Classic identity negative priming involves accessing semantic representations in the left anterior temporal cortex

Classic identity negative priming (NP) refers to the finding that when an object is ignored, subsequent naming responses to it are slower than when it has not been previously ignored (Tipper, S.P., 1985. The negative priming effect: inhibitory priming by ignored objects. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 37A, 571-590). It is unclear whether this phenomenon arises due to the involvement of abstract semantic representations that the ignored object accesses automatically. Contemporary connectionist models propose a key role for the anterior temporal cortex in the representation of abstract semantic knowledge (e.g., McClelland, J.L., Rogers, T.T., 2003. The parallel distributed processing approach to semantic cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 310-322), suggesting that this region should be involved during performance of the classic identity NP task if it involves semantic access. Using high-field (4 T) event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we observed increased BOLD responses in the left anterolateral temporal cortex including the temporal pole that was directly related to the magnitude of each individual's NP effect, supporting a semantic locus. Additional signal increases were observed in the supplementary eye fields (SEF) and left inferior parietal lobule (IPL).

Partial intervertebral fusion secures successful outcomes after thoracoscopic anterior scoliosis correction: A low-dose computed tomography study

Study Design Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Objectives To analyze intervertebral (IV) fusion after thoracoscopic anterior spinal fusion (TASF) and explore the relationship between fusion scores and key clinical variables. Summary of Background Information TASF provides comparable correction with some advantages over posterior approaches but reported mechanical complications, and their relationship to non-union and graft material is unclear. Similarly, the optimal combination of graft type and implant stiffness for effecting successful radiologic union remains undetermined. Methods A subset of patients from a large single-center series who had TASF for progressive scoliosis underwent low-dose computed tomographic scans 2 years after surgery. The IV fusion mass in the disc space was assessed using the 4-point Sucato scale, where 1 indicates <50% and 4 indicates 100% bony fusion of the disc space. The effects of rod diameter, rod material, graft type, fusion level, and mechanical complications on fusion scores were assessed. Results Forty-three patients with right thoracic major curves (mean age 14.9 years) participated in the study. Mean fusion scores for patient subgroups ranged from 1.0 (IV levels with rod fractures) to 2.2 (4.5-mm rod with allograft), with scores tending to decrease with increasing rod size and stiffness. Graft type (autograft vs. allograft) did not affect fusion scores. Fusion scores were highest in the middle levels of the rod construct (mean 2.52), dropping off by 20% to 30% toward the upper and lower extremities of the rod. IV levels where a rod fractured had lower overall mean fusion scores compared to levels without a fracture. Mean total Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) questionnaire scores were 98.9 from a possible total of 120, indicating a good level of patient satisfaction. Conclusions Results suggest that 100% radiologic fusion of the entire disc space is not necessary for successful clinical outcomes following thoracoscopic anterior selective thoracic fusion.

Quantifying progressive anterior overgrowth in the thoracic vertebrae of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients

Study design Anterior and posterior vertebral body heights were measured from sequential MRI scans of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients and healthy controls. Objective To measure changes in vertebral body height over time during scoliosis progression to assess how vertebral body height discrepancies change during growth. Summary of background data Relative anterior overgrowth has been proposed as a potential driver for AIS initiation and progression. This theory proposes that the anterior column grows faster, and the posterior column slower, in AIS patients when compared to healthy controls. There is disagreement in the literature as to whether the anterior vertebral body heights are proportionally greater than posterior vertebral body heights in AIS patients when compared to healthy controls. To some extent, these discrepancies may be attributed to methodological differences. Methods MRI scans of the major curve of 21 AIS patients (mean age 12.5 ± 1.4 years, mean Cobb 32.2 ± 12.8º) and between T4 and T12 of 21 healthy adolescents (mean age 12.1 ± 0.5 years) were captured for this study. Of the 21 AIS patients, 14 had a second scan on average 10.8 ± 4.7 months after the first. Anterior and posterior vertebral body heights were measured from the true sagittal plane of each vertebra such that anterior overgrowth could be quantified. Results The difference between anterior and posterior vertebral body height in healthy, non-scoliotic children was significantly greater than in AIS patients with mild to moderate scoliosis. However there was no significant relationship between the overall anterior-posterior vertebral body height difference in AIS and either severity of the curve or its progression over time. Conclusions Whilst AIS patients have a proportionally longer anterior column than non-scoliotic controls, the degree of anterior overgrowth was not related to the rate of progression or the severity of the scoliotic curve.

