Identifizierung von T-Zell-erkannten Nierenzellkarzinom-Antigenen

Eine Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung neuer immunmodulatorischer Therapieverfahren ist die Kenntnis immunogener Tumorantigene, die von tumorreaktiven T-Zellen erkannt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden tumorreaktive CD8+ zytotoxische T-Lymphozyten (CTL, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) aus dem Blut eines HLA (human leukocyte antigen)-kompatiblen Fremdspenders generiert. Methodisch wurden hierzu CD8-selektionierte periphere Blutlymphozyten repetitiv mit der klarzelligen Nierenzellkarzinomlinie MZ1851-RCC (RCC, renal cell carcinoma) in einer allogenen gemischten Lymphozyten-Tumorzell Kultur (MLTC, mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture) stimuliert. Aus den Responderlymphozyten wurden mit Hilfe des Grenzverdünnungsverfahrens klonale zytotoxische T-Zellen generiert und expandiert. Die CTL-Klone wurden anschließend phänotypisch mittels Durchflußzytometrie sowie funktionell mittels HLA-Antikörper-Blockadeexperimenten und Kreuzreaktivitätstests detailliert charakterisiert. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, daß aus dem Blut eines allogenen gesunden Spenders CD8+ T-Zellen isoliert werden können, welche Reaktivität gegen Nierenzellkarzinome (NZK) aufweisen und über verschiedene HLA-Klasse-I-Allele restringiert sind. Die von den einzelnen CTL-Klonen erkannten Zielstrukturen zeigten entweder ubiquitäre (z.B. HLA-Cw*0704-reaktiver CTL-Klon E77) oder eine tumorspezifische (z.B. HLA-B*0702-restringierter CTL-Klon A4) Gewebeexpression. Zur Identifizierung der natürlich prozessierten Peptidliganden wurden die HLA-B/C-Allele unter Verwendung des monoklonalen Antikörpers B123.2 aus einem zuvor hergestellten Detergenslysat der Nierenzellkarzinomlinie MZ1851-RCC immunchromatographisch aufgereinigt. Aus den so isolierten HLA-Peptid-Komplexen wurden die tumorassoziierten Peptidliganden nach Säureeluation und Filtration abgespalten und über eine „reverse phase“-HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) fraktioniert. Die Überprüfung der einzelnen HPLC-Fraktionen auf Bioaktivität erfolgte mit den korrespondierenden CTL-Klonen in 51Cr-Zytotoxizitätstests. Dabei wurde eine HPLC-Fraktion identifiziert, die die lytische Funktion des HLA-B*0702-restringierten CTL-Klons A4 auslösen konnte. Die bioaktive HPLC-Fraktion wurde dazu durch eine zweite (second dimension) Kapillar-Flüssigkeitschromatographie (Cap-LC, capillar liquid chromatography) in Subfraktionen geringerer Komplexität aufgetrennt und die darin enthaltenen Peptidepitope durch das MALDI-TOF/TOF (matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization- time of flight/time of flight)-Analyseverfahren sequenziert. Innerhalb dieser HPLC-Fraktion wurden eine Vielzahl von HLA-B/C-assoziierten Peptidliganden erfolgreich sequenziert, was die Effektivität dieser Verfahrenstechnik zur Identifizierung natürlich prozessierter HLA-Klasse-I-bindender Peptide unter Beweis stellt. Leider war es mit dieser Methode bisher nicht möglich, das von CTL-Klon A4 detektierte Peptidepitop zu sequenzieren. Dies liegt möglicherweise in der unzureichenden Konzentration des Peptidepitops in der bioaktiven HPLC-Fraktion begründet. In Folgearbeiten soll nun mit erhöhter Probenmenge beziehungsweise verbesserter Analytik der erneute Versuch unternommen werden, das Zielantigen des CTL-Klons A4 zu identifizieren. Die Kenntnis von Antigenen, die tumorspezifisch exprimiert und von CD8+ CTL aus gesunden Spendern erkannt werden, eröffnet neue therapeutische Möglichkeiten, das spezifische Immunsystem des Stammzellspenders nach allogener Blutstammzelltransplantation gezielt zur Steigerung von Tumorabstoßungsreaktionen (z.B. durch Vakzinierung oder adoptivem T-Zelltransfer) zu nutzen.

