896 resultados para Abastecimento


Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A giardíase e a criptosporidiose estão entre as enfermidades de veiculação hídrica originadas por protozoários que têm ganhado maior notoriedade nas últimas décadas. Os microrganismos causadores dessas doenças têm-se tornado um desafio para as empresas de abastecimento de água. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência dos protozoários Cryptosporidium sp e Giardia sp nas águas brutas de quatro afluentes do Lago Guaíba: Rios Taquari, Caí, dos Sinos e Gravataí. Juntos, abastecem uma população de dezenas de municípios da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Foram feitas amostragens mensais, durante doze meses, em cada afluente. Foi empregado o método de filtração em membrana para pré-concentração, centrifugação para concentração, separação imunomagnética para purificação e comparados três métodos de detecção para ambos os microrganismos: DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-fenilindol), Safranina e Kinyoun para Cryptosporidium e DAPI, Iodo Lugol e Iodo Tricrômico para Giardia. A avaliação microscópica e contagem de (oo)cistos foram feitas utilizando-se microscopia de imunofluorescência e contraste de fase para o DAPI e microscopia óptica para as demais colorações. Obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados: para os Rios Taquari, Caí, dos Sinos e Gravataí, respectivamente: 75, 42, 33 e 25% das amostras foram positivas para Cryptosporidium e 92, 83, 67 e 50% para Giardia. As concentrações médias de Giardia foram superiores às de Cryptosporidium em todos os quatro afluentes. Os valores médios observados foram: 80 oocistos e 176 cistos/100L no Taquari; 47 oocistos e 66 cistos/100L no Caí; 19 oocistos e 53 cistos/100L no Sinos; 16 oocistos e 92 cistos/100L no Gravataí. Estes podem estar subestimados devido à baixa recuperação dos métodos analíticos existentes e empregados. As densidades encontradas indicam que os protozoários estão disseminados nas águas superficiais dos formadores do Lago Guaíba.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Analisa o comportamento dinâmico de cadeias de distribuição genéricas e de uma cadeia específica. Avalia o motivo pelo qual o sistema de Estoque Gerido pelo Fabricante, EGF ou VMI, não apresenta os resultados esperados em determinadas situações. Propõe um novo modelo de gerenciamento da cadeia de abastecimento, coordenado pelo Distribuidor, o Estoque Gerido pelo Distribuidor, EGO ou DMI. Analisa o resultado desta nova proposta sob os aspectos estratégico, dinâmico e econômicofinanceiro

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

As rápidas mudanças que se desenvolvem no planeta varrem conceitos antigos, alteram estratégias de empresas e mudam o comportamento de governos e nações. O agronegócio não fica incólume neste intenso processo. As políticas agrícolas e a estrutura do setor passam por ajustes e revisões. Dentro desta linha de pensamento, um cenário que se torna cada vez mais evidente é a competição entre cadeias, além da competição entre empresas de forma isolada. Nesta perspectiva, o gerenciamento da cadeia de abastecimento pode ser considerado um importante vetor na competitividade da cadeia, no momento em que preconiza a customização das atividades que agregam valor, integrando cada vez mais clientes e fornecedores. Mas para a efetividade deste gerenciamento, a gestão da informação ao longo da cadeia assume importância maior ainda, em relação ao seu uso nas empresas de forma isolada. Dentro do ambiente de mudanças do agronegócio, após a abertura da economia brasileira de 1990, a cadeia de abastecimento do arroz vem passando por intensas transformações para se manter competitiva. Dentre estas, surge o arroz orgânico como forma de segmentar mercados consumidores através da diferenciação, e o que é mais importante, a adição de valor ao produto, desde a produção rural. Por se tratar o arroz orgânico de um produto diferenciado, pressupôs-se que a cadeia de abastecimento para este produto, apresente diferenças da cadeia de abastecimento para o arroz commodity. Considerando isto é que se objetivou com esta pesquisa “analisar o processamento da informação na cadeia de abastecimento do arroz com transações de dois tipos de produtos: arroz commodity e arroz orgânico”. O método científico utilizado foi o estudo de caso, onde foram levantados dados e fatos dos agentes que formam os elos da cadeia de abastecimento do arroz commodity e do arroz orgânico, para subsidiar as análises necessárias a atingir o objetivo proposto. As principais conclusões a que se chegou são: quanto à cadeia, esta apresenta diferenças que vão desde as relacionadas aos produtos, até as transações realizadas entre os agentes da cadeia. Quanto à informação ao longo da cadeia, o agente de produção do arroz commodity e do arroz orgânico, é o elo que menos utiliza informações sistematizadas em suas decisões. Também, que existem diferenças nos fluxos de informações ao longo da cadeia de abastecimento quando ocorrem transações com arroz commodity e quando com arroz orgânico. Estas diferenças vão desde as informações trocadas, o conteúdo e objetivos com que são trocadas, o sentido e o envolvimento dos departamentos dos agentes da cadeia. Pode-se acrescentar ainda, que em transações com arroz orgânico houve maior diálogo entre os agentes ao longo da cadeia, que foi mais representativo no segmento Produção x Beneficiamento.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

