Implication des gènes de la famille Bcl-2 dans l'apoptose des hépatocytes chez le rat Long-Evans Cinnamon

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Étude préclinique de nouveaux médicaments inhibiteurs de PARP et Bcl-2 dans le neuroblastome

Le neuroblastome (NB) est la tumeur solide extracranienne la plus fréquente chez le jeune enfant. En dépit de plusieurs avancements thérapeutiques, seulement 60% survivront à long terme. Cette résistance aux traitements est possiblement due, en partie, à la présence des cellules souches cancéreuses (CSC). PARP-1 joue un rôle important dans la chimiorésistance de certaines tumeurs et son inhibition a montré une potentialisation des agents anticancéreux conventionnels. De plus, Bcl-2 est surexprimé dans le NB et son expression accrue contribuerait à la résistance à la chimiothérapie. Le but de notre travail était de déterminer les effets in vitro d’un PARP inhibiteur, AG-014699 (AG), et d’un inhibiteur de Bcl-2, Obatoclax (Obx), in vitro et in vivo, en monothérapie ou en combinaison avec de la Doxorubicine (Doxo) ou du Cisplatin (Cis), deux agents anticancéreux classiquement utilisés dans le traitement du NB. Afin de déterminer l’expression de PARP-1 dans les tumeurs de NB, nous avons analysé une cohorte de 132 tumeurs. Nous avons utilisé le test MTT afin d’évaluer la sensibilité de 6 lignées cellulaires de NB et des CSC à un traitement avec AG seul ou en combinaison avec de la Doxo ou du Cis. Nous avons déterminé l’étendue de la mort cellulaire par Annexin-V et caractérisé les dommages à l’ADN à l’aide d’un marquage γH2aX. De plus, les modulations des voies de signalisation intracellulaire ont été analysées par Western Blot. La sensibilité des cellules à l’Obx a été analysée par MTT sur 6 lignées cellulaires de NB et sa combinaison avec le Cis a également été déterminée dans 2 lignées cellulaires. Le marquage Annexin-V et des combinaisons avec ZVAD-FMK ont aussi été utilisés pour caractériser les effets d’Obx sur l’apoptose. Des expériences in vivo ont également été faites. Nos résultats démontrent que l’expression de PARP-1 est associée aux tumeurs moins agressives. AG n’a peu ou pas effet sur la croissance tumorale et ne potentialise pas significativement les effets de la Doxo ou de Cis. AG combiné à la Doxo semble sensibiliser les CSC dans une lignée cellulaire. L’Annexin-V et le marquage γH2aX ne révèlent pas d’effets synergiques de cette combinaison et les dommages à l’ADN et la mort cellulaire observés sont attribués à la Doxo. Cependant, on observe une augmentation d’apoptose et de bris d’ADN dans une lignée cellulaire (SK-N-FI) lorsqu’AG est utilisé en monothérapie. On observe une surexpression de pAKT et pERK suite à la combinaison Doxo et AG. Les cellules de NB sont sensibles à l’Obx à des concentrations à l’échelle nanomolaire. De plus, Obx active la mort cellulaire par apoptose. Aussi, Obx a un effet synergique avec le Cis in vitro. In vivo, l’Obx diminue significativement la taille tumorale. Nous concluons que l’Obx présente une avenue thérapeutique prometteuse dans le traitement du NB alors que l’utilisation d’AG ne semble pas être aussi encourageante.

Étude de l’expression de « Bcl-2 modifying factor » (Bmf) et son implication dans la néphropathie diabétique