Diurnal variation of anterior scleral and conjunctival thickness

Purpose To examine whether anterior scleral and conjunctival thickness undergoes significant diurnal variation over a 24-hour period. Methods Nineteen healthy young adults (mean age 22 ± 2 years) with minimal refractive error (mean spherical equivalent refraction -0.08 ± 0.39 D), had measures of anterior scleral and conjunctival thickness collected using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) at seven measurement sessions over a 24-hour period. The thickness of the temporal anterior sclera and conjunctiva were determined at 6 locations (each separated by 0.5 mm) at varying distances from the scleral spur for each subject at each measurement session. Results Both the anterior sclera and conjunctiva were found to undergo significant diurnal variations in thickness over a 24-hour period (both p <0.01). The sclera and conjunctiva exhibited a similar pattern of diurnal change, with a small magnitude thinning observed close to midday, and a larger magnitude thickening observed in the early morning immediately after waking. The amplitude of diurnal thickness change was larger in the conjunctiva (mean amplitude 69 ± 29 μm) compared to the sclera (21 ± 8 μm). The conjunctiva exhibited its smallest magnitude of change at the scleral spur location (mean amplitude 56 ± 17 μm) whereas the sclera exhibited its largest magnitude of change at this location (52 ± 21 μm). Conclusions This study provides the first evidence of diurnal variations occurring in the thickness of the anterior sclera and conjunctiva. Studies requiring precise measures of these anatomical layers should therefore take time of day into consideration. The majority of the observed changes occurred in the early morning immediately after waking and were of larger magnitude in the conjunctiva compared to the sclera. Thickness changes at other times of the day were of smaller magnitude and generally not statistically significant.

Response of the anterior sclera to accommodation in myopes and emmetropes

• The biomechanical properties of the sclera are documented to be altered in eyes with myopia, with the myopic sclera thought to be more susceptible to deformation from otherwise normal ocular forces. • The close anatomical and functional relationship between the ciliary body and sclera suggests that ciliary muscle contraction during accommodation may influence the overlying sclera. • This study aimed to characterise the changes occurring in anterior scleral thickness with accommodation using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in young adult myopes and emmetropes.

The genetic associations of acute anterior uveitis and their overlap with the genetics of ankylosing spondylitis

Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) involves inflammation of the iris and ciliary body of the eye. It occurs both in isolation and as a complication of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). It is strongly associated with HLA-B*27, but previous studies have suggested that further genetic factors may confer additional risk. We sought to investigate this using the Illumina Exomechip microarray, to compare 1504 cases with AS and AAU, 1805 with AS but no AAU and 21 133 healthy controls. We also used a heterogeneity test to test the differences in effect size between AS with AAU and AS without AAU. In the analysis comparing AS+AAU+ cases versus controls, HLA-B*27 and HLA-A*02:01 were significantly associated with the presence of AAU (P<10−300 and P=6 × 10−8, respectively). Secondary independent association with PSORS1C3 (P=4.7 × 10−5) and TAP2 (P=1.1 × 10−5) were observed in the major histocompatibility complex. There was a new suggestive association with a low-frequency variant at zinc-finger protein 154 in the AS without AAU versus control analysis (zinc-finger protein 154 (ZNF154), P=2.2 × 10−6). Heterogeneity testing showed that rs30187 in ERAP1 has a larger effect on AAU compared with that in AS alone. These findings also suggest that variants in ERAP1 have a differential impact on the risk of AAU when compared with AS, and hence the genetic risk for AAU differs from AS.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with special reference to magnetic resonance imaging of the postoperative outcome

