Caractérisation des complexes ribonucléoprotéiques de Staufen1 et Staufen2

Dans la cellule, chaque ARNm se doit d’être régulé finement au niveau transcriptionnel, bien entendu, mais également au niveau de sa traduction, de sa dégradation ainsi que de sa localisation intracellulaire, et ce, afin de permettre l’expression de chaque produit protéique au moment et à l’endroit précis où son action est requise. Lorsqu’un mécanisme physiologique est mis de l’avant dans la cellule, il arrive souvent que plusieurs ARNm se doivent d’être régulés simultanément. L’un des moyens permettant d’orchestrer un tel processus est de réguler l’action d’une protéine commune associée à chacun de ces ARNm, via un mécanisme post-traductionnel par exemple. Ainsi l’expression d’un groupe précis d’ARNm peut être régulée finement dans le temps et dans l’espace selon les facteurs protéiques auxquels il est associé. Dans l’optique d’étudier certains de ces complexes ribonucléoprotéiques (mRNP), nous nous sommes intéressés aux isoformes et paralogues de Staufen, une protéine à domaine de liaison à l’ARN double-brin (dsRBD) impliquée dans de nombreux aspects de la régulation post-transcriptionnelle, tels la dégradation, la traduction ou encore la localisation d’ARNm. Chez la drosophile, un seul gène Staufen est exprimé alors que chez les mammifères, il existe deux paralogues de la protéine, soit Stau1 et Stau2, tous deux possédant divers isoformes produits suite à l’épissage alternatif de leur gène. Stau1 et Stau2 sont identiques à 50%. Les deux isoformes de Stau2, Stau259 et Stau262 ne diffèrent qu’en leur extrémité N-terminale. En effet, alors que Stau259 arbore un dsRBD1 tronqué, celui de Stau262 est complet. Ces observations introduisent une problématique très intéressante à laquelle nous nous sommes attaqué : ces différentes protéines, quoique très semblables, font-elles partie de complexes ribonucléoprotéiques distincts ayant des fonctions propres à chacun ou, au contraire, vu cette similarité de séquence, travaillent-elles de concert au sein des mêmes complexes ribonucléoprotéiques? Afin d’adresser cette question, nous avons entrepris d’isoler, à partir de cellules HEK293T, les différents complexes de Stau1 et Stau2 par la technique d’immunoprécipitation. Nous avons isolé les ARNm associés à chaque protéine, les avons identifiés grâce aux micropuces d’ADN et avons confirmé nos résultats par RT-PCR. Malgré la présence d’une population commune d’ARNm associée à Stau1 et Stau2, la majorité des transcrits identifiés furent spécifiques à chaque orthologue. Cependant, nous avons remarqué que les diverses populations d’ARNm participaient aux mêmes mécanismes de régulation, ce qui suggère que ces deux protéines possèdent des rôles complémentaires dans la mise en œuvre de divers phénomènes cellulaires. Au contraire, les transcrits associés à Stau259 et Stau262 sont davantage similaires, indiquant que celles-ci auraient des fonctions plutôt semblables. Ces résultats sont très intéressants, car pour la première fois, nous avons identifié des populations d’ARNm associées aux isoformes Stau155, Stau259 et Stau262. De plus, nous les avons analysées en parallèle afin d’en faire ressortir les populations spécifiques à chacune de ces protéines. Ensuite, connaissant l’importance de Stau2 dans le transport dendritique d’ARNm, nous avons cherché à caractériser les complexes ribonucléoprotéiques neuronaux associés à celle-ci. Dans un premier temps et à l’aide de la technique d’immunoprécipitation, nous avons identifié une population d’ARNm neuronaux associés à Stau2. Plus de 1700 ARNm montraient une présence d’au moins huit fois supérieure dans le précipité obtenu avec l’anticorps anti-Stau2 par rapport à celui obtenu avec le sérum pré-immun. Ces ARNm codent pour des protéines impliquées dans des processus de modifications post-traductionnelles, de traduction, de transport intracellulaire et de métabolisme de l’ARN. De façon intéressante, cette population d’ARNm isolée du cerveau de rat est relativement différente de celle caractérisée des cellules humaines HEK293T. Ceci suggère que la spécificité d’association Stau2-ARNm peut diffèrer d’un tissu à un autre. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons isolé les protéines présentes dans les complexes ribonucléoprotéiques obtenus de cerveaux de rat et les avons identifiées par analyse en spectrométrie de masse. De cette façon, nous avons identifié au sein des particules de Stau2 des protéines liant l’ARN (PABPC1, hnRNPH1, YB1, hsc70), des protéines du cytosquelette (α- et β-tubuline), de même que la protéine peu caractérisée RUFY3. En poussant davantage la caractérisation, nous avons établi que YB1 et PABPC1 étaient associées à Stau2 grâce à la présence de l’ARN, alors que la protéine hsc70, au contraire, interagissait directement avec celle-ci. Enfin, cette dernière association semble être modulable par l’action de l’ATP. Ce résultat offre de nombreuses possibilités quant à la régulation de la fonction de Stau2 et/ou de son mRNP. Entre autres, cette étude suggère un mécanisme de régulation de la traduction au sein de ces particules. Pour faire suite à la caractérisation des mRNP de Stau, nous avons voulu déterminer au niveau neurophysiologique l’importance de ceux-ci. Comme l’étude de Stau2 avait déjà été entreprise préalablement par un autre laboratoire, nous avons décidé de concentrer notre étude sur le rôle de Stau1. Ainsi, nous avons démontré que celle-ci était nécessaire à la mise en place d’une forme de plasticité synaptique à long terme, la forme tardive de potentialisation à long terme ou L-LTP, dépendante de la transcription et de l’activité des récepteurs NMDA. La transmission de base, de même que la faculté de ces épines à faire de la E-LTP, la forme précoce de potentialisation à long terme, et la dépression à long terme ou LTD sont conservées. Ceci indique que les épines conservent la capacité d’être modulées. Ainsi, l’inhibition de la L-LTP, suite à la sous-expression de Stau1, n’est pas simplement due à la perte d’éléments fonctionnels, mais réside plutôt dans l’incapacité de ceux-ci à induire les changements synaptiques spécifiquement nécessaires à la mise en place de la L-LTP. De plus, au niveau synaptique, la sous-expression de Stau1 réduit à la fois l’amplitude et la fréquence des mEPSC. Ces résultats concordent avec l’observation que la sous-expression de Stau1 augmente significativement la proportion d’épines allongées et filopodales, des épines formant des synapses dites silencieuses. Par le fait même, elle diminue le nombre d’épines fonctionnelles, de forme dite normale. Ainsi, nous avons été en mesure de démontrer que l’absence, au niveau neuronal, de la protéine Stau1 induisait un déficit probable dans la localisation et/ou la traduction d’ARNm responsable de la restructuration de l’épine et de facteurs nécessaires à la mise en place de la L-LTP. En conclusion, nous avons participé à lever le voile sur la composition et l’importance des complexes ribonucléoprotéiques de Stau1 et Stau2. Nous avons identifié des populations distinctes et communes d’ARNm associées aux différents isoformes de Stau, à partir des mRNP présents au sein des cellules HEK293. De plus, nous avons réussi à mettre à l’avant plan certaines composantes des mRNP neuronaux de Stau2, dont un partenaire protéique direct, hsc70, partenaire dont l’association est modulable par l’action de l’ATP, ainsi qu’une population neuronale de transcrits d’ARNm. Enfin, nous avons mis en lumière l’importance de Stau1 dans la morphologie des épines dendritiques ainsi que dans le phénomène de la plasticité synaptique.