Objectif : Étudier les mécanismes apoptotiques impliqués dans la néphropathie diabétique en identifiant les gènes responsables de l’apoptose et activés par les espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) dans les cellules de tubules proximaux rénaux (RPTC) de différents modèles diabétiques. Méthodes : Une hybridation par puce à AND a été réalisée sur les ARN extraits à partir de RPTC de souris heterozygotes db/m+, db/db and db/db catalase (CAT)-transgénique (Tg) de 20 semaines. Des expériences de PCR en temps réel et d’immunohistochimie réalisées sur ces modèles et sur le modèle ou le diabète avait été induit par traitement au streptozotocin (STZ) ont permis de valider les gènes apoptotiques identifiés par puce à ADN. Des RPTC immortalisées de rat ont été utilisées pour montrer l’activité de ces gènes apoptotique et la régulation de leur expression. De plus, une étude additionnelle réalisée sur des sections rénales provenant de patients diabétiques et non diabétiques a démontré également une surexpression de ces gènes apoptotiques dans les IRPTC. Résultats: L’expression de Bcl-2-modifying factor (Bmf), une protéine apoptotique, semble augmentée dans les RPTC de souris db/db comparé aux souris contrôles db/m+, ou aux souris db/db CAT-tg. La surexpression de Bmf a également été identifiée dans les RPTC du modèle diabétique STZ. La normalisation de l’hyperglycémie chez ces souris par traitement à l’insuline semble normaliser également l’expression de Bmf. In vitro, la surexpression du cDNA de Bmf dans les RPTC promouvoit l’apoptose et augmente l’activité de caspase 3. La stimulation de RPTC de Rat avec le glucose élevé (25mM de D-glucose) semble augmenter l’expression de Bmf et le traitement de ces cellules avec la roténone, les Diphénylène iodonium, la catalase et l’apocynine semble renverser cette stimulation. L’inhibition de Bmf avec un siRNA semble réduire l’apoptose induite par le glucose élevé. L’expression de Bmf a également été démontrée dans les RPTC de patients diabétiques. Conclusion: Ces résultats ont démontré une surexpression de Bmf dans les RPTC de différents modèles diabétiques et suggèrent son potentiel rôle dans la régulation de l’apoptose et de l’atrophie tubulaire chez les diabétiques.

Regulation of bcl-2 family proteins during development and in response to oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes: association with changes in mitochondrial membrane potential.

Cardiac myocyte apoptosis is potentially important in many cardiac disorders. In other cells, Bcl-2 family proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction are probably key regulators of the apoptotic response. In the present study, we characterized the regulation of antiapoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL) and proapoptotic (Bad, Bax) Bcl-2 family proteins in the rat heart during development and in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were expressed at high levels in the neonate, and their expression was sustained during development. In contrast, although Bad and Bax were present at high levels in neonatal hearts, they were barely detectable in adult hearts. We confirmed that H(2)O(2) induced cardiac myocyte cell death, stimulating poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis (from 2 hours), caspase-3 proteolysis (from 2 hours), and DNA fragmentation (from 8 hours). In unstimulated neonatal cardiac myocytes, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were associated with the mitochondria, but Bad and Bax were predominantly present in a crude cytosolic fraction. Exposure of myocytes to H(2)O(2) stimulated rapid translocation of Bad (<5 minutes) to the mitochondria. This was followed by the subsequent degradation of Bad and Bcl-2 (from approximately 30 minutes). The levels of the mitochondrial membrane marker cytochrome oxidase remained unchanged. H(2)O(2) also induced translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol within 15 to 30 minutes, which was indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction. Myocytes exposed to H(2)O(2) showed an early loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis) from 15 to 30 minutes, which was partially restored by approximately 1 hour. However, a subsequent irreversible loss of mitochondrial membrane potential occurred that correlated with cell death. These data suggest that the regulation of Bcl-2 and mitochondrial function are important factors in oxidative stress-induced cardiac myocyte apoptosis.

Bcl-2 expression and apoptosis induction in human HL60 leukaemic cells treated with a novel organotellurium(IV) compound RT-04

Organotellurium(]V) compounds have been reported to have multiple biological activities including cysteine protease-inhibitory activity, mainly cathepsin B. As cathepsin B is a highly predictive indicator for prognosis and diagnosis of cancer, a possible antitumor potential for these new compounds is expected. In this work, it was investigated the effectiveness of organotellurium(IV) RT-04 to produce lethal effects in the human promyelocytic leukaemia cell line HL60. Using the MTT tetrazolium reduction test, and trypan blue exclusion assay, the IC50 for the compound after 24 h incubation was 6.8 and 0.35 mu M, respectively. Moreover, the compound was found to trigger apoptosis in HL60 cells, inducing DNA fragmentation and caspase-3, -6, and -9 activations. The apoptsosis-induced by RT-04 is probably related to the diminished Bcl-2 expression, observed by RT-PCR, in HL60-treated cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that the RT-04 treatment (2.76 mg/kg given for three consecutive days) produces no significant toxic effects for bone marrow and spleen CFU-GM. However, higher doses (5.0 and 10 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent reduction in the number of CFU-GM of RT-04-treated mice. These results suggest that RT-04 is able to induce apoptosis in HL60 cells by Bcl-2 expression down-modulation. Further studies are necessary to better clarify the effects of this compound on bone marrow normal cells. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