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a common sports injury of the knee. Arthroscopic reconstruction using autogenous graft material is widely used for patients with ACL instability. The grafts most commonly used are the patellar and the hamstring tendons, by various fixation techniques. Although clinical evaluation and conventional radiography are routinely used in follow-up after ACL surgery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the diagnosis of complications after ACL surgery. The aim of this thesis was to study the clinical outcome of patellar and hamstring tendon ACL reconstruction techniques. In addition, the postoperative appearance of the ACL graft was evaluated using several MRI sequences. Of the 175 patients who underwent an arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction, 99 patients were randomized into patellar tendon (n=51) or hamstring tendon (n=48) groups. In addition, 62 patients with hamstring graft ACL reconstruction were randomized into either cross-pin (n=31) or interference screw (n=31) fixation groups. Follow-up evaluation determined knee laxity, isokinetic muscle performance and several knee scores. Lateral and anteroposterior view radiographs were obtained. Several MRI sequences were obtained with a 1.5-T imager. The appearance and enhancement pattern of the graft and periligamentous tissue, and the location of bone tunnels were evaluated. After MRI, arthroscopy was performed on 14 symptomatic knees. The results revealed no significant differences in the 2-year outcome between the groups. In the hamstring tendon group, the average femoral and tibial bone tunnel diameter increased during 2 years follow-up by 33% and 23%, respectively. In the asymptomatic knees, the graft showed homogeneous and low signal intensity with periligamentous streaks of intermediate signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images. In the symptomatic knees, arthroscopy revealed 12 abnormal grafts and two meniscal tears, each with an intact graft. Among 3 lax grafts visible on arthroscopy, MRI showed an intact graft and improper bone tunnel placement. For diagnosing graft failure, all MRI findings combined gave a specificity of 90% and a sensitivity of 81%. In conclusion, all techniques appeared to improve patients' performance, and were therefore considered as good choices for ACL reconstruction. In follow-up, MRI permits direct evaluation of the ACL graft, the bone tunnels, and additional disorders of the knee. Bone tunnel enlargement and periligamentous tissue showing contrast enhancement were non-specific MRI findings that did not signify ACL deficiency. With an intact graft and optimal femoral bone tunnel placement, graft deficiency is unlikely, and the MRI examination should be carefully scrutinized for possible other causes for the patients symptoms.

Distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms

Objective: Distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) aneurysms represent about 6% of all intracranial aneurysms. So far, only small series on treatment of these aneurysms have been published. Our aim is to evaluate the anatomic features, microneurosurgical techniques, treatment results, and long-term outcome in patients treated for DACA aneurysms. Patients and methods: We analyzed the clinical and radiological data on 517 consecutive patients diagnosed with DACA aneurysm at two neurosurgical centers serving solely the Southern (Helsinki) and Eastern (Kuopio) Finland in 1936–2007, and used a defined subgroup of the whole study population in each part of the study. Detailed anatomic analysis was performed in 101 consecutive patients from 1998 to 2007. Treatment results were analyzed in 427 patients treated between 1980 to 2005, the era of CT imaging and microneurosurgery. Long-term treatment outcome of ruptured DACA aneurysm(s) was evaluated in 280 patients with a median follow-up of 10 years; no patients were lost to follow-up. Results: DACA aneurysms, found most often (83%) at the A3 segment of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), were smaller (median 6 mm vs. 8 mm), more frequently associated with multiple aneurysms (35% vs. 18%), and presented more often with intracerebral hematomas (ICHs) (53% vs. 26%) than ruptured aneurysms in general. They were associated with anomalies of the ACA in 23% of the patients. Microsurgical treatment showed similar complication rates (treatment morbidity 15%, treatment mortality 0.4%) as for other ruptured aneurysms. At one year after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), DACA aneurysms had equally favorable outcome (GOS≥4) as other ruptured aneurysms (74% vs. 69%) but their mortality was lower (13% vs. 24%). Factors predicting unfavorable outcome for ruptured DACA aneurysms were advanced age, Hunt&Hess≥3, rebleeding before treatment, ICH, intraventricular hemorrhage, and severe preoperative hydrocephalus. The cumulative relative survival ratio showed 16% excess mortality in patients with ruptured DACA aneurysm during the first three years after SAH compared to the matched general population. From the fourth year onwards, there was no excess mortality during the follow-up. There were four episodes of recurrent SAH, only one due to treated DACA aneurysm, with a 10-year cumulative risk of 1.4%. Conclusions: The special neurovascular features and frequent association with anterior cerebral artery anomalies must be taken into account when planning occlusive treatment of DACA aneurysms. Clipping of DACA aneurysms provides a long-lasting result, with very small rates of rebleeding. After surviving three years from rupture of DACA aneurysm, the long-term survival of these patients becomes similar to that of the matched general population.