Nanoparticles for efficient uptake by human dendritic cells and T lymphocytes to be used in adoptive immunotherapy

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent cell type for capture, processing, and presentation of antigens. They are able to activate naïve T cells as well as to initiate memory T-cell immune responses. T lymphocytes are key elements in eliciting cellular immunity against bacteria and viruses as well as in the generation of anti-tumor and anti-leukemia immune responses. Because of their central position in the immunological network, specific manipulations of these cell types provide promising possibilities for novel immunotherapies. Nanoparticles (NP) that have just recently been investigated for use as carriers of drugs or imaging agents, are well suited for therapeutic applications in vitro and also in vivo since they can be addressed to cells with a high target specificity upon surface functionalization. As a first prerequisite, an efficient in vitro labeling of cells with NP has to be established. In this work we developed protocols allowing an effective loading of human monocyte-derived DCs and primary antigen-specific T cells with newly designed NP without affecting biological cell functions. Polystyrene NP that have been synthesized by the miniemulsion technique contained perylenmonoimide (PMI) as a fluorochrome, allowing the rapid determination of intracellular uptake by flow cytometry. To confirm intracellular localization, NP-loaded cells were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Functional analyses of NP-loaded cells were performed by IFN-γ ELISPOT, 51Chromium-release, and 3H-thymidine proliferation assays. In the first part of this study, we observed strong labeling of DCs with amino-functionalized NP. Even after 8 days 95% of DCs had retained nanoparticles with a median fluorescence intensity of 67% compared to day 1. NP loading did not influence expression of cell surface molecules that are specific for mature DCs (mDCs) nor did it influence the immunostimulatory capacity of mDCs. This procedure did also not impair the capability of DCs for uptake, processing and presentation of viral antigens that has not been shown before for NP in DCs. In the second part of this work, the protocol was adapted to the very different conditions with T lymphocytes. We used leukemia-, tumor-, and allo-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) reactive CD8+ or CD4+ T cells as model systems. Our data showed that amino-functionalized NP were taken up very efficiently also by T lymphocytes, which usually had a lower capacity for NP incorporation compared to other cell types. In contrast to DCs, T cells released 70-90% of incorporated NP during the first 24 h, which points to the need to escape from intracellular uptake pathways before export to the outside can occur. Preliminary data with biodegradable nanocapsules (NC) revealed that encapsulated cargo molecules could, in principle, escape from the endolysosomal compartment after loading into T lymphocytes. T cell function was not influenced by NP load at low to intermediate concentrations of 25 to 150 μg/mL. Overall, our data suggest that NP and NC are promising tools for the delivery of drugs, antigens, and other molecules into DCs and T lymphocytes.

In vitro generation and characterization of acute myeloid leukemia-reactive CD8 + cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones from healthy donors