RTKN2 induces NF-KappaB dependent resistance to intrinsic apoptosis in HEK cells and REgulates BCL-2 genes in human CD4+ lymphocytes

The gene for Rhotekin 2 (RTKN2) was originally identified in a promyelocytic cell line resistant to oxysterol-induced apoptosis. It is differentially expressed in freshly isolated CD4+ T-cells compared with other hematopoietic cells and is down-regulated following activation of the T-cell receptor. However, very little is known about the function of RTKN2 other than its homology to Rho-GTPase effector, rhotekin, and the possibility that they may have similar roles. Here we show that stable expression of RTKN2 in HEK cells enhanced survival in response to intrinsic apoptotic agents; 25-hydroxy cholesterol and camptothecin, but not the extrinsic agent, TNFα. Inhibitors of NF-KappaB, but not MAPK, reversed the resistance and mitochondrial pro-apoptotic genes, Bax and Bim, were down regulated. In these cells, there was no evidence of RTKN2 binding to the GTPases, RhoA or Rac2. Consistent with the role of RTKN2 in HEK over-expressing cells, suppression of RTKN2 in primary human CD4+ T-cells reduced viability and increased sensitivity to 25-OHC. The expression of the pro-apoptotic genes, Bax and Bim were increased while BCL-2 was decreased. In both cell models RTKN2 played a role in the process of intrinsic apoptosis and this was dependent on either NF-KappaB signaling or expression of downstream BCL-2 genes. As RTKN2 is a highly expressed in CD4+ T-cells it may play a role as a key signaling switch for regulation of genes involved in T-cell survival.

The effects of escitalopram on myocardial apoptosis and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in a model of rats with depression

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), and influences the occurrence and prognosis of cardiovascular events. Although there is evidence that antidepressants may be cardioprotective after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) comorbid with MDD, the operative pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Our aim was therefore to explore the molecular mechanisms of escitalopram on myocardial apoptosis and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in a rat model of depression during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).MethodsRats were divided randomly into 3 groups (n = 8): D group (depression), DI/R group (depression with myocardial I/R) and escitalopram + DI/R group. The rats in all three groups underwent the same chronic mild stress and separation for 21 days, at the same time, in the escitalopram + DI/R group, rats were administered escitalopram by gavage (10 mg/kg/day). Ligation of the rat¿s left anterior descending branch was done in the myocardial I/R model. Following which behavioral tests were done. The size of the myocardial infarction was detected using 1.5% TTC dye. The Tunel method was used to detect apoptotic myocardial cells, and both the Rt-PCR method and immunohistochemical techniques were used to detect the expression of Bcl¿2 and Bax.ResultsCompared with the D and DI/R groups, rats in Escitalopram + DI/R group showed significantly increased movements and sucrose consumption (P < .01). Compared with the DI/R group, the myocardial infarct size in the escitalopram + DI/R group was significantly decreased (P < .01). Compared with the D group, there were significantly increased apoptotic myocardial cells in the DI/R and escitalopram + DI/R groups (P < .01); however compared with the DI/R group, apoptotic myocardial cell numbers in the escitalopram + DI/R group were significantly decreased (P < .01). Compared with the DI/R group, there was a down-regulated Bax:Bcl-2 ratio in the escitalopram + DI/R group (P < .01).ConclusionsThese results suggest that in patients with AMI comorbid with MDD, there is an increase in pro-apoptotic pathways that is reversed by escitalopram. This suggests that clinically escitalopram may have a direct cardioprotective after acute myocardial infarction.