FGF signaling in neurogenesis and patterning of the developing midbrain and anterior hindbrain

Embryonic midbrain and hindbrain are structures which will give rise to brain stem and cerebellum in the adult vertebrates. Brain stem contains several nuclei which are essential for the regulation of movements and behavior. They include serotonin-producing neurons, which develop in the hindbrain, and dopamine-producing neurons in the ventral midbrain. Degeneration and malfunction of these neurons leads to various neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer s, and Parkinson s disease. Thus, understanding their development is of high interest. During embryogenesis, a local signaling center called isthmic organizer regulates the development of midbrain and anterior hindbrain. It secretes peptides belonging to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Wingless/Int (Wnt) families. These factors bind to their receptors in the surrounding tissues, and activate various downstream signaling pathways which lead to alterations in gene expression. This in turn affects the various developmental processes in this region, such as proliferation, survival, patterning, and neuronal differentiation. In this study we have analyzed the role of FGFs in the development of midbrain and anterior hindbrain, by using mouse as a model organism. We show that FGF receptors cooperate to receive isthmic signals, and cell-autonomously promote cell survival, proliferation, and maintenance of neuronal progenitors. FGF signaling is required for the maintenance of Sox3 and Hes1 expression in progenitors, and Hes1 in turn suppresses the activity of proneural genes. Loss of Hes1 is correlated with increased cell cycle exit and premature neuronal differentiation. We further demonstrate that FGF8 protein forms an antero-posterior gradient in the basal lamina, and might enter the neuronal progenitors via their basal processes. We also analyze the impact of FGF signaling on the various neuronal nuclei in midbrain and hindbrain. Rostral serotonergic neurons appear to require high levels of FGF signaling in order to develop. In the absence of FGF signaling, these neurons are absent. We also show that embryonic meso-diencephalic dopaminergic domain consists of two populations in the anterior-posterior direction, and that these populations display different molecular profiles. The anterior diencephalic domain appears less dependent on isthmic FGFs, and lack several genes typical of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, such as Pitx3 and DAT. In Fgfr compound mutants, midbrain dopaminergic neurons begin to develop but soon adopt characteristics which highly resemble those of diencephalic dopaminergic precursors. Our results indicate that FGF signaling regulates patterning of these two domains cell-autonomously.

Mario Pereira de Souza Lima: uma etapa de consolidação do pensamento gramatical brasileiro anterior à NGB

