Immunodeficiency-associated lymphomas

This article covers lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with primary or acquired immunodeficiencies. Primary immunodeficiences include Ataxia Telangiectasia and X-linked disorders such as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Acquired immunodeficiencies predominantly occur in the setting of infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus or arise following immunosuppressive therapy administered after organ transplantation. The rising incidence of HIV throughout the world and the dramatic increase in transplant surgery since the 1990's suggest that these lymphomas will remain an important health problem. Evidence for lymphoma developing as a result of treatment with methotrexate or Tumour Necrosis Factor Antagonists for autoimmune entities will also be reviewed. The lymphoproliferations that occur with immunodeficiency are extremely heterogenous. In part this reflects the diversity of the causal immune defect. The most striking clinical characteristic is the high frequency of extranodal disease. Frequently, these lymphomas are driven by viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), although the lack of EBV in a proportion indicates that alternate pathways must also be involved in the pathogenesis. Lastly, discussion will centre on mechanisms utilized by lymphomas in the immunodeficient as these may have applications to lymphomas in the "immunocompetent", by serving as a paradigm for the altered immunoregulatory environment present in many lymphoma sub-types.

Characterization of an Evolutionarily Conserved Metallophosphoesterase That Is Expressed in the Fetal Brain and Associated with the WAGR Syndrome

Among the human diseases that result from chromosomal aberrations, a de novo deletion in chromosome 11p13 is clinically associated with a syndrome characterized by Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation (WAGR). Not all genes in the deleted region have been characterized biochemically or functionally. We have recently identified the first Class III cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, Rv0805, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which biochemically and structurally belongs to the superfamily of metallophosphoesterases. We performed a large scale bioinformatic analysis to identify orthologs of the Rv0805 protein and identified many eukaryotic genes that included the human 239FB gene present in the region deleted in the WAGR syndrome. We report here the first detailed biochemical characterization of the rat 239FB protein and show that it possesses metallophosphodiesterase activity. Extensive mutational analysis identified residues that are involved in metal interaction at the binuclear metal center. Generation of a rat 239FB protein with a mutation corresponding to a single nucleotide polymorphism seen in human 239FB led to complete inactivation of the protein. A close ortholog of 239FB is found in adult tissues, and biochemical characterization of the 239AB protein demonstrated significant hydrolytic activity against 2',3'-cAMP, thus representing the first evidence for a Class III cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in mammals. Highly conserved orthologs of the 239FB protein are found in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila and, coupled with available evidence suggesting that 239FB is a tumor suppressor, indicate the important role this protein must play in diverse cellular events.

Factors potentiating the risk of sudden infant death syndrome associated with the prone position

Background. In several studies the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been significantly associated with sleeping in the prone position. It is not known how the prone position increases the risk of SIDS. Methods. We analyzed data from a case-control study (58 infants with SIDS and 120 control infants) and a prospective cohort study (22 infants with SIDS and 213 control infants) in Tasmania. Interactions were examined in matched analyses with a multiplicative model of interaction. Results. In the case-control study, SIDS was significantly associated with sleeping in the prone position, as compared with other positions (unadjusted odds ratio, 4.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.1 to 9.6). The strength of this association was increased among infants who slept on natural-fiber mattresses (P = 0.05), infants who were swaddled (P = 0.09), infants who slept in heated rooms (P = 0.006), and infants who had had a recent illness (P = 0.02). These variables had no significant effect on infants who did not sleep in the prone position. A history of recent illness was significantly associated with SIDS among infants who slept prone (odds ratio, 5.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.8 to 19) but not among infants who slept in other positions (odds ratio, 0.83). In the cohort study, the risk of SIDS was greater among infants who slept prone on natural-fiber mattresses (odds ratio, 6.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 33) than among infants who slept prone on other types of mattresses (odds ratio, 1.8). Conclusions. When infants sleep prone, the elevated risk of SIDS is increased by each of four factors: the use of natural-fiber mattresses, swaddling, recent illness, and the use of heating in bedrooms.

