61 resultados para Variedade resistente

em Repositório digital da Fundação Getúlio Vargas - FGV


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Que fatores influenciam a variedade de sequências de tarefas componentes de rotinas organizacionais? Este estudo está focado em analisar como fatores antecedentes das execuções influenciam a variedade sequencial de rotinas organizacionais. Rotinas organizacionais conferem eficiência e coordenação aos processos organizacionais por meio da padronização e especialização das tarefas e de seus encadeamentos. A literatura suscita que altos níveis de variabilidade podem ser importantes para manter a flexibilidade nos processos organizacionais (Feldman e Pentland, 2003). A variedade sequencial é tida como a expressão mais fidedigna da diversidade de configurações das sequências de tarefas componentes de uma rotina organizacional. Este estudo propõe uma metodologia qualitativa de análise das fontes de variedade sequencial. Utiliza-se o quadro de referência proposto em Becker (2005b) que contempla os antecedentes complexidade da tarefa, interdependência da tarefa, pressão de tempo, incerteza pertencente à tarefa e mudança de agentes além de características e resultados. Para atingir este objetivo foram empreendidas duas observações em prontos-socorros de organizações paulistanas. A rotina organizacional de atendimento a pacientes em prontos- socorros é um processo relevante de ser estudado pois é principal forma de acesso dos pacientes a tratamentos nos dois hospitais analisados. Além disso, a rotina se mostra bastante eficiente e é caracterizada por atender padrões internacionais de qualidade de processo. Os dados foram sistematizados por uma análise de conteúdo adaptada ao estudo da variedade sequencial. Graças à essa análise foi possível identificar as fontes de variedade sequencial e discuti-las no contexto da literatura de rotinas organizacionais, foram identificadas quatro fontes principais: definição de prioridade ligada à pressão de tempo; necessidade de especialistas ligada à complexidade da tarefa; incremento de informações para diagnóstico e tratamento ligada à incerteza da tarefa; e, prolongar o tratamento ligada à incerteza e interdependência da tarefa. Não há evidências que a mudança de agentes influencia a variedade sequencial. Este estudo propõe que os antecedentes constituem dois grupos: antecedentes externos derivam de questões relativas à multiplicidade de condições dos pacientes como pressão de tempo e incerteza da tarefa. Antecedentes internos estão ligados à regras e recursos organizacionais como complexidade e a interdependência da tarefa.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a competitividade do grão de café brasileiro no mercado americano. Diante das características particulares do mercado de grão de café verde, da variedade de possíveis interações estratégicas entre os competidores e da escassez de observações de qualidade, procura-se demonstrar neste estudo que a abordagem da demanda residual é a técnica mais adequada para atingir este fim. Estimamos a elasticidade da curva de demanda residual dos principais exportadores de café para os EUA através dos métodos de mínimos quadrados ordinários, mínimos quadrados dois estágios, mínimos quadrados três estágios e SUR. Observa-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos, poucos indícios de que o grão de café verde brasileiro, tanto do tipo arabica quanto dos demais, tenha um grau de competitividade significativo no mercado americano.