Effets directs et aigus de médicaments insulinosensibilisateurs sur la cellule bêta des îlots pancréatiques : de l’outil de recherche à l’identification de la décélération métabolique comme mode d’action

Le diabète de type 2 (DT2) apparaît lorsque la sécrétion d’insuline par les cellules β des îlots du pancréas ne parvient plus à compenser la résistance à l’insuline des organes cibles. Parmi les médicaments disponibles pour traiter le DT2, deux classes agissent en améliorant la sensibilité à l’insuline : les biguanides (metformine) et les thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone et rosiglitazone). Des études suggèrent que ces médicaments protègent également la fonction des cellules β. Dans le but d’identifier des mécanismes par lesquels les médicaments insulinosensibilisateurs protègent les cellules β, nous avons étudié les effets aigus de la metformine et de la pioglitazone sur le métabolisme et la fonction des cellules INS 832/13, sécrétrices d’insuline et des îlots pancréatiques isolés de rats. Nous avons aussi validé in vivo avec des rats Wistar les principales observations obtenues en présence de pioglitazone grâce à des clamps glucidiques et par calorimétrie indirecte. Le traitement aigu des cellules β avec de la pioglitazone ou de la metformine inhibe la sécrétion d’insuline induite par le glucose en diminuant la sensibilité des cellules au glucose (inhibition en présence de concentrations intermédiaires de glucose seulement). Dans les mêmes conditions, les traitements inhibent aussi plusieurs paramètres du métabolisme mitochondrial des nutriments et, pour la pioglitazone, du métabolisme des lipides. Les composés affectent le métabolisme en suivant un patron d’inhibition similaire à celui observé pour la sécrétion d’insuline, que nous avons nommé « décélération métabolique ». La capacité de la pioglitazone à inhiber la sécrétion d’insuline et à ralentir le métabolisme mitochondrial de façon aigüe se confirme in vivo. En conclusion, nous avons identifié la décélération métabolique de la cellule β comme nouveau mode d’action pour les médicaments insulinosensibilisateurs. La décélération métabolique causée par les agents insulinosensibilisateurs les plus utilisés semble provenir d’une inhibition du métabolisme mitochondrial et pourrait être impliquée dans les bienfaits de ceux-ci dans un contexte de stress métabolique. Le fait que les deux agents insulinosensibilisateurs étudiés agissent à la fois sur la sensibilité à l’insuline et sur la sécrétion d’insuline, les deux composantes majeures du DT2, pourrait expliquer pourquoi ils sont parmi les agents antidiabétiques les plus efficaces. La décélération métabolique est une approche thérapeutique à considérer pour le traitement du DT2 et d’autres maladies métaboliques.

Differential induction, isolation, physicochemical and molecular characterization of temperate phages of environmental Vibrio cholerae as evidence of phage mediated Horizontal Gene Transfer