Donor-derived CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) eliminating host leukemic cells mediate curative graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reactions after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The leukemia-reactive CTLs recognize hematopoiesis-restricted or broadly expressed minor histocompatibility and leukemia-associated peptide antigens that are presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules on recipient cells. The development of allogeneic CTL therapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is hampered by the poor efficiency of current techniques for generating leukemia-reactive CTLs from unprimed healthy donors in vitro. In this work, a novel allogeneic mini-mixed lymphocyte/leukemia culture (mini-MLLC) approach was established by stimulating CD8+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors at comparably low numbers (i.e. 10e4/well) with HLA class I-matched primary AML blasts in 96-well microtiter plates. Before culture, CD8+ T cells were immunomagnetically separated into CD62L(high)+ and CD62L(low)+/neg subsets enriched for naive/central memory and effector memory cells, respectively. The application of 96-well microtiter plates aimed at creating multiple different responder-stimulator cell compositions in order to provide for the growth of leukemia-reactive CTLs optimized culture conditions by chance. The culture medium was supplemented with interleukin (IL)-7, IL-12, and IL-15. On day 14, IL-12 was replaced by IL-2. In eight different related and unrelated donor/AML pairs with complete HLA class I match, numerous CTL populations were isolated that specifically lysed myeloid leukemias in association with various HLA-A, -B, or -C alleles. These CTLs recognized neither lymphoblastoid B cell lines of donor and patient origin nor primary B cell leukemias expressing the corresponding HLA restriction element. CTLs expressed T cell receptors of single V-beta chain families, indicating their clonality. The vast majority of CTL clones were obtained from mini-MLLCs initiated with CD8+ CD62L(high)+ cells. Using antigen-specific stimulation, multiple CTL populations were amplified to 10e8-10e10 cells within six to eight weeks. The capability of mini-MLLC derived AML-reactive CTL clones to inhibit the engraftment of human primary AML blasts was investigated in the immunodeficient nonobese diabetic/severe combined immune deficient IL-2 receptor common γ-chain deficient (NOD/SCID IL2Rγnull) mouse model. The leukemic engraftment in NOD/SCID IL2Rγnull was specifically prevented if inoculated AML blasts had been pre-incubated in vitro with AML-reactive CTLs, but not with anti-melanoma control CTLs. These results demonstrate that myeloid leukemia-specific CTL clones capable of preventing AML engraftment in mice can be rapidly isolated from CD8+ CD62L(high)+ T cells of healthy donors in vitro. The efficient generation and expansion of these CTLs by the newly established mini-MLLC approach opens the door for several potential applications. First, CTLs can be used within T cell-driven antigen identification strategies to extend the panel of molecularly defined AML antigens that are recognizable by T cells of healthy donors. Second, because these CTLs can be isolated from the stem cell donor by mini-MLLC prior to transplantation, they could be infused into AML patients as a part of the stem cell allograft, or early after transplantation when the leukemia burden is low. The capability of these T cells to expand and function in vivo might require the simultaneous administration of AML-reactive CD4+ T cells generated by a similar in vitro strategy or, less complex, the co-transfer of CD8-depleted donor lymphocytes. To prepare clinical testing, the mini-MLLC approach should now be translated into a protocol that is compatible with good manufacturing practice guidelines.

On the aetiology of bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP)

Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia (BNP) is a novel haemorrhagic disease in sucking calves, characterised by bleeding, haematological changes and high mortality. Dams that gave birth to BNP affected calves were immunized with PregSure® BVD, a highly adjuvanted vaccine against Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD). We can show that bioprocess impurities in the vaccine, originating from the cell line used for vaccine production induces alloantibodies in vaccinated cattle. Via flow cytometry and immunoprecipitation we can demonstrate that PregSure® BVD immunization leads to BNP alloantibody production. BNP alloantibodies target highly polymorphic bovine MHC-I molecules (BoLA I). We sequenced eight BoLA I variants expressed by the production cell line and identified three alleles which are responsible for the majority of PregSure® BVD induced BoLA I reactivity. The BoLA I alleles of BNP unaffected calves are not recognized by the BNP associated alloantibodies of their respective dams. We also examined whether BNP alloantibodies cross-react with human cells, thus being a potential hazard for human colostrum consumers and could show that BNP alloantibodies are cross-reactive to human MHC-I and can even be found in commercial colostrum powder manufactured from cows immunized with PregSure® BVD. Overall we can demonstrate that BNP is a vaccine induced alloimmune disease.

