Caracterización de tetraploides y formación de híbridos triploides en tomate de cáscara (physalis ixocarpa brot.)

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias con Acentuación en Manejo y Administración de Recursos Vegetales) UANL, 2012.

Isolamento e avaliação da atividade biológica dos alcalóides majoritários de Tabernaemontana angulata Mart. ex Müll. Arg., Apocynaceae

"Isolation and evaluation of the biological activity related to the major alkaloids in Tabernaemontana angulata Mart. ex Mull Arg., Apocynaceae." Introducing-new chemotherapeutic agents is a, great demand. in the control of infections diseases.' Brazil is one of the richest countries in biodiversity and the Laboratorio de Extracao at UNIP has been collecting plants from. the Amazon and Atlantic Rain Forests with the aim of screening for new antibacterial and antitumor plant extracts. Previous studies demonstrated that the ethanol fraction obtained from the crude extract of Tabernaemontana angulata stems showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538 in the microdilution broth assay. Two alkaloids were the major compounds in the active fraction, verified by thin layer chromatography analysis. In the present study, the total alkaloids were obtained from the crude extract and were fractionated by preparative thin layer chromatography for the isolation of the main components. The isolated. compounds were identified by GC/MS and (1)H-NMR as coronaridine,e and voacangine. The alkaloid fractions obtained from the isolation procedure were tested for antibacterial activity, but no activity was detected.

Epidemiology of the Cnidarian Physalia physalis stings attended at a health care center in beaches of Adicora, Venezuela

Stings caused by jellyfish and jellyfish-like colonies are common all around the world, with serious manifestations and occasional deaths reported in some countries. Between December 2006 and 2007, epidemiological, clinical and treatment aspects of stings caused by the Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis) in 59 patients consulting the ambulatory emergency in Adicora, Falcon State, Venezuela, were studied. Most of the stings occurred in males (59%) preschool and school-aged children (49%), visitors from other areas of the country (92%) during holidays when bathing or diving at the beach (97%). Injuries presented linear erythematous plaques at the point of contact with the animal, located in several anatomical sites. Most clinical manifestations observed were: intense burning pain, urticaria, erythema and inflammation (100%), as well dyspnea with laryngeal edema and fever (19%). Patients were treated with topical drugs, including antihistamine and antipyretic drugs, but also with systemic hydrocortisone. P. physalis stings in Adicora appeared to have a seasonal pattern, with systemic complications potentially life-threatening. Thus, epidemiological surveillance program is recommended, particularly in travelers. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Envenenamento por caravela (Physalia physalis) manifestando-se com erupção papulopurpurica

We report the case of a 42-year old woman who was envenomed by a Portuguese man-o'-war (Physalia physalis). She presented an anomalous reaction manifested by purpuric papules that appeared after the initial phase of envenoming (around 24 hours later), when linear erythematous and edematous papules were observed. Late-onset reactions in accidents involving cnidarians commonly include chronic eruptions and local pigmentation. © 2012 by Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia.

An outbreak of Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis - Linnaeus, 1758) envenoming in Southeastern Brazil

Introduction Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758), are cnidarians capable of discharging intracellular organelles filled with venom, resulting in severe envenomation in humans. Methods We report the clinical and therapeutic aspects of 331 accidents involving Portuguese man-of-war in an outbreak on the coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Results The clinical manifestations of envenomation were rare and mild and mostly local, systemic reactions; there was a low rate of late complications. Conclusions The consequences of envenomation were of moderate severity, and first aid measures were effective in controlling the pain. Outbreaks of accidents involving Portuguese man-of-war occur periodically in the area without a clear explanation.

Beiträge zur Geschichte einiger Solaneen : Atropa Belladonna, Hyoscyamus niger, Datura Stramonium, Mandragora, Capsicum annuum, Physalis Alkekengi u. Physalis somnifera L. /& vorgelegt von Emil Gerhard

Basel, Univ., Diss., 1930

Früchte : Physalis alkekengi - Nicandra physalvides - Loasa lateritia

AR

Physalis viscosa : un nuevo hospedero de Leveillula taurica en Argentina

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Salm. es un hongo patógeno que se encuentra actualmente en expansión en nuestro país y en particular en la provincia de Mendoza. Physalis viscosa (camambú) es una especie muy difundida en Argentina. La misma es principalmente una maleza que crece espontáneamente en numerosos cultivos de interés económico y en sus alrededores. El hallazgo de L. taurica sobre una especie tan difundida fue el motivo de su estudio. Los síntomas característicos observados fueron parches cuneiformes amarillos en la cara adaxial de las hojas y en correspondencia con los mismos, en la abaxial se presentó un afelpado blanquecino formado por las fructificaciones asexuales del patógeno. El estudio etiológico realizado mediante la histopatología de los órganos afectados y la morfometría del patógeno confirmó la presencia del hongo parásito obligado Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Salm., en su forma anamórfica Oidiopsis taurica Sal. [= Oidiopsis sicula (Scal)]. La enfermedad en el camambú se ha difundido en forma importante en la provincia de Mendoza desde su primer hallazgo en el departamento de Tupungato en 1996. Se encuentra presente desde diciembre hasta mayo. Este prolongado período puede representar una importante fuente de inóculo para cultivos susceptibles al patógeno. La presente constituye la primera cita, no sólo a nivel nacional sino también mundial, de L. taurica sobre Physalis viscosa.

Seawater carbonate chemistry and larval growth response of the Portuguese oyster (Crassostrea angulata) in a laboratory experiment

Rising anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolving into coastal waters is decreasing the pH and carbonate ion concentration, thereby lowering the saturation state of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals through a process named ocean acidification (OA). The unprecedented threats posed by such low pH on calcifying larvae of several edible oyster species have not yet been fully explored. Effects of low pH (7.9, 7.6, 7.4) on the early growth phase of Portuguese oyster (Crassostrea angulata) veliger larvae was examined at ambient salinity (34 ppt) and the low-salinity (27 ppt) treatment. Additionally, the combined effect of pH (8.1, 7.6), salinity (24 and 34 ppt) and temperature (24 °C and 30 °C) was examined using factorial experimental design. Surprisingly, the early growth phase from hatching to 5-day-old veliger stage showed high tolerance to pH 7.9 and pH 7.6 at both 34 ppt and 27 ppt. Larval shell area was significantly smaller at pH 7.4 only in low-salinity. In the 3-factor experiment, shell area was affected by salinity and the interaction between salinity and temperature but not by other combinations. Larvae produced the largest shell at the elevated temperature in low-salinity, regardless of pH. Thus the growth of the Portuguese oyster larvae appears to be robust to near-future pH level (> 7.6) when combined with projected elevated temperature and low-salinity in the coastal aquaculture zones of South China Sea.

Physical properties of Physalis peruviana L

Physalis (Physalis peruviana L.), also known as cape gooseberry or ground-cherry, plays an important role in nutrition as an excellent base for dietetic products. Highly valued for its unique flavour, texture and colour, recent research has shown that physalis fruit is rich in many beneficial compounds. In this study, the diameter and mass of physalis fruits were measured, which can be used to calculate other biometric characteristics of the fruit, such as: surface area, volume or density. Other physical properties were measured, namely the colour coordinates, by means of a Chroma meter, whilst the textural parameters firmness and elasticity were measured with a texturometer. The following values were calculated for the physalis fruits analysed in the present work: 1.69 cm for average diameter; 8.98 cm2 for surface area, 2.51 cm3 for volume; 2.77 g for mass was, and 1.10 g/cm3 for density. The colour coordinates were 56.72 for lightness, 16.69 for redness, and 58.11 for yellowness. Skin firmness and elasticity were evaluated for texture attributes, and their average values were 2.40 N and 2.94 mm, respectively. The results of this work are in accordance

Estudo das propriedades físico-químicas e avaliação de compostos bioativos em 'Physalis peruviana L.'

O rápido crescimento da procura e na produção de Physalis está associado às suas características nutracêuticas e medicinais, por estarem associadas ao bemestar e à saúde. O reconhecimento e o conceito da qualidade dos frutos é cada vezmais importante, abrangendo a aparência do produto, o aroma, a textura e o valor nutricional. Com a realização deste trabalho pretendeu-se avaliar as propriedades físicoquímicas das bagas de physalis, bem como os conteúdos em compostos bioativos com potenciais benefícios para a saúde humana. Neste trabalho foi avaliada uma variedade de physalis (Physalis peruviana L.), sendo os frutos provenientes de uma exploração localizada na região Norte-Centro de Portugal. Foram realizadas análises físicas às 'physalis' frescas, tendo sido determinados o calibre, a cor e a textura. Na análise química, realizaram-se as determinações, da humidade, da fibra bruta, dos açúcares totais e redutores, da acidez total titulável, do teor de sólidos solúveis totais, do ácido ascórbico, dos carotenóides, dos compostos fenólicos totais, dos orto-difenóis e dos flavonóides. Foi ainda determinada a atividade antioxidante pelos métodos ABTS e DPPH e os extratos submetidos a condições simulantes do trato digestivo. As physalis em estudo apresentaram, em média um diâmetro de 1,69 cm e uma massa de 2,77 g. Relativamente à cor, as bagas apresentaram-se claras, (L*=65,72), e com uma tendência para a cor vermelha (a*=16,69), e uma forte intensidade amarela (b*=58,11). No que diz respeito à textura, a firmeza foi de 2,40 N e a elasticidade foi de 2,94 mm. Quanto à caracterização química foram encontrados os seguintes resultados: 83,02% de água, 4,61% de fibra, 8,79% de açúcares totais, 1,25% de acidez total, expressa em ácido cítrico. A amostra continha ainda 5,95 μg/g de carotenoides 26,7 mg de ácido ascórbico por 100 g. Os valores de fenóis totais (42,74 e 59,95 mg EAG/100 g) e de atividade antioxidante determinada pelo método DPPH (7,73 e 9,61 μmol TE/g), e pelo método ABTS (12,28 e 13,71 μmol TE/g) variam de acordo com as condições de extração. Verificou-se ainda uma correlação forte entre os dois métodos. No que diz respeito às condições in vitro de simulação das condições do trato digestivo, verificou-se um decréscimo ao longo do trato digestivo tanto no teor em compostos fenólicos bem como na atividade antioxidante. Em termos globais houve uma retenção de 43% dos compostos fenólicos totais e 26% da atividade antioxidante.

Distribution of barnacle epizoites of the crab Portunus pelagicus in the Moreton Bay region, eastern Australia

The parasites of some decapod crustaceans are known to cause sterilisation of their hosts, and can thus have an important impact on the population dynamics of infested species. Blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus) collected in three areas around Moreton Bay, Australia were examined for the presence of epizoic barnacles in their branchial chambers and on their carapace. Of the 952 crabs inspected 92% were infested with Octolasmis spp. The mean number of barnacles (predominantly Octolasmis warwickii) per carapace and gill chamber (mainly O. angulata) were 2.35 and 71.1, respectively. Barnacle infestation of gills was found to differ significantly by area, season and sex with the deeper offshore areas exhibiting the highest number of barnacles. The distribution within the hosts showed barnacles were more likely to be distributed in areas closer to the inhalant aperture. Highest abundances were found on the proximal surface of the hypobranchial side of gills 3, 4 and 5. Host moult stage and parasitism by Sacculina granifera were also found to affect the abundance of epizoic barnacles in some areas.

An outbreak of Potato spindle tuber viroid in tomato is linked to imported seed

In 2011, an outbreak of the quarantine-regulated pathogen Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) occurred in a commercial glasshouse-grown tomato crop in Queensland, Australia. Phylogenetic studies showed that the genotype of this isolate grouped in a cluster of PSTVd genotypes from tomato and Physalis peruviana, and exhibited an interesting mutation (U257→A) that has previously been linked to lethal symptom expression in tomato. Transmission studies showed that the viroid could be mechanically transmitted from crushed fruit sap, but not from undamaged fruits. A low rate of asymptomatic infection was determined for plants in the affected glasshouse, demonstrating the efficacy of using symptoms to detect PSTVd infections in tomato. No PSTVd infections were detected in solanaceous weeds located outside of the infected glasshouse, excluding them from playing a role in the viroid epidemiology. Monitoring and subsequent testing of new tomato crops grown in the facility demonstrated successful eradication of the pathogen. A trace-back analysis linked the outbreak of PSTVd to an infected imported tomato seed-lot, indicating that PSTVd is transmitted internationally through contaminated seed

Ensayo comparativo de cuatro herbicidas en el cultivo de la yuca (Manihot utilissima Polh)

Con el objetivo de estudiar el comportamiento de varios herbicidas sobre el control de malezas en el cultivo de la yuca, se llevo a efecto un ensayo en los suelos de la Escuela Nacional de Agricultura y Ganadería en Nicaragua. Al mismo tiempo se estudio la factibilidad económica del empleo de estos herbicidas. La evaluación se hizo en base a peso de las raíces de yuca al momento de la cosecha. También se uso una escala visual y el numero de especies de malezas por parcela. Todos los herbicidas se aplicaron de presiembra en tres dosis. Se presentaron diferencias significativas entre los herbicidas, pero no entre las dosis de estos, ni en la interacción de los herbicidas y las dosis. Gesagard en dosis de 1.0 kilogramos por hectárea de material activo produjo una ganancia neta de C209,20 por hectárea. El Karmer en dosis de 0,53 kilogramos por hectárea de material activo produjo una ganancia de C123,30 por hectárea, mientras que Treflan y Gesaprim resultaron antieconomicos produciendo perdidas de C24,15 y C177,20 respectivamente. Gesagard y Gesaprim en sus tres dosis controlaron totalmente las malezas de hoja ancha. Gesapard permitió el desarrollo normal del cultivo, mientras que Gesaprim produjo efectos fitotoxicos sobre el cultivo. Karmex y Treflan no controlaron malezas de hoja ancha como Euphorbia spp. (golondrina), Argemon mexicana (cerdo santo), Phylantus niruri (huevos de rana), Portulaca oleracea (verdolega), Euphorbia scabrella, Amaranthus spinosos (bledo) y Physalis ixocarpa (popa), ni malezas de hojas angostas como Cyperus rotundus (coyolillo), Cenchrus equinatus (mozote) y Cynodon dactilon Pers. (pasto bermuda). En Treflan se noto que no ejerció ningún buen control los primeros treinta días y luego se comporto como un tratamiento regular.

河北中新世球果和果实及云南、浙江上新世化石木研究

本研究以河北围场县广发永化石点早中新世地层中的球果和果实、浙江宁海县杜岙化石点早上新世地层中的半矿化化石木、云南寻甸县金所和先锋化石点晚上新世地层中的丝炭和褐煤化木材为研究对象，对这三个化石点数百个植物大化石的形态或解剖结构进行了详细研究，鉴定出6个新的化石种，4个新记录种，7个未定种;其中2个化石属为我国新记录。根据其结构特征探讨这些化石类群与相关化石和现代植物的系统关系。并依据其现代亲缘种生长的生态和气候范围，对化石点沉积时期的植被和气候类型进行了推测。 果实中含有多种有价值的分类和系统发育的信息，对于种子植物的演化和系统发育研究具有重要的意义。在河北围场县发现大量保存较好的松科球果和姜科化石，为我们进一步研究松科植物和姜科植物解剖结构，以及探讨其系统演化提供难得的机会和直接的证据，同时为该化石地的植被演替和地层对比研究提供更多的植物学证据。对河北围场县广发永化石点球果和果实的形态研究，鉴定出三种松科球果化石种和一种姜科植物。分别为围场松（Pinus weichangensis sp. nov.）、围场云杉（Picea weichangensis sp. nov.）、围场铁杉（Tsuga weichangensis sp. nov.）以及化石Spirematospermum属未定种。其中围场云杉、围场铁杉球果在形态上与相应现代类群具有明显的差异，可能代表已灭绝的种类。Spirematospermum属未定种为一绝灭类型，是该属在我国的首次记录。这四种化石类群发现，反映早中新世化石该化石点气候与现代完全不同，为湿润的暖温带和亚热带气候。 浙江省在地质结构上位于东亚大陆边缘，是环太平洋岩浆活动带的重要组成部分。宁海县属于浙东南区属华南地层区，其第三纪地层嵊县群在该区分布广泛，其古植物研究仅限于孢粉和叶化石。本报告中首次对该层铜岭祝组的木化石进行了报道。对浙江宁海杜岙化石点早上新世地层中化石木样品的解剖研究，鉴定出三种木材类型，为史马库栎型木Quercus shimakurae、Liqumdambar cf. hisauchi和蔷薇科未定种。前者与现代栎属槲栎类、后者与枫香树属分别具有密切的亲缘关系，是我国首次报道栎属和枫香树属化石木。 云南现今复杂的地势地貌，独特的气候，丰富的植物种类和多样的植被类型是经历了长达数百万年的地质构造运动和自然环境演变的结果。第三纪时期由于大陆板块运动导致印度板块与亚洲板块的对接和碰撞，其地壳构造运动异常活跃。其第三系陆相地层广泛分布于古生代褶皱区的200多个互不相连的中、小型盆地及中、新生代断陷和拗陷型山间盆地中，并蕴涵了丰富的植物化石，为我们研究植被和植物演化提供了众多的证据。本次研究基于云南中部寻甸县金所煤矿和先锋煤矿的大量褐煤化和丝炭化材料，为进一步恢复云南晚第三纪气候和植被提供更多的依据，尤其是丝炭材料保存了木材精细而真实的结构，为木材准确鉴定和演化提供了可靠的依据。根据对云南金所和先锋化石点晚上新世沉积中褐煤化材料和丝炭样品解剖结构的研究，鉴定出8种化石木，包括2种裸子植物，5种双子叶植物和1种单子叶植物;分属5科7属。化石类群包括松属（Pinus）五针松组未定种Section Cembra sp.、云杉属未定种Picea sp、寻甸含笑Michelia xundianensis sp. nov.、多角含笑 Michelia angulata sp. nov.、Lithocarpoxylon cf. radiporosum、Castanoradix sp.、寻甸珍珠花Lyonia xundianensis sp. nov.、竹亚科未定种Bambusoideae sp。根据现今这些化石对应类群的生长和分布的气候区域，沉积时期的气候与现代气候较为接近。