The reverse self-dual serial cost-sharing rule

In this study we define a cost sharing rule for cost sharing problems. This rule is related to the serial cost-sharing rule defined by Moulin and Shenker (1992). We give some formulas and axiomatic characterizations for the new rule. The axiomatic characterizations are related to some previous ones provided by Moulin and Shenker (1994) and Albizuri (2010).

Chiral gold(I) vs chiral silver complexes as catalysts for the enantioselective synthesis of the second generation GSK-hepatitis C virus inhibitor

The synthesis of a GSK 2(nd) generation inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus, by enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between a leucine derived iminoester and tert-butyl acrylate, was studied. The comparison between silver(I) and gold(I) catalysts in this reaction was established by working with chiral phosphoramidites or with chiral BINAP. The best reaction conditions were used for the total synthesis of the hepatitis C virus inhibitor by a four step procedure affording this product in 99% ee and in 63% overall yield. The origin of the enantioselectivity of the chiral gold(I) catalyst was justified according to DFT calculations, the stabilizing coulombic interaction between the nitrogen atom of the thiazole moiety and one of the gold atoms being crucial.

Analysis on fluorescence intensity reverse photonic phenomenon between red and green fluorescence of oxyfluoride nanophase vitroceramics

An interesting fluorescence intensity reverse photonic phenomenon between red and green fluorescence is investigated. The dynamic range. of intensity reverse between red and green fluorescence of Er( 0.5) Yb( 3): FOV oxyfluoride nanophase vitroceramics, when excited by 378.5nm and 522.5nm light respectively, is about 4.32 x 10(2). It is calculated that the phonon- assistant energy transfer rate of the electric multi- dipole interaction of {(4)G(11/2)( Er3+) -> F-4(9/2)( Er3+), F-2(7/2)( Yb3+). F-2(5/2)( Yb3+)} energy transfer of Er( 0.5) Yb( 3): FOV is around 1.380 x 10(8) s(-1), which is much larger than the relative multiphonon nonradiative relaxation rates 3.20 x 10(5) s(-1). That energy transfer rate for general material with same rare earth ion's concentration is about 1.194 x 10(5) s(-1). These are the reason to emerge the unusual intensity reverse phenomenon in Er( 0.5) Yb( 3): FOV. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America.

CGP37157, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, protects neurons from excitotoxicity by blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Inhibition of the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX) by CGP37157 is protective in models of neuronal injury that involve disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. However, the Ca2+ signaling pathways and stores underlying neuroprotection by that inhibitor are not well defined. In the present study, we analyzed how intracellular Ca2+ levels are modulated by CGP37157 (10 mu M) during NMDA insults in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. We initially assessed the presence of NCLX in mitochondria of cultured neurons by immunolabeling, and subsequently, we analyzed the effects of CGP37157 on neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis using cameleon-based mitochondrial Ca2+ and cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+](i)) live imaging. We observed that NCLX-driven mitochondrial Ca2+ exchange occurs in cortical neurons under basal conditions as CGP37157 induced a decrease in [Ca-2](i) concomitant with a Ca2+ accumulation inside the mitochondria. In turn, CGP37157 also inhibited mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux after the stimulation of acetylcholine receptors. In contrast, CGP37157 strongly prevented depolarization-induced [Ca2+](i) increase by blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), whereas it did not induce depletion of ER Ca2+ stores. Moreover, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload was reduced as a consequence of diminished Ca2+ entry through VGCCs. The decrease in cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload by CGP37157 resulted in a reduction of excitotoxic mitochondrial damage, characterized here by a reduction in mitochondrial membrane depolarization, oxidative stress and calpain activation. In summary, our results provide evidence that during excitotoxicity CGP37157 modulates cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics that leads to attenuation of NMDA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death by blocking VGCCs.

Avaliação da resposta imune de neonatos não infectados pelo HIV-1 nascidos de gestantes soropositivas

A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS), causada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), é uma das mais destrutivas epidemias do mundo, e a infecção pelo HIV em mulheres jovens vem aumentando rapidamente nos dias atuais. Esse fato tem um impacto importante na transmissão vertical do vírus. Apesar da grande maioria dos casos de aids pediátrica em todo mundo resultar da transmissão vertical, aproximadamente dois terços das crianças expostas ao HIV durante a vida fetal não são infectadas pelo vírus. Muitos trabalhos sugerem que durante a gestação doenças infecciosas maternas podem ter consequências complexas para o desenvolvimento do feto, e poucos trabalhos têm explorado o impacto da exposição ao HIV sobre a responsividade imunológica de crianças não infectadas a diferentes estímulos, particularmente na era das drogas antirretrovirais. Portanto, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar eventos imunes em neonatos não-infectados expostos ao HIV-1 nascidos de gestantes que controlam (G1) ou não (G2) a carga viral plasmática, usando neonatos não expostos como controle. Para tanto, sangue do cordão umbilical de cada neonato foi coletado, plasma e células mononucleares foram separados e a linfoproliferação e o perfil de citocinas foram avaliados. Os resultados demonstraram que a linfoproliferação in vitro induzido por ativadores policlonais foi maior nos neonatos do G2. Entretanto, nenhuma cultura de célula respondeu a um conjunto de peptídeos sintéticos do envelope do HIV-1. A dosagem de citocinas no plasma e nos sobrenadantes das culturas ativadas policlonalmente demonstrou que, enquanto a IL-4 e IL-10 foram as citocinas dominantes produzidas nos grupos G1 e controle, a secreção de IFN-γ, IL-1, Il-6, IL-17 e TNF-α foi significativamente superior nos neonatos G2. Níveis sistêmicos de IL-10 observados dentre os neonatos G1 foram maiores naqueles nascidos de mães tratadas com drogas inibidoras da transcriptase reversa do vírus. Por outro lado, níveis superiores de citocinas inflamatórias foram observados dentre estes nascidos de gestantes tratadas com terapia antirretroviral de alta eficácia. Em resumo, nossos resultados indicam uma responsividade imune alterada em neonatos expostos in utero ao HIV-1 e reforça o papel do tratamento materno anti-viral com drogas menos potentes em atenuar tais distúrbios.