The resurgence of the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae, the causative organism of epidemic cholera, remains a major health problem in many developing countries like India. The southern Indian state of Kerala is endemic to cholera. The outbreaks of cholera follow a seasonal pattern in regions of endemicity. Marine aquaculture settings and mangrove environments of Kerala serve as reservoirs for V. cholerae. The non-O1/non-O139 environmental isolates of V. cholerae with incomplete ‘virulence casette’ are to be dealt with caution as they constitute a major reservoir of diverse virulence genes in the marine environment and play a crucial role in pathogenicity and horizontal gene transfer. The genes coding cholera toxin are borne on, and can be infectiously transmitted by CTXΦ, a filamentous lysogenic vibriophages. Temperate phages can provide crucial virulence and fitness factors affecting cell metabolism, bacterial adhesion, colonization, immunity, antibiotic resistance and serum resistance. The present study was an attempt to screen the marine environments like aquafarms and mangroves of coastal areas of Alappuzha and Cochin, Kerala for the presence of lysogenic V. cholerae, to study their pathogenicity and also gene transfer potential. Phenotypic and molecular methods were used for identification of isolates as V. cholerae. The thirty one isolates which were Gram negative, oxidase positive, fermentative, with or without gas production on MOF media and which showed yellow coloured colonies on TCBS (Thiosulfate Citrate Bile salt Sucrose) agar were segregated as vibrios. Twenty two environmental V. cholerae strains of both O1 and non- O1/non-O139 serogroups on induction with mitomycin C showed the presence of lysogenic phages. They produced characteristic turbid plaques in double agar overlay assay using the indicator strain V. cholerae El Tor MAK 757. PCR based molecular typing with primers targeting specific conserved sequences in the bacterial genome, demonstrated genetic diversity among these lysogen containing non-O1 V. cholerae . Polymerase chain reaction was also employed as a rapid screening method to verify the presence of 9 virulence genes namely, ctxA, ctxB, ace, hlyA, toxR, zot,tcpA, ninT and nanH, using gene specific primers. The presence of tcpA gene in ALPVC3 was alarming, as it indicates the possibility of an epidemic by accepting the cholera. Differential induction studies used ΦALPVC3, ΦALPVC11, ΦALPVC12 and ΦEKM14, underlining the possibility of prophage induction in natural ecosystems, due to abiotic factors like antibiotics, pollutants, temperature and UV. The efficiency of induction of prophages varied considerably in response to the different induction agents. The growth curve of lysogenic V. cholerae used in the study drastically varied in the presence of strong prophage inducers like antibiotics and UV. Bacterial cell lysis was directly proportional to increase in phage number due to induction. Morphological characterization of vibriophages by Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed hexagonal heads for all the four phages. Vibriophage ΦALPVC3 exhibited isometric and contractile tails characteristic of family Myoviridae, while phages ΦALPVC11 and ΦALPVC12 demonstrated the typical hexagonal head and non-contractile tail of family Siphoviridae. ΦEKM14, the podophage was distinguished by short non-contractile tail and icosahedral head. This work demonstrated that environmental parameters can influence the viability and cell adsorption rates of V. cholerae phages. Adsorption studies showed 100% adsorption of ΦALPVC3 ΦALPVC11, ΦALPVC12 and ΦEKM14 after 25, 30, 40 and 35 minutes respectively. Exposure to high temperatures ranging from 50ºC to 100ºC drastically reduced phage viability. The optimum concentration of NaCl required for survival of vibriophages except ΦEKM14 was 0.5 M and that for ΦEKM14 was 1M NaCl. Survival of phage particles was maximum at pH 7-8. V. cholerae is assumed to have existed long before their human host and so the pathogenic clones may have evolved from aquatic forms which later colonized the human intestine by progressive acquisition of genes. This is supported by the fact that the vast majority of V. cholerae strains are still part of the natural aquatic environment. CTXΦ has played a critical role in the evolution of the pathogenicity of V. cholerae as it can transmit the ctxAB gene. The unusual transformation of V. cholerae strains associated with epidemics and the emergence of V. cholera O139 demonstrates the evolutionary success of the organism in attaining greater fitness. Genetic changes in pathogenic V. cholerae constitute a natural process for developing immunity within an endemically infected population. The alternative hosts and lysogenic environmental V. cholerae strains may potentially act as cofactors in promoting cholera phage ‘‘blooms’’ within aquatic environments, thereby influencing transmission of phage sensitive, pathogenic V. cholerae strains by aquatic vehicles. Differential induction of the phages is a clear indication of the impact of environmental pollution and global changes on phage induction. The development of molecular biology techniques offered an accessible gateway for investigating the molecular events leading to genetic diversity in the marine environment. Using nucleic acids as targets, the methods of fingerprinting like ERIC PCR and BOX PCR, revealed that the marine environment harbours potentially pathogenic group of bacteria with genetic diversity. The distribution of virulence associated genes in the environmental isolates of V. cholerae provides tangible material for further investigation. Nucleotide and protein sequence analysis alongwith protein structure prediction aids in better understanding of the variation inalleles of same gene in different ecological niche and its impact on the protein structure for attaining greater fitness of pathogens. The evidences of the co-evolution of virulence genes in toxigenic V. cholerae O1 from different lineages of environmental non-O1 strains is alarming. Transduction studies would indicate that the phenomenon of acquisition of these virulence genes by lateral gene transfer, although rare, is not quite uncommon amongst non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae and it has a key role in diversification. All these considerations justify the need for an integrated approach towards the development of an effective surveillance system to monitor evolution of V. cholerae strains with epidemic potential. Results presented in this study, if considered together with the mechanism proposed as above, would strongly suggest that the bacteriophage also intervenes as a variable in shaping the cholera bacterium, which cannot be ignored and hinting at imminent future epidemics.

Efecto de la hipoxia-reoxigenación y las radiaciones ionizantes en la captación de glucosa en líneas tumorales de seno y colon cocultivadas con células endoteliales.

La captación de glucosa y su conversión en lactato juega un papel fundamental en el metabolismo tumoral, independientemente de la concentración de oxígeno presente en el tejido (efecto Warburg). Sin embrago, dicha captación varía de un tipo tumoral a otro, y dentro del mismo tumor, situación que podría depender de las características microambientales tumorales (fluctuaciones de oxígeno, presencia de otros tipos celulares) y de factores estresores asociados a los tratamientos. Se estudió el efecto de la hipoxia-reoxigenación (HR) y las radiaciones ionizantes (RI) sobre la captación de glucosa, en cultivos de líneas tumorales MCF-7 y HT-29, cultivadas de forma aislada o en cocultivo con la línea celular EAhy296. Se encontró que la captación de glucosa en HR es diferente para lo descrito en condiciones de hipoxia permanente y que es modificada en el cocultivo. Se identificaron poblaciones celulares dentro de la misma línea celular, de alta y baja captación de glucosa, lo que implicaría una simbiosis metabólica de la célula como respuesta adaptativa a las condiciones tumorales. Se evaluó la expresión de NRF2 y la translocación nuclear de NRF2 y HIF1a, como vías de respuesta a estrés celular e hipoxia. La translocación nuclear de las proteínas evaluadas explicaría el comportamiento metabólico de las células tumorales de seno, pero no de colon, por lo cual deben existir otras vías metabólicas implicadas. Las diferencias en el comportamiento de las células tumorales en HR en relación con hipoxia permitirá realizar planeaciones dosimétricas más dinámicas, que reevalúen las condiciones de oxigenación tumoral constantemente.