Ações da dihidrotestosterona sobre a proliferação celular, expressão do receptor de androgênios, bcl-2 e p21 em células prostáticas humanas não transformadas

Hiperplasia Prostática Benigna (HPB) é uma condição patológica que acomete os homens na senescência e está presente em 50% da população masculina, com cerca de 85 anos de idade. A glândula prostática é alvo dos hormônios androgênicos que são responsáveis pela diferenciação e crescimento do epitélio e estroma prostáticos. Os mecanismos proliferativos da próstata envolvem uma série de fatores que operam em conjunto para manter o equilíbrio entre inibição e/ou proliferação celular. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os mecanismos moleculares mediados por androgênio que possam estar envolvidos na proliferação de células epiteliais prostáticas humanas derivadas de HPB. As células foram incubadas com diferentes concentrações de dihidrotestosterona (DHT). Uma baixa concentração de DHT (10-13 M) provocou um aumento significativo na proliferação destas células. Para se verificar se o efeito proliferativo ocorre via receptor de androgênio (AR), as células foram tratadas com o antiandrogênio hidroxiflutamida e a proliferação foi inibida. A expressão do gene do AR foi avaliada por RT-PCR em diferentes tempos de tratamento e concentrações de DHT. Os níveis de mRNA do AR aumentaram significativamente nos grupos tratados com DHT.10-13 M em 3, 4 e 6 horas de estímulo hormonal, sendo que um aumento marcante na expressão do AR foi observado em 4 horas de tratamento. Em relação às diferentes concentrações de DHT testadas no tempo de 4 horas (DHT.10-8, DHT.10-10 e DHT.10-13 M), a expressão do AR aumentou significativamente no grupo tratado com DHT.10-13 M em relação ao grupo controle. Buscando averiguar o possível papel de genes envolvidos na proliferação celular que podem ser modulados pela ação androgênica, em células epiteliais prostáticas, avaliou-se também por RT-PCR a expressão do p21 e do bcl-2. A expressão gênica do p21 foi verificada no intervalo de tempo de zero à 6 horas de tratamento com DHT.10-13 M, não apresentando diferença em seus níveis de mRNA nos tempos avaliados. Quando as células foram incubadas durante 4 horas com diferentes concentrações de DHT, observou-se que a concentração mais alta (10-8 M) provocou um aumento significativo nos níveis de mRNA do p21 em relação ao grupo tratado com DHT.10-13 M. O gene do bcl-2 teve sua expressão avaliada no mesmo intervalo de tempo do p21. Os níveis de mRNA do bcl-2 aumentaram significativamente em 15 minutos de tratamento com DHT.10-13 M em relação ao tempo zero e aos grupos tratados por 1 e 4 horas. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que baixas concentrações de dihidrotestosterona estimulam a proliferação das células epiteliais prostáticas derivadas de HPB, por uma via que parece envolver a expressão do AR, do p21 e do bcl-2.

Expressão gênica do receptor estrogênico-a, bcl-2 e c-myc em fibroadenomas e no tecido mamário normal circunjacente

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Altered Ex Vivo Expression of Caspase 8, Caspase 9, and Bcl-2 Is Associated with T-Cell Hyporeactivity in Patients with Paracoccidioidomycosis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Changes in apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression in human hyperglycemic, term placental trophoblast

Apoptosis and its associated regulatory mechanisms are physiological events crucial to the maintenance of placental homeostasis; imbalance of these processes, however, such as occurs under various pathological conditions, may compromise placenta function and, consequently, pregnancy success. Increased apoptosis occurs in the placentas of pregnant women with several developmental disabilities, while increased Bcl-2 expression is generally associated with pregnancy-associated tumors. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that apoptosis-associated disturbs might be involved in the placental physiopathology subjected to different maternal hyperglycemic conditions.Thus, in the present study we investigated and compared the incidence of apoptosis using TUNEL reaction and Bcl-2 expression, in term-placentas of normoglycemic, diabetic and daily hyperglycemic patients. Tissue samples were collected from 37 placentas, being 15 from healthy mothers with normally delivered healthy babies, and 22 from mothers with glucose disturbances. From these latter 22 patients, 10 showed maternal daily hyperglycemia and 12 were clinically diabetics. Both Bcl-2 expression and apoptotic DNA fragmentation were established and quantified in the trophoblasts of healthy mothers. Compared to these reference values, a higher apoptosis index and lower Bcl-2 expression were disclosed in the placentas of the diabetic women, while in the daily hyperglycemic group, values were intermediate between the diabetic and normoglycemic patients. The TUNEL/Bcl-2 index ratio in the placentas varied from 0.02 to 0.09 for pregnant normoglycemic and diabetic women, respectively, revealing a predominance of apoptosis in the diabetic group. Our findings suggest that hyperglycemia may be a key factor evoking apoptosis in the placental trophoblast, and therefore, is relevant to diabetic placenta function. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.