Quantitative Trait Loci for CD4:CD8 Lymphocyte Ratio Are Associated with Risk of Type 1 Diabetes and HIV-1 Immune Control

Abnormal expansion or depletion of particular lymphocyte subsets is associated with clinical manifestations such as HIV progression to AIDS and autoimmune disease. We sought to identify genetic predictors of lymphocyte levels and reasoned that these may play a role in immune-related diseases. We tested 2.3 million variants for association with five lymphocyte subsets, measured in 2538 individuals from the general population, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells, and the derived measure CD4:CD8 ratio. We identified two regions of strong association. The first was located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), with multiple SNPs strongly associated with CD4:CD8 ratio (rs2524054, p = 2.1 × 10−28). The second region was centered within a cluster of genes from the Schlafen family and was associated with NK cell levels (rs1838149, p = 6.1 × 10−14). The MHC association with CD4:CD8 replicated convincingly (p = 1.4 × 10−9) in an independent panel of 988 individuals. Conditional analyses indicate that there are two major independent quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the MHC region that regulate CD4:CD8 ratio: one is located in the class I cluster and influences CD8 levels, whereas the second is located in the class II cluster and regulates CD4 levels. Jointly, both QTL explained 8% of the variance in CD4:CD8 ratio. The class I variants are also strongly associated with durable host control of HIV, and class II variants are associated with type-1 diabetes, suggesting that genetic variation at the MHC may predispose one to immune-related diseases partly through disregulation of T cell homeostasis.

Unique Utilization of a Phosphoprotein Phosphatase Fold by a Mammalian Phosphodiesterase Associated with WAGR Syndrome

Metallophosphoesterase-domain-containing protein 2 (MPPED2) is a highly evolutionarily conserved protein with orthologs found from worms to humans. The human MPPED2 gene is found in a region of chromosome 11 that is deleted in patients with WAGR (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation) syndrome, and MPPED2 may function as a tumor suppressor. However, the precise cellular roles of MPPED2 are unknown, and its low phosphodiesterase activity suggests that substrate hydrolysis may not be its prime function. We present here the structures of MPPED2 and two mutants, which show that the poor activity of MPPED2 is not only a consequence of the substitution of an active-site histidine residue by glycine but also due to binding of AMP or GMP to the active site. This feature, enhanced by structural elements of the protein, allows MPPED2 to utilize the conserved phosphoprotein-phosphatase-like fold in a unique manner, ensuring that its enzymatic activity can be combined with a possible role as a scaffolding or adaptor protein. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A imunologia da infecção pelo HIV em pacientes com idade avançada: caracterização fenotípica e funcional da resposta imune mediada pela célula T CD4+

A proporção de idosos portadores da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (aids) tem aumentado de maneira importante nos últimos anos e, até a presente data, existem poucos estudos que abordam a infecção nessa população especial. As particularidades imunológicas decorrentes do fenômeno da imunossenescência podem acarretar mudanças significativas na evolução da infecção pelo HIV, bem como na resposta ao tratamento. O objetivo maior desta Tese foi avaliar o impacto da idade na recuperação funcional do sistema imune de pacientes com aids acima de 55 anos, quando tratados adequadamente com terapia anti-retroviral, caracterizando a resultante imunológica da idade avançada e da infecção pelo HIV. Para tanto, foram estudados quatro grupos experimentais: indivíduos jovens saudáveis ou com aids, e indivíduos acima de 55 anos saudáveis ou com aids. Todos os pacientes com aids estavam recebendo terapia anti-retroviral, em sucesso terapêutico. No primeiro artigo apresentado, avaliamos resposta linfoproliferativa e produção de citocinas in vitro e resposta humoral in vivo mediante desafio antigênico com toxóide tetânico (TT) em indivíduos previamente vacinados contra o tétano. Os resultados mostraram deficiências imunológicas significativas relacionadas à idade avançada no que diz respeito a produção de IgG anti-TT, resposta linfoproliferativa e produção de IFN-. Em contrapartida, a produção de IL-10 foi significativamente maior nos indivíduos acima de 55 anos, infectados ou não pelo HIV. No segundo artigo, foram caracterizadas as subpopulações de células T mediante estímulo policlonal ou específico com antígenos do envelope do HIV (Env). Em culturas não-estimuladas de PBMC do grupo com aids e idade avançada, observamos frequência reduzida de células T naive e de memória central, associada a aumento de células T efetoras. Quando estimuladas policlonalmente, essas culturas apresentaram deficiência na produção de IFN- e hiperprodução de IL-10, como na resposta ao TT. Mediante estímulo específico com Env, a citometria de fluxo revelou frequência elevada de células T CD4+FoxP3-CD152+ com forte marcação intracelular para IL-10, indicando predomínio do fenótipo Tr-1, e não das células Treg clássicas. Interessantemente, em ambos os artigos, a replicação viral in vitro foi significativamente menor nos pacientes com aids acima de 55 anos, condizendo com a excelente resposta virológica desses pacientes ao tratamento antirretroviral. A neutralização da IL-10 com anticorpo anti-IL-10 nas culturas ativadas pelos peptídeos Env aumentou de forma significativa a replicação viral no sobrenadante. Tanto na resposta ao TT quanto aos peptídeos Env, o bloqueio da IL-10 aumentou os níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, mas não melhorou a produção de IFN- dos pacientes acima de 55 anos com aids. Coletivamente, os achados dessa Tese revelam distúrbios em vários segmentos da resposta imune, particularmente no compartimento Th1, de pacientes acima 55 anos com aids e adequadamente tratados, sugerindo que, para esses pacientes, a reconstituição imune pós-tratamento não ocorre com a mesma eficácia que no jovem. Apesar do aumento da produção de IL-10 provavelmente contribuir, ao menos em parte, para o controle virológico, pode comprometer a resposta tanto ao próprio HIV, quanto a outros desafios antigênicos, a exemplo do toxóide tetânico. Sugere-se, portanto, a necessidade de recomendações específicas de manejo clínico para esse grupo de pacientes