O conhecimento da organização, Sistema Nacional de Centrais de Abastecimento - SINAC, e de sua ambiência, constituem- se nos elementos fu1crais do presente trabalho. Empreende-se uma análise fundamentada na abordagem institucional e orientada pela assertiva que a modernização social pode ser alcançada através de organizações promotoras do desenvolvimento. Objetiva-se evidenciar os fluxos das diferentes es pécies de transações da organização, as variáveis e elos institucionais preponderantes e as disfunções existentes no âmbito organizacional. Constata-se que, a despeito de um apoio formalmente alocado à organização, é apenas sofrível seu envolvimento institucional, tendo em vista a ambiguidade de algumas variáveis e a incoerência entre elas.Conclui-se que a inexistência de elementos p1inadores, catalizadores e integradores, das variáveis cionais e ambientais, consubstanciados numa política para o setor de hortigranjeiros vêm de apresentar mazelas 12 disciinstiturealista administrativo- operacionais e obstaculizar o processo de instituciona 1ização do SINAC. Sugere-se a reformu1ação organizacional, no sentido de se redefinir objetivos, proposições e condições de implementação, com base no concreto e real apoio dos elos capacitadores. Ao mesmo tempo recomenda-se investir em recursos humanos e pesquisas na área de comercialização agrícola, adotando-se, porém, um enfoque mais pragmático e menos academicista.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

O presente trabalho, desenvolvido na estação de tratamento de água de Novo Hamburgo, avalia uma alternativa aos tradicionais coagulantes metálicos. Esta alternativa é um coagulante orgânico de origem vegetal produzido na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Este coagulante a base de tanino extraído da acácia negra tem o nome comercial de Veta organic. Foi verificada, além da qualidade da água tratada, do custo do tratamento e do impacto ambiental gerado durante o processo de potabilização da água, a operacionalidade da ETA com o coagulante. Foram pesquisados os fenômenos físico-químicos que ocorrem na coagulação. Foram feitas análises dos principais resíduos do tratamento (água de lavagem dos filtros e lodo dos decantadores), definindo alguns parâmetros para sua disposição no solo. A caracterização dos efluentes do tratamento confirmou alguns preceitos da literatura, como a relação DBO/DQO e o alto teor de umidade. Outros parâmetros apresentaram valores divergentes dos publicados em outros trabalhos, sendo, provavelmente, o principal motivo a substituição do coagulante. Foi traçado um comparativo com o sulfato de alumínio, determinando vantagens e desvantagens da substituição do sulfato de alumínio pelo Veta organic. Este comparativo considerou aspectos relacionados à operação e manutenção da ETA, segurança e salubridade dos envolvidos com o processo de tratamento, qualidade e quantidade da água tratada, volume e contaminação dos resíduos do tratamento, custo para tratar um metro cúbico de água e adequação às leis, normas e portarias referentes a abastecimento público de água e poluição por despejos industriais. Os resultados deste trabalho permitiram verificar a redução na concentração de alumínio na água tratada e nos resíduos oriundos do tratamento com Veta organic em relação ao tratamento com sulfato de alumínio. Também, constatou-se a redução no volume de lodo gerado nos decantadores com o uso do Veta organic se comparado com os valores para quantidade de produção de lodo com sulfato de alumínio definidos em literatura. Foi determinado o aumento no custo do tratamento na ETA-NH com a introdução do novo coagulante. Além disso, foram feitas sugestões referentes à operação da estação que podem aumentar a eficiência do tratamento com o Veta organic, tendo sido abordadas questões relativas ao processo de tratamento, verificadas durante o trabalho de campo, com uso deste produto. A alteração mais importante na operação da ETA e que trouxe mais benefícios no tratamento com Veta organic foi a utilização de ar na retrolavagem dos filtros, tendo sido verificada a redução da cor e turbidez da água de lavagem dos filtros, com o auxílio do ar na lavagem, até valores estáveis.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Trata da questão do abastecimento de alimentos no Brasil no que se refere às intervenções que o Estado realizou historicamente no setor. Para tanto, discute inicialmente a controvérsia metodológica entre a teoria neoclássica e a economia política na abordagem desse problema. Privilegiando a ótica da economia política em que o eixo de análise é a acumulação de capital e a reprodução da força de trabalho, busca entender a natureza e o caráter das intervenções do Estado brasileiro.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