Mammalian-microbial cometabolism of L-Carnitine in the context of atherosclerosis

g-butyrobetaine has long been known as the precursor of endogenous L-carnitine synthesis. In this issue, Koeth et al. (2014) demonstrate that it is also a major metabolite of L-carnitine degradation by gut bacteria that precedes the enteric production of trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide.

The inositol-3-phosphate synthase biosynthetic enzyme has distinct catalytic and metabolic roles

Inositol levels, maintained by the biosynthetic enzyme inositol-3-phosphate synthase (Ino1), are altered in a range of disorders including bipolar disorder and Alzheimer's disease. To date, most inositol studies have focused on the molecular and cellular effects of inositol depletion without considering Ino1 levels. Here we employ a simple eukaryote, Dictyostelium, to demonstrate distinct effects of loss of Ino1 and inositol depletion. We show that loss of Ino1 results in inositol auxotrophy that can only be partially rescued by exogenous inositol. Removal of inositol supplementation from the ino1- mutant results in a rapid 56% reduction in inositol levels, triggering the induction of autophagy, reduced cytokinesis and substrate adhesion. Inositol depletion also caused a dramatic generalised decrease in phosphoinositide levels that was rescued by inositol supplementation. However, loss of Ino1 triggered broad metabolic changes consistent with the induction of a catabolic state that was not rescued by inositol supplementation. These data suggest a metabolic role for Ino1 independent of inositol biosynthesis. To characterise this role, an Ino1 binding partner containing SEL1L1 domains (Q54IX5) was identified with homology to mammalian macromolecular complex adaptor proteins. Our findings therefore identify a new role for Ino1, independent of inositol biosynthesis, with broad effects on cell metabolism.

Association of NAD(P)H Oxidase with Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic beta-Cells

We previously described the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form [NAD(P)H] oxidase components in pancreatic beta-cells and its activation by glucose, palmitic acid, and proinflammatory cytokines. In the present study, the importance of the NAD(P)H oxidase complex for pancreatic beta-cell function was examined. Rat pancreatic islets were incubated in the presence of glucose plus diphenyleneiodonium, a NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, for 1 h or with the antisense oligonucleotide for p47(PHOX) during 24 h. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was determined by a fluorescence assay using 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Insulin secretion, intracellular calcium responses, [U-(14)C] glucose oxidation, and expression of glucose transporter-2, glucokinase and insulin genes were examined. Antisense oligonucleotide reduced p47(PHOX) expression [an important NAD(P)H oxidase cytosolic subunit] and similarly to diphenyleneiodonium also blunted the enzyme activity as indicated by reduction of ROS production. Suppression of NAD(P)H oxidase activity had an inhibitory effect on intracellular calcium responses to glucose and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by isolated islets. NAD(P)H oxidase inhibition also reduced glucose oxidation and gene expression of glucose transporter-2 and glucokinase. These findings indicate that NAD(P)H oxidase activation plays an important role for ROS production by pancreatic beta-cells during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The importance of this enzyme complex for the beta-cell metabolism and the machinery involved in insulin secretion were also shown. (Endocrinology 150: 2197-2201, 2009)

GLP-1 Inhibits and Adrenaline Stimulates Glucagon Release by Differential Modulation of N- and L-Type Ca(2+) Channel-Dependent Exocytosis

Glucagon secretion is inhibited by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and stimulated by adrenaline. These opposing effects on glucagon secretion are mimicked by low (1-10 nM) and high (10 mu M) concentrations of forskolin, respectively. The expression of GLP-1 receptors in a cells is <0.2% of that in beta cells. The GLP-1-induced suppression of glucagon secretion is PKA dependent, is glucose independent, and does not involve paracrine effects mediated by insulin or somatostatin. GLP-1 is without much effect on a cell electrical activity but selectively inhibits N-type Ca(2+) channels and exocytosis. Adrenaline stimulates a cell electrical activity, increases [Ca(2+)] enhances L-type Ca(2+) channel activity, and accelerates exocytosis. The stimulatory effect is partially PKA independent and reduced in Epac2-deficient islets. We propose that GLP-1 inhibits glucagon secretion by PKA-dependent inhibition of the N-type Ca(2+) channels via a small increase in intracellular cAMP ([cAMP]). Adrenaline stimulates L-type Ca(2+) channel-dependent exocytosis by activation of the low-affinity cAMP sensor Epac2 via a large increase in [cAMP],.