Memória social de enfermeiros acerca do cuidado de Enfermagem no contexto do HIV/aids: enfrentamentos, afetos e construções representacionais

Este estudo tem como objeto o cuidado de Enfermagem e suas memórias e representações sociais para enfermeiros hospitalares inseridos nas unidades de referências para pessoas que viviam com o HIV/aids no Rio de Janeiro, no decorrer de 1980 a 1991. Os objetivos específicos foram: identificar a memória social do cuidado de enfermagem implementado pelos enfermeiros aos acometidos pelo HIV/aids no Município do Rio de Janeiro; descrever as práticas de cuidado pelos enfermeiros no contexto do recorte temporal adotado no estudo; descrever o processo de enfrentamento da epidemia da aids pelos enfermeiros, tanto no contexto do cuidado de enfermagem no espaço hospitalar, quanto nas relações sociais estabelecidas; analisar as memórias e representações sociais de enfermeiros acerca do cuidado de Enfermagem prestado às pessoas com HIV/aids em situação de hospitalização na primeira década da epidemia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, de campo, com abordagem qualitativa, baseada nos pressupostos teóricos da memória social propostos por Sá em sua interface com a teoria de representações sociais no campo da Psicologia Social. Realizada com 30 enfermeiros que atuaram em hospitais considerados de referência para o tratamento de clientes que viviam com HIV/aids. Os dados foram coletados por uma entrevista semiestruturada e a visualização de 12 fac-símiles escolhidos de forma aleatória na imprensa. A população de estudo é predominantemente do sexo feminino e com idade entre 51 a 60 anos. Os principais resultados apontam que a memória social do cuidado de enfermagem se constitui a partir de diferentes objetos representacionais (cuidado de enfermagem, aids e biossegurança), instâncias da memória social (pessoal, pública, prática, coletiva, comuns, histórica oral e histórica documental) e diversos elementos que constituem esta memória (ambiente de cuidado e relações sociais, familiares e laborais, dentre outras). Emergiram sete categorias de análise: O processo do cuidado de Enfermagem: do enfrentamento, da capacitação e do desenvolvimento; Sentimentos dos enfermeiros e dos clientes descritos pelos participantes no processo de cuidar; O processo de cuidado direto ao cliente no início da epidemia; Memórias da autoproteção profissional e da proteção ao cliente no contexto do HIV/aids; Os contextos do cuidado: ambiente, materiais e recursos humanos; Memórias dos enfermeiros sobre os clientes acometidos pelo HIV e Relacionamento interpessoal. Destaca-se que a memória do cuidado de enfermagem se mostra ligada à construção representacional da aids (não familiar/familiar), do cuidado de enfermagem (sem controle/sob controle) e à constituição de um grupo social com forte identidade, o dos enfermeiros da aids. Concluímos que o estudo mostrou o trabalho pioneiro dos enfermeiros com o HIV/aids no ambiente hospitalar. Esses profissionais tiveram que cuidar desses clientes em meio à possibilidade de contaminação, ao mesmo tempo em que desenvolviam um autocuidado, em alguns momentos exagerados devido ao desconhecimento sobre a síndrome, como forma de preservação da sua saúde, bem como de sua família. A memória social como conceito guarda-chuva mostrou-se pertinente para a análise dos dados, permitindo recuperar, ao menos em parte, a dinâmica do cuidado de enfermagem nos primeiros anos da síndrome.