Este trabalho, estruturado em três capítulos, é uma análise crítica da Grammatica Expositiva da Língua Portuguesa de Mario Pereira de Souza Lima, publicada em 1937, pela Companhia Editora Nacional, em sua Bibliotheca Pedagógica Brasileira, Serie 2 Livros Didacticos Vol. 70, somente reeditada, em 1945, pela Livraria José Olympio Editora, sob o título de Gramática Portuguêsa. No primeiro capítulo, faz-se a contextualização histórica do surgimento da Grammatica Expositiva, com a apresentação de seus antecedentes e as correspondentes referências às linhas do pensamento gramatical e do pensamento pedagógico que norteavam as publicações dos compêndios didáticos de estudos gramaticais. Mostra-se a filiação teórica da obra compulsada, no segundo capítulo, no qual se examinam as influências incidentes sobre os procedimentos de interpretação adotados por Mario Pereira. A análise da estrutura da Grammatica Expositiva da Língua Portuguesa é feita, criticamente, no terceiro capítulo, com o intuito de aferir o caráter inovador da abordagem que efetua dos conteúdos gramaticais, explicitando-se as suas peculiaridades, quando confrontada com duas outras obras coexistentes: a Grammatica Expositiva (Curso Superior) de Eduardo Carlos Pereira e a Grammatica Secundaria de Manuel Said Ali, a partir dos critérios de conceituação dos fatos e categorias gramaticais, em especial as classes de palavras e as funções sintáticas. Quanto aos fins pedagógicos e ao perfil do corpus, caracteriza-se a obra, através do exame do conceito de uso padrão adotado, majoritariamente literário, com indícios, entretanto, de preocupação com a variação da língua, com alguns indicadores das diferenças entre o uso brasileiro e o português. Selecionam-se, também, temas acompanhados de comentários, com destaque para o novo, para o descritivamente mais consistente. Em conclusão, é assinalada a singularidade da obra, no contexto dos estudos gramaticais realizados, na época de sua publicação, tendo em vista a sua abordagem inovadora, particularmente, no que se refere à perspectiva morfossintática de exame pela qual se inicia

Diseño de un programa de entrenamiento para la prevención de lesiones en el ligamento cruzado anterior en jugadores de baloncesto

El proyecto está encuadrado dentro de la temática de Entrenamiento deportivo, el primer objetivo de este trabajo es el de conocer el función del ligamento cruzado anterior dentro de la articulación de la rodilla. A continuación identificar los diferentes factores que influyen en la lesión del ligamento cruzado en jugadores de baloncesto. Y posteriormente, el trabajo se centra en el desarrollo de un posible programa de prevención de las lesiones que afectan a dicho ligamento y que sirva para reducir el riesgo lesivo en los jugadores de baloncesto. Por lo que la primera parte del proyecto es de carácter fundamentalmente teórico, para ello ha sido llevada a cabo una revisión bibliográfica del tema que nos compete, recopilando y tratando toda la información de manera que pueda ser usada para el posterior desarrollo de la propuesta de plan de entrenamiento. La segunda parte consiste en el desarrollo y presentación del plan de entrenamiento, basándonos en los datos científicos recabados anteriormente, utilizando como base dicha información para fundamentar la objetividad del programa de entrenamiento propuesto.

Physico-chemical interactions between compartment-forming lipids and other prebiotically relevant biomolecules

Lipids are essential constituents of contemporary living cells, serving as structural molecules that are necessary to form membranous compartments. Amphiphilic lipid-like molecules may also have contributed to prebiotic chemical evolution by promoting the synthesis, aggregation and cooperative encapsulation of other biomolecules. The resulting compartments would allow systems of molecules to be maintained that represent microscopic experiments in a natural version of combinatorial chemistry. Here we address these possibilities and describe recent results related to interactions between amphiphiles and other biomolecules during early evolution toward the first living cells.

Injeção de sangue autógeno no tratamento da luxação recidivante da articulação temporomandibular

A articulação temporomandibular (ATM) é uma articulação complexa com características e funções únicas. Certamente é uma das articulações mais utilizadas e seu uso inadequado e excessivo consequentemente promove inúmeros transtornos. Dentre as alterações de hipermobilidade articular, o deslocamento mandibular refere-se ao posicionamento, geralmente anterior, do côndilo mandibular sobre a eminência articular, com completa separação das superfícies articulares e consequente travamento. Quando os episódios se tornam frequentes, algum método de tratamento, seja conservador ou cirúrgico, deve ser utilizado, devido ao grande transtorno funcional e social gerados. A injeção de sangue autógeno na articulação temporomandibular é uma técnica minimamente invasiva, com escassos relatos na literatura e que foi recentemente reintroduzida. Onze pacientes diagnosticados com luxação recidivante da articulação da cabeça mandibular receberam injeções bilaterais de sangue autógeno no compartimento articular superior e região pericapsular. Em acompanhamento, que variou de 24 a 35 meses (média de 29,6 meses), 3 (27,3%) pacientes apresentaram recidivas. O mesmo protocolo de tratamento foi repetido para estes três casos, porém sem sucesso, sendo então encaminhados para procedimento cirúrgico de eminectomia. Dessa forma, dos 11 pacientes inicialmente tratados, 8 (72,7%) não apresentaram episódios de deslocamento mandibular recorrente após o procedimento proposto. Trata-se de um procedimento simples, rápido, pouco invasivo, de baixo custo e com mínima possibilidade de complicações, sendo uma alternativa de tratamento viável, antes de se indicar procedimentos cirúrgicos.

Enterococcus faecium: caracterização molecular de amostras isoladas no período anterior e posterior a emergência da resistência à vancomicina no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Nas últimas décadas, Enterococcus resistentes à vancomicina tem se destacado no cenário hospitalar em todo mundo. A emergência da resistência à vancomicina no Estado do Rio de Janeiro foi registrada em 2000, na espécie Enterococcus faecalis. Em seguida, Enterococcus faecium passou a ser prevalente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade genética das amostras de E. faecium sensíveis (VSEfm) e resistentes (VREfm) à vancomicina, isoladas em diferentes instituições de saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro no período de 1993 a 2008. As amostras bacterianas foram avaliadas por metodologia de eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE), após restrição com Smal, análise do polimorfismo numérico de segmentos repetitivos (MLVA) e tipagem por sequenciamento de múltiplos loci (MLST); além da detecção de marcadores fenotípicos, como a resistência à ampicilina e à ciprofloxacina, e genotípicos, como determinantes genéticos de virulência, que estão vinculados a um complexo clonal globalmente disperso (CC17). A diversidade de Tn1546 (que alberga o conjunto gênico vanA) foi determinada por amplificação e restrição com ClaI. Um grupo clonal prevalente foi observado pela metodologia de PFGE e agrupou amostras isoladas, principalmente, no período de 2004 a 2006, estando disseminado por diversas instituições de saúde do Estado, indicando transmissão inter- e intra-hospitalar. A avaliação por MLVA identificou dois MTs prevalentes dentre as amostras VREfm: MT12 relacionado à maioria das amostras dos principais grupos clonais identificados por PFGE e, o MT159 que apresentou frequência aumentada no ano de 2008. A análise por MLST destacou o ST78 associado aos principais grupos clonais definidos por PFGE, bem como, ao MT12. Também foi observada correlação entre o ST412 associado ao grupo clonal formado por apenas amostras de 2008 e o MT159. Foi notório por MLST que as amostras VREfm do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período do estudo, estiveram relacionadas CC17, juntamente com algumas amostras VSEfm. Entretanto, os principais marcadores de resistência e de virulência, característicos de CC17, estiveram mais relacionados as amostras VREfm do que as VSEfm, como resistência à ampicilina e à ciprofloxacina; e a presença do gene esp e do alelo purK1. A identificação de VSEfm pertencentes ao CC17 sugerem que amostras já adaptadas ao ambiente hospitalar, podem ter adquirdo o determinante de resistência vanA, facilitando a emergência de amostras de VREfm. Adicionalmente, nossos dados sugerem uma modificação no cenário de amostras VREfm no Rio de Janeiro. Pois a dominância de um grupo clonal prevalente (PFGE- X; MT12; ST78) pode estar sendo substituída pela possível emergência de um novo grupo clonal, que foi característico de amostras mais recentes (PFGE-XV; MT159; ST412), apontando assim, para um novo curso na epidemiologia dos E. faecium no Estado. Um perfil de restrição prevalente de Tn1546 idêntico ao protótipo foi observado, apontando que a disseminação da resistência à vancomicina ocorreu por também por transferência horizontal. Entretanto, alterações do tipo deleção e presença de elementos de inserção com aproximadamente 2 kb foram observadas em um número reduzido das amostras. A incongruência no genótipo vanA, em relação ao fenótipo, foi observado para uma amostra. Considera-se fundamental o acompanhamento da disseminação de VREfm, particularmente diante da elevada frequência de amostras pertencentes a um complexo clonal que conjuga multirresistência com virulência, com elevado potencial de adaptabilidade e disseminação.