Exercise Training Reduces PGE(2) Levels and Induces Recovery from Steatosis in Tumor-bearing Rats

The effects of endurance training on PGE(2) levels and upon the maximal activity of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) system were studied in rats bearing the Walker 256 carciosarcoma. Animals were randomly assigned to a sedentary control (SC), sedentary tumor-bearing (ST), exercised control (EC), and as an exercised tumor-bearing (ET) group. Trained rats ran on a treadmill (60% VO(2) max) for 60 min/day, 5 days/week, for 8 weeks. We examined the mRNA expression (RT-PCR) and maximal activity (radio-assay) of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase system enzymes (CPT I and CPT II), as well as the gene expression of fatty-acid-binding protein (L-FABP) in the liver. PGE(2) content was measured in the serum, in tumor cells, and in the liver (ELISA). CPT I and CPT II maximal activity were decreased (p < 0.01) in ST when compared with SC. In contrast, serum PGE(2) was increased (p < 0.05) in cachectic animals as compared with SC. In the liver, PGE(2) content was also increased (p < 0.05) when compared with SC. Endurance training restored maximal CPT I and CPT II activity in the tumor-bearing animals (p < 0.0001). Exercise training induced PGE(2) levels to return to control values in the liver of tumor-bearing training rats (p < 0.05) and decreased the eicosanoid content in the tumor (p < 0.01). In conclusion, endurance training was capable of reestablishing liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) system activity associated with decreased PGE(2) levels in cachectic tumor-bearing animals, preventing steatosis.

In vitro effect of low-level laser on odontoblast-like cells

The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolism of odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells subjected to direct LLL irradiation. The cells were seeded (20,000 cells/well) in 24-well plates and incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. After this period, the culture medium (DMEM) was replaced by fresh DMEM supplemented with 2 or 5% (stress induction by nutritional deficit) or 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were exposed to laser doses of 2, 4, 10, 15 and 25 J/cm(2) from a near infrared InGaAsP diode laser prototype (LASERTable; 780 +/- 3 nm, 40 mW). One control group (sham irradiation) was established for each experimental condition (laser dose x FBS supplementation). Three and 72 hours after the last irradiation, cells were analyzed with respect to metabolism, morphology, total protein expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Higher metabolism and total protein expression were observed 72 hours after the last irradiation at the doses of 15 and 25 J/cm(2) (Mann-Whitney; p<0.05). Higher ALP activity was obtained with 5% FBS when the cells were irradiated with doses of 2 and 10 J/cm(2). For the dose of 25 J/cm(2), the highest ALP activity was observed with 10% FBS. It was concluded that the LLLT parameters used in this study stimulated the metabolic activity of the MDPC-23 cells, especially at the doses of 15 and 25 J/cm(2).

Cellular and tissue effects induced by photogemA (R) and red LED in photodynamic therapy

In order to consider the photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a clinical treatment for candidosis, it is necessary to know its cytotoxic effect on normal cells and tissues. Therefore, this study evaluated the toxicity of PDT with PhotogemA (R) associated with red light-emitting diode (LED) on L929 and MDPC-23 cell cultures and healthy rat palatal mucosa. In the in vitro experiment, the cells (30000 cells/cm(2)) were seeded in 24-well plates for 48 h, incubated with PhotogemA (R) (50, 100, or 150 mg/l) and either irradiated or not with a red LED source (630 +/- 3 nm; 75 or 100 J/cm(2); 22 mW/cm(2)). Cell metabolism was evaluated by the MTT assay (ANOVA and Dunnet`s post hoc tests; p < 0.05) and cell morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. In the in vivo evaluation, PhotogemA (R) (500 mg/l) was applied to the palatal mucosa of Wistar rats during 30 min and exposed to red LED (630 nm) during 20 min (306 J/cm(2)). The palatal mucosa was photographed for macroscopic analysis at 0, 1, 3, and 7 days posttreatment and subjected to histological analysis after sacrifice of the rats. For both cell lines, there was a statistically significant decrease of the mitochondrial activity (90-97%) for all PhotogemA (R) concentrations associated with red LED regardless of the energy density. However, in the in vivo evaluation, the PDT-treated groups presented intact mucosa with normal characteristics both macroscopically and histologically. From these results, it may be concluded that the association of PhotogemA (R) and red LED caused severe toxic effects on normal cell cultures, characterized by the reduction of mitochondrial activity and morphological alterations, but did not cause damage to the rat palatal mucosa in vivo.