Supplementary Material: PREMATURE EXPRESSION OF AN AGE-ASSOCIATED MUSCLE SENESCENCE PATHWAY IN HIV INFECTION

Supplement online material

Potent and broad neutralizing activity of a single chain antibody fragment against cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1.

Several human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) exhibit relatively potent and broad neutralizing activity against HIV-1, but there has not been much success in using them as potential therapeutics. We have previously hypothesized and demonstrated that small engineered antibodies can target highly conserved epitopes that are not accessible by full-size antibodies. However, their potency has not been comparatively evaluated with known HIV-1-neutralizing hmAbs against large panels of primary isolates. We report here the inhibitory activity of an engineered single chain antibody fragment (scFv), m9, against several panels of primary HIV-1 isolates from group M (clades A-G) using cell-free and cell-associated virus in cell line-based assays. M9 was much more potent than scFv 17b, and more potent than or comparable to the best-characterized broadly neutralizing hmAbs IgG(1) b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. It also inhibited cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 with higher potency than enfuvirtide (T-20, Fuzeon). M9 competed with a sulfated CCR5 N-terminal peptide for binding to gp120-CD4 complex, suggesting an overlapping epitope with the coreceptor binding site. M9 did not react with phosphatidylserine (PS) and cardiolipin (CL), nor did it react with a panel of autoantigens in an antinuclear autoantibody (ANA) assay. We further found that escape mutants resistant to m9 did not emerge in an immune selection assay. These results suggest that m9 is a novel anti-HIV-1 candidate with potential therapeutic or prophylactic properties, and its epitope is a new target for drug or vaccine development.

Cryptococcus gattii VGIII isolates causing infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California: identification of the local environmental source as arboreal.

Ongoing Cryptococcus gattii outbreaks in the Western United States and Canada illustrate the impact of environmental reservoirs and both clonal and recombining propagation in driving emergence and expansion of microbial pathogens. C. gattii comprises four distinct molecular types: VGI, VGII, VGIII, and VGIV, with no evidence of nuclear genetic exchange, indicating these represent distinct species. C. gattii VGII isolates are causing the Pacific Northwest outbreak, whereas VGIII isolates frequently infect HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California. VGI, VGII, and VGIII have been isolated from patients and animals in the Western US, suggesting these molecular types occur in the environment. However, only two environmental isolates of C. gattii have ever been reported from California: CBS7750 (VGII) and WM161 (VGIII). The incongruence of frequent clinical presence and uncommon environmental isolation suggests an unknown C. gattii reservoir in California. Here we report frequent isolation of C. gattii VGIII MATα and MATa isolates and infrequent isolation of VGI MATα from environmental sources in Southern California. VGIII isolates were obtained from soil debris associated with tree species not previously reported as hosts from sites near residences of infected patients. These isolates are fertile under laboratory conditions, produce abundant spores, and are part of both locally and more distantly recombining populations. MLST and whole genome sequence analysis provide compelling evidence that these environmental isolates are the source of human infections. Isolates displayed wide-ranging virulence in macrophage and animal models. When clinical and environmental isolates with indistinguishable MLST profiles were compared, environmental isolates were less virulent. Taken together, our studies reveal an environmental source and risk of C. gattii to HIV/AIDS patients with implications for the >1,000,000 cryptococcal infections occurring annually for which the causative isolate is rarely assigned species status. Thus, the C. gattii global health burden could be more substantial than currently appreciated.

Acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis syndrome in HIV-infected pediatric patients: Prospective treatment trial with topical glycolic acid and human papillomavirus genotype characterization

SCOPUS: ar.j

Incidence and predictors of mortality and the effect of tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a cohort of TB/HIV patients commencing antiretroviral therapy.

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Clinical Spectrum, risk factors and outcome of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients with tuberculosis-HIV coinfection.

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The role of monocytes in the development of Tuberculosis-associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

info:eu-repo/semantics/published