards sur les liens entre le GIP et la physiologie de la glande surrénale, que ce soit dans des conditions normales ou pathologiques.

The role of the melanocortin 3 receptor in mediating the effects of gamma-MSH peptides on the adrenal

The pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides, pro-gamma-MSH (16K fragment), and Lys-gamma(3)-MSH, have been shown to potentiate the steroidogenic action of corticotrophin (ACTH) on the adrenal cortex. Using a continuously perfused adrenal cell column system, we have tested the hypothesis that gamma-MSH peptides exert their effect through the Melanocortin 3 Receptor (MC3-R), since this is the only known receptor to have high affinity for gamma-MSH peptides and has been suggested to be expressed in the rat adrenal. To investigate this hypothesis we tested whether the MC3-R agonist MTII and antagonist SHU9119 could mimic or block the actions of pro-gamma-MSH. We found that MTII could not mimic, and SHU9119 could not block pro-gamma-MSH mediated potentiation of ACTH-induced steroidogenesis. These results suggest that the MC3-R is not involved in mediating the potentiation effect, adding further evidence to the argument that another melanocortin receptor exists.

Identification of a serine protease involved with the regulation of adrenal growth

The adrenal cortex is a dynamic organ in which the cells of the outer cortex continually divide. It is well known that this cellular proliferation is dependent on constant stimulation from peptides derived from the ACTH precursor pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) because disruption of pituitary corticotroph function results in rapid atrophy of the gland. Previous results from our laboratory have suggested that the adrenal mitogen is a fragment derived from the N-terminal of POMC not containing the gamma-MSH sequence. Because such a peptide is not generated during processing of POMC in the pituitary, we proposed that the mitogen is generated from circulating pro-gamma-MSH by an adrenal protease. Using degenerate oligonucleotides, we identified a secreted serine protease expressed by the adrenal gland that we named adrenal secretory protease (ASP). In the adrenal cortex, expression of ASP is limited to the outer zona glomerulosa/fasciculata, the region where cortical cells are believed to be derived, and is significantly up-regulated during compensatory growth. Y1 adrenocortical cells transfected with a vector expressing an antisense RNA (and thus having reduced levels of endogenous ASP) were found to grow slower than sense controls while also losing their ability to utilize exogenous pro-gamma-MSH in the media supporting a role for ASP in adrenal growth. Digestion of an N-POMC peptide substrate encompassing the residues around the dibasic cleavage site at positions 49/50 with affinity-purified ASP showed cleavage not to occur at the dibasic site but two residues downstream leading us to propose the identity of the adrenal mitogen to be N-POMC (1-52).

Morfologia, ultraestrutura e morfometria da glândula adrenal de paca (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus, 1766) de cativeiro

Pós-graduação em Cirurgia Veterinária - FCAV

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21 Hydroxylase Deficiency: From Birth to Adulthood

The most frequent form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency, accounting for more than 90% of cases. Affected patients cannot synthesize cortisol efficiently. Thus the adrenal cortex is stimulated by corticotropin (ACTH) and overproduces cortisol precursors. Some precursors are diverted to sex hormone biosynthesis, causing signs of androgen excess including ambiguous genitalia in newborn females and rapid postnatal growth in both sexes. In the most severe "salt wasting" form of CAH (similar to 75% of severe or "classic" cases), concomitant aldosterone deficiency may lead to salt wasting with consequent failure to thrive, hypovolemia, and shock. Newborn screening minimizes delays in diagnosis, especially in males, and reduces morbidity and mortality from adrenal crises. CAH is a recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CYP21 (CYP21A2) gene, most of which arise from recombination between CYP21 and a nearby pseudogene, CYP21P (CYP21A1P). Phenotype is generally correlated with genotype. Classic CAH patients require chronic glucocorticoid treatment at the lowest dose that adequately suppresses adrenal androgens and maintains normal growth and weight gain, and most require mineralocorticoid (fludrocortisone). Transition of care of older patients to adult physicians should be planned in advance as a structured, ongoing process.

Neuropeptide Y modulates steroid production of human adrenal H295R cells through Y1 receptors

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is abundantly expressed in the nervous system and acts on target cells through NPY receptors. The human adrenal cortex and adrenal tumors express NPY receptor subtype Y1, but its function is unknown. We studied Y1-mediated signaling, steroidogenesis and cell proliferation in human adrenal NCI-H295R cells. Radioactive ligand binding studies showed that H295R cells express Y1 receptor specifically. NPY treatment of H295R cells stimulated the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway, confirming that H295R cells express functional Y1 receptors. Studies of the effect of NPY and related peptide PYY on adrenal steroidogenesis revealed a decrease in 11-deoxycortisol production. RIA measurements of cortisol from cell culture medium confirmed this finding. Co-treatment with the Y1 antagonist BIBP2336 reversed the inhibitory effect of NPY on cortisol production proving specificity of this effect. At mRNA level, NPY decreased HSD3B2 and CYP21A2 expression. However NPY revealed no effect on cell proliferation. Our data show that NPY can directly regulate human adrenal cortisol production.