This study aimed to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of variation in trophic state and its relation with the structure and dynamics of planktonic community of a large reservoir located in semi-arid tropical region of Northeast Brazil. The reservoir Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves is the biggest reservoir of the Rio Grande do Norte State and is responsible for about 53% of all surface water accumulated in the State. The samples of water and plankton were taken monthly in 10 points distributed throughout the longitudinal axis of the reservoir and over a full hydrological cycle. The samples were collected to determine concentrations of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll a and suspended solids (fixed and volatile) and for determining the composition and abundance of phytoplanktonic and zooplanktonic species. During the study period, the reservoir was characterized as eutrophic and there was no trend of increasing the trophic state of the reservoir in the period of drought. The concentrations of total phosphorus and suspended fixed solids decreased towards the dam while the N:P ratios increased in the same direction due to the reduction in the phosphorus concentrations and relative constancy in the nitrogen concentrations. The N:P ratios observed were indicative of greater limitation by phosphorus than by nitrogen. However, as concentrations of both nutrients were high and the water transparency was very low, with secchi depth usually lower than one meter, it seems likely that the planktonic primary production of the reservoir is more limited by the availability of light than the availability of nutrients. High nutrient concentrations coupled with low availability of light may explain the continuing dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in the plankton of the reservoir.These cyanobacteria are potentially toxic and pose a serious environmental problem because it compromises the water quality for public supply, recreation and fishing when present in high densities as in this study. The mesozooplankton of the reservoir was dominated by the calanoid Notodiaptomus cearensis and the cladoceran Diaphanosoma spinulosum. In general, the structure of zooplankton community seems to be particularly influenced by the spatial variation of cyanobacteria. The results of the regression analyses show that both the chlorophyll a concentrations and the cyanobacteria biovolume were more strongly correlated with the nitrogen than with phosphorus and that the water transparency was more strongly correlated with algal biomass than with other sources of turbidity. The maximum load of phosphorus to attain the maximum permissible concentration of total P in the reservoir was estimated in 63.2 tonnes P/ year. The current external P load to the reservoir is estimated in 324 tonnes P / year and must be severely reduced to improve the water quality for water supply and allow the implementation of aquaculture projects that could contribute to the socio-economic development of the region

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Guaraíras lagoon, located in Tibau do Sul in the eastern littoral of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil), presents a permanent connection to the sea, which guarantees the occurrence of a rich biodiversity, which includes the autochthonous shrimp species Litopenaeus schmitti, Farfantepenaeus subtilis and Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis. In spite of being subject to a strong human intervention in the last decade, mainly related to the installation of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farms, the lagoon is still scarcely studied. The present study aims at characterizing the populations of the three autochthonous penaeid shrimp species inhabiting Guaraíras, taking into consideration their abundance and seasonal distribution in the inflow channel of Primar System of Organic Aquaculture (Tibau do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). Twelve monthly samples were carried out from May 2005 to April 2006 with the aid of a circular cast net in the inflow channel, which is daily supplied with water from Guaraíras. Sampling months were grouped in trimesters according to the total pluviosity, thus comprising four trimesters. Water salinity was monitored twice a week and temperature values registered on a daily basis at noon, during the study period. The daily pluviosity data from the municipality of Tibau do Sul were supplied by Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte (EMPARN). Collected shrimp were identified, weighted, measured and sexed. L. schmitti specimens (0.2 g to 17.8 g) were distributed in 1.3 g weight classes intervals. From the eighth sampling month (December 2005) onwards, males were classified into three categories, in accordance with the development of their petasm: (a) rudimentary petasm, (b) partially formed petasm, and (c) completely formed petasm. Among the ecological variables, rainfall showed the greatest dispersion (s.d.=187.74Rainfall and abundance of L. schmitti were negatively correlated (r = -0.85) whereas its abundance and water salinity were positively correlated (r = 0.63). Among 1,144 collected individuals, 1,127 were L. schmitti, 13 were F. subtilis and 4 were F. brasiliensis, which corresponded to 98.51%, 1.14% and 0.35% of the total of collected individuals. L. schmitti occurred in 100 % of all samples. Differently, the presence of F. subtilis and F. brasiliensis was restricted to 33% and 17% of the collected samples, respectively. The present study confirmed the occurrence of L. schmitti, F. brasiliensis and F. subtilis in Guaraíras. However, this lagoon seems to be primarily inhabited by juvenile Litopenaeus schmitti. The population of L. schmitti analysed showed a seasonal pattern of distribution. In general, in the months of high salinity and absence of rain, the number of individuals was higher than in the wet months. Further studies on the reproductive biology and ecology of L. schmitti, F. brasiliensis and F. subtilis may elucidate questions referring to the abundance, period, and phase of occurrence of these shrimp genera in Guaraíras. Finally, the risks associated to the establishment of L. vannamei in the lagoon provide a novel outlet for studies in this biotope

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Infrastructure works are included in strategic areas for the social development. For that matter that all of the investments are very important for the social development. When the population has enough water and an acceptable quality, and it includes a wastewater gathering and its treatment, the whole society became less susceptible to the water diseases. Even the Water Supply and the Sewage depend for its perfect operation of reservoirs, or of the accumulation of water to provide the popular necessity, either due to retention or for the treatment wastewarer. These structures present very specific environmental conditions, because the microclimate created around them, like high environmental humidity and for the existence of many harmful substances for the concrete, such as chloride ions presents in water. The reservoir that compose the System of Water Supply of Natal were built between 1970s and 1980s, a period whom the technical and scientific community did not have in-depth studies about the reinforced concrete mechanism of deterioration. Therefore, these reservoirs have been suffered accelerated deterioration progress, and they have been shown many pathological manifestations strikingly visible. In front of all these problems this academic work aims to identify the generally conditions of conservation of all the reservoirs components of the Water Supply System of Natal. This academic work objectives to develop a recuperation plan for use in these reservoirs, in this academic work it was achieved all the survey of pathological manifestation existing in each reservoir. It was made with local visits, photographic recorders of all manifestations viii and realization of in loco tests. The other step consisted in a application of GDE/UnB metodolgy reformulated by Fonseca (2007). In the step of local visits in each reservoir it was evaluated carbonation depth, by spreading a phenolphthalein solution with 1% of concentration; evaluation of contamination of chlorides, by spreading silver nitrate solution with 1% of concentration, and evaluation of width cracks. After the conclusion of all the testings, it was established that all reservoir, studied in this academic work, have showed an advanced deteriorating condition. It´s presents prevalent pathological manifestations as unacceptable cracks, spots, efflorescence and reinforcement corrosion, and in some cases, chlorides contamination. After the conclusion of the testings and its concatenation it was able to implementing, using GDE/UnB methodology, the order of the restoration its service life and initial safety conditions