Charakterisierung von T-Zell-Antworten gegen humane Nierenzellkarzinome sowie Identifizierung von HLA-G als tumorassoziiertes Antigen und Immunevasionsmechanismus des Nierenzellkarzinoms

Humane Nierenzellkarzinom-(NZK)-Zelllinien wurden etabliert, um sie zur Generierung von autologen zytotoxischen T-Zelllinien einzusetzen. Erst nach Modifikation mit dem kostimulierenden B7-1-Molekül wurden mit der NZK-Zelllinie MZ1257RC autologe, tumorspezifische T-Zelllinien generiert und charakterisiert. Die Aufklärung eines T-Zell-definierten TAA eines autologen, zytotoxischen T Zellklons wurde mittels Expressionsklonierung einer hergestellten cDNS-Expressionsbank begonnen. Nach in vitro-Sensibilisierung von peripheren Blutmonozyten mit der autologen NZK-Zelllinie MZ2733RC wurde die HLA-Klasse I-restringierte T Zelllinie XIE6 generiert, die die autologe und verschiedene allogene NZK- sowie Zervixkarzinom-Zelllinien, jedoch nicht autologe Nierenzellen lysiert. Die T Zellen exprimieren TZR Vβ13.6-Ketten und sezernieren GM-CSF und IL-10 nach Antigenstimulation. Jedoch ist die NZK-Zelllinie MZ2733RC wenig sensitiv gegenüber autologen und allogenen Effektorzellen. Erst die Blockade ihrer HLA Klasse I-Moleküle auf der Zelloberfläche erhöht ihre Sensitivität gegenüber allogenen lymphokin-aktivierten Killer-Zellen. Verantwortlich dafür können nicht-klassische HLA Klasse Ib-Moleküle, insbesondere HLA-G sein, dessen Transkripte in der RNS der NZK-Zellen, jedoch nicht in Nierenzellen detektiert wurden. In einer detaillierten Studie wurden HLA-G-Transkripte in NZK-Zelllinien (58%), in NZK-Biopsien (80%), und nur in wenigen Nierenepithelbiopsien (10%) nachgewiesen. In der NZK-Zelllinie MZ2733RC wurde eine konstitutive HLA-G1-Proteinexpression beobachtet, die durch eine IFN-γ-Behandlung induzierbar ist.

Analysis of the influence of epitope flanking regions on MHC class I restricted antigen presentation

Peptides presented by MHC class I molecules for CTL recognition are derived mainly from cytosolic proteins. For antigen presentation on the cell surface, epitopes require correct processing by cytosolic and ER proteases, efficient TAP transport and MHC class I binding affinity. The efficiency of epitope generation depends not only on the epitope itself, but also on its flanking regions. In this project, the influence of the C-terminal region of the model epitope SIINFEKL (S8L) from chicken ovalbumin (aa 257-264) on antigen processing has been investigated. S8L is a well characterized epitope presented on the murine MHC class I molecule, H-2Kb. The Flp-In 293Kb cell line was transfected with different constructs each enabling the expression of the S8L sequence with different defined C-terminal flanking regions. The constructs differed at the two first C-terminal positions after the S8L epitope, so called P1’ and P2’. At these sites, all 20 amino acids were exchanged consecutively and tested for their influence on H-2Kb/S8L presentation on the cell surface of the Flp-In 293Kb cells. The detection of this complex was performed by immunostaining and flow cytometry. The prevailing assumption is that proteasomal cleavages are exclusively responsible for the generation of the final C-termini of CTL epitopes. Nevertheless, recent publications showed that TPPII (tripeptidyl peptidase II) is required for the generation of the correct C-terminus of the HLA-A3-restricted HIV epitope Nef(73-82). With this background, the dependence of the S8L generation on proteasomal cleavage of the designed constructs was characterized using proteasomal inhibitors. The results obtained indicate that it is crucial for proteasomal cleavage, which amino acid is flanking the C-terminus of an epitope. Furthermore, partially proteasome independent S8L generation from specific S8L-precursor peptides was observed. Hence, the possibility of other existing endo- or carboxy-peptidases in the cytosol that could be involved in the correct trimming of the C-terminus of antigenic peptides for MHC class I presentation was investigated, performing specific knockdowns and using inhibitors against the target peptidases. In parallel, a purification strategy to identify the novel peptidase was established. The purified peaks showing an endopeptidase activity were further analyzed by mass spectrometry and some potential peptidases (like e.g. Lon) were identified, which have to be further characterized.