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Mesmo se considerarmos que significativa parcela da população mundial pertence à baixa renda, relativamente pouco se tem pesquisado sobre esse segmento de mercado. O principal objetivo deste estudo é investigar o varejo de alimentos para consumidores de baixa renda, no Brasil. O trabalho traz uma retrospectiva dos resultados de algumas pesquisas já realizadas sobre o mercado de baixa renda no Brasil, e também apresenta um referencial conceitual para ajudar a ordenar e compreender o comportamento desse segmento no varejo. Foram analisados três diferentes formatos de varejo de alimentos em uma região da periferia de São Paulo, e como suas respectivas propostas de valor são percebidas pelos seus consumidores. Por meio de visitas a essas às lojas e entrevistas em profundidade e discussões em grupo com esses consumidores, começamos a entender porque os novos formatos varejistas desenvolvidos, por grandes empresas globais, especialmente para o segmento de baixa renda, não conseguem satisfazer adequadamente as necessidades desses consumidores, no Brasil. O posicionamento excessivamente voltado para preço baixo desses formatos não entrega uma proposta de valor que seja percebida de forma favorável por esses consumidores. A pesquisa revela esse aparente paradoxo, pois a loja mais bem avaliada e preferida pela maioria dos clientes pesquisados foi aquela com os preços mais altos. Verificou-se como as características peculiares do comportamento do consumidor de baixa renda determinam a sua percepção de valor. Apesar de externarem um discurso racional e destacarem a relevância do fator preço, percebemos que esses consumidores são extremamente influenciados por aspectos percebidos de forma menos conscientes que a loja apresenta, como a disposição dos produtos, a variedade, a comunicação visual, o atendimento, e o respeito com que a loja trata seus clientes.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é apontar importantes diferenças nos argumentos e diagnósticos de importantes economistas brasileiros. A evidência muito forte é a de que eles não oferecem respostas unânimes, claras e inequívocas para questões econômicas muito bem definidas. O economista brasileiro é quase sempre um generalista. Seja ocupando um lugar na esfera pública ou privada, seja concentrando-se no ambiente acadêmico, são impelidos a opinar sobre vários assuntos. Neste relatório apresentamos as idéias de Affonso Celso Pastore, André Lara Resende, Antonio Delfim Netto, Celso Monteiro Furtado, Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca, Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Maria da Conceição Tavares, Mário Henrique Simonsen, Roberto de Oliveira Campos. Procuramos identificar a formação destes economistas e suas visões de desenvolvimento econômico e inflação. Subjacente à leitura das entrevistas exploramos as divergências e os problemas de comunicação nas discussões econômicas. A ênfase foi na variedade e eloquência dos argumentos e o julgamento pessoal.

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The new economy stimulated by the bigger Internet participation as an interaction mean between people and business has been changing the companies¿ management routine. Nowadays, Internet access goes through telephones, in the houses and offices, or through nets of the Intranet kind, with the users in their working settings. The Internet personal access added, with mobility, surely will bring changes to our contacting form to the outside world as well as it will create a possibility of giving the customers a bigger variety of products and services. The present study aims are: (i) to verify the customers behaviours related to this new media, presented in the mobiles digital screens; (ii) to explore some of their main features, and (iii) to compare them with the other media features, as the radio and the TV ones. The applied research methodology was the data collecting through phone interviews. To obtain a Confidence Interval of 95%, 470 WAP, Internet, radio and TV current users¿ answers were gotten. To compare the media, the Fishbein multi-attributes model was used what possibilities to form comparative scores of the attributes built for the research. To mark the discussion concerning the public behaviour related to the differentiated use of the mentioned media out, the study produced uses the McLuhan theoretical reference (1969), specially concerning to his theoretical building, denominated hot and cold means. But this referential theoretic mark could not be supported by the accomplished quantitative study result. The comparison of built attribute scores averages has differentiated the hot media WAP, like radio, as well as the cold media one, like TV. This way, showing that the access new technology appearance, WAP, not only enlarges the Internet use, but also appoints to a new theoretic classification possibility to this new media. The accomplished quantitative research revealed that, through the user point of view, the ¿Contents¿ category is considered as one of the most important WAP aspects. The TV and the radio received significantly lower grades in this subject. The public considers that is important that the WAP information is ¿trustworthy¿, ¿easy¿ to find, ¿available¿, ¿sufficient¿ and that attends the ¿urgency¿ expected by the user. It was observed that the WAP score ¿emotion¿ is inferior to the radio and TV and superior to the Internet ones. But, the differences found are not significant. Considering the low score of importance given to the attributes group ¿emotion¿, is not recommended the WAP use as media when the emotional users aspects are wanted to be reached.

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o presente estudo objetiva realizar uma análise da estrutura organizacional de u~n hospital psiquiátrico no úmbito público, o Hospital Municipal Jurandyr Manti·edini. visando a discutir criticamente a preponderância do modelo médico-orgânico como forma de abordagem e tratamento das doenças mentais. A esquizofrenia serviu como referencial de doença mental por. em função de suas múltiplas manifestações, permitir de forma mais rica a análise do modelo vigente. Através da descrição de um