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The sanitation companies from Brazil has a great challenge for the XXI century: seek to mitigate the rate of physical waste (water, chemicals and electricity) and financial waste caused by inefficient operating systems drinking water supply, considering that currently we already face, in some cases, the scarcity of water resources. The supply systems are increasingly complex as they seek to minimize waste and at the same time better serve the growing number of users. However, this technological change is to reduce the complexity of the challenges posed by the need to include users with higher quality and efficiency in services. A major challenge for companies of water supplies is to provide a good quality service contemplating reducing expenditure on electricity. In this situation we developed a research by a method that seeks to control the pressure of the distribution systems that do not have the tank in your setup and the water comes out of the well directly to the distribution system. The method of pressure control (intelligent control) uses fuzzy logic to eliminate the waste of electricity and the leaks from the production of pumps that inject directly into the distribution system, which causes waste of energy when the consumption of households is reduced causing the saturation of the distribution system. This study was conducted at Green Club II condominium, located in the city of Parnamirim, state of Rio Grande do Norte, in order to study the pressure behavior of the output of the pump that injects water directly into the distribution system. The study was only possible because of the need we had to find a solution to some leaks in the existing distribution system and the extensions of the respective condominium residences, which sparked interest in developing a job in order to carry out the experiments contained in this research

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

This research study deals with the production and distribution of drinking water with quality and safety in order to meet the needs of the Man. Points out the limitations of the methodology for assessing water quality in use today. Approaches the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for adoption, by the companies responsible for producing and distributing water, of assessment methodologies and risk management (HACCP), in order to ensure the quality and safety of water drinking. Suggests strategies for implementing the plan for water safety plan. Uses the process of water production, composed by Maxaranguape river basin, the water treatment plant and distribution system, which is part of the Plan for Expansion of the Supply System of Natal, as case study. The results, it was possible to devise strategies for implementation of the Water Safety Plan (WSP), which comprises the following steps: a) a preliminary stage. b) assessment system. c) process monitoring. d) management plan and e) validation and verification of the PSA. At each stage are included actions for its implementation. The implementation of the PSA shows a new type of water production, in which the fountain as a whole (watershed and point of capture), the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) and distribution, shall compose the production process, over which to build quality and safety of the final product (drinking water)

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The groundwater quality has been compromised as a result of the intensification of human activities over the years. Groundwater contamination by nitrate is one of the effects of this degradation, a socio-environmental problem that affects many regions of the world and particular the city of Natal (RN). Developing techniques for nitrate removal in water is intended to eliminate or reduce the concentration of this compound, and those that involve biological processes have produced economic and environmental advantages. This study proposes a technology for biological removal of nitrate in water supply for humans, using the endocarp s coconut as a carbon source and bacteria support. The experiments were performed in pilot scale anoxic, testing different areas of the substrate surface. Results showed high rates nitrate removal during the monitoring period, noting the occurrence of denitrification after the beginning of system operation. The best performance was achieved in the treatment system containing substrate surface area increased, indicating that the decrease in the endocarp size contributed to increased bacterial activity, improving the ability to remove nitrate. About the quality analyzed aspects of water, it was found that the proposed technology has the potential water use for human consumption

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Dengue fever is an infectious disease that causes thousands of deaths each year in Brazil and other tropical countries. This work demonstrates that the irregularity in the supply of water by public water supply systems is a major factor that contributes to the proliferation of breeding sites of the mosquito that transmits dengue, due to the impossibility of removing water storage tanks. 31 points in the water supply network in thirteen districts of Natal, Brazil, were monitored by the installation of pressure gauges type Datalogger. The data about pressure showed deficiency in water supplies in many neighborhoods, forcing residents to accumulate water in tanks at ground level. In addition, It was observed that in neighborhoods with regular water supply, Infestation Index per type of container (ITR) of type A2 (Deposit ground level) was 0.00% and where there were failures in the supply of water , the ITR was high (above 50%). We believe that policies to combat dengue in Brazil should be reassessed so that more resources can be directed to the improvement of water supply systems and supply companies should be blamed for the problem too

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Aiming to know the influence of the pluviometric precipitation over the physical chemical and bacteriological characteristics of the water coming from three sources of public supply, and to verify the probable origin of faecal contamination, tests of total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and mesophilic microorganisms, as well as the determination of pH, temperature and turbidity of 156 water samples were done. The samples were taken from a stream, a drain and an artesian well, located in the city of Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The results obtained showed that the occurrence of pluviometric precipitation determined a significant increase of the number of total coliforms in the water samples from the stream. The use of the ratio CF/EF, indicate the probable origin of the faecal contamination only in the samples of the water coming from the stream, which were defined as being of human origin. In relation to the physical-chemical composition it was noticed that the influence of the pluviometric precipitation over the turbidity appeared to be higher and significant in the samples of water of the stream.