Increased Viability of Odontoblast-Like Cells Subjected to Low-Level Laser Irradiation

Studies have shown that the increase of cell metabolism depends on the low level laser therapy (LLLT) parameters used to irradiate the cells. However, the optimal laser dose to up-regulate pulp cell activity remains unknown. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic response of odontoblast-like cells (MDPC-23) exposed to different LLLT doses. Cells at 20000 cells/cm(2) were seeded in 24-well plates using plain culture medium (DMEM) and were incubated in a humidified incubator with 5% CO(2) at 37 degrees C. After 24 h, the culture medium was replaced by fresh DMEM supplemented with 5% (stress by nutritional deficit) or 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were exposed to different laser doses from a near infrared diode laser prototype designed to provide a uniform irradiation of the wells. The experimental groups were: G1: 1.5 J/cm(2) + 5% FBS; G2: 1.5 J/cm(2) + 10% FBS; G3: 5 J/cm(2) + 5% FBS; G4: 5 J/cm(2) + 10% FBS; G5: 19 J/cm(2) + 5% FBS; G6: 19 J/cm(2) + 10% FBS. LLLT was performed in 3 consecutive irradiation cycles with a 24-hour interval. Non-irradiated cells cultured in DMEM supplemented with either 5 or 10% FBS served as control groups. The analysis of the metabolic response was performed by the MTT assay 3 h after the last irradiation. G1 presented an increase in SDH enzyme activity and differed significantly (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05) from the other groups. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed normal cell morphology in all groups. Under the tested conditions, LLLT stimulated the metabolic activity of MDPC-23 cultured in DMEM supplemented with 5% FBS and exposed to a laser dose of 1.5 J/cm(2). These findings are relevant for further studies on the action of near infrared lasers on cells with odontoblast phenotype.

Effect of low-level laser irradiation on odontoblast-like cells

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), also referred to as therapeutic laser, has been recommended for a wide array of clinical procedures, among which the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. However, the mechanism that guides this process remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of LLL irradiation on cell metabolism (MTT assay), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and total protein synthesis. The expression of genes that encode for collagen type-1 (Col-1) and fibronectin (FN) was analyzed by RT-PCR. For such purposes, oclontoblast-like cell line (MDPC-23) was previously cultured in Petri dishes (15000 cells/cm(2)) and submitted to stress conditions during 12 h. Thereafter, 6 applications with a monochromatic near infrared radiation (GaAlAs) set at predetermined parameters were performed at 12-h intervals. Non-irradiated cells served as a control group. Neither the MTT values nor the total protein levels of the irradiated group differed significantly from those of the control group (Mann-Whitney test; p > 0.05). On the other hand, the irradiated cells showed a decrease in ALP activity (Mann-Whitney test; p < 0.05). RT-PCR results demonstrated a trend to a specific reduction in gene expression after cell irradiation, though not significant statistically (Mann-Whitney test; p > 0.05). It may be concluded that, under the tested conditions, the LLLT parameters used in the present study did not influence cell metabolism, but reduced slightly the expression of some specific proteins.

Novel gene discovery in the muscle of obese-diabetic Psammomys obesus

Metabolism in Psammomys obesis, a polygenic animal model of obesity and type 2 diabetes is associated with dysregulated nocturnal fat oxidation in diabetic animals. Furthermore, a new gene called AGT-203 has been identified. Evidence indicates that AGT-203 is involved in abnormal glucose metabolism leading to the proposition that AGT-203 is a new candidate gene for type 2 diabetes.

Regulation of GLUT4 expression in human skeletal muscle

Increasing the number of glucose transporters in muscle ameliorates many of the symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes. This thesis identifies mechanisms regulating glucose transporter gene expression, and therefore glucose transporter number, in human skeletal muscle and provides potential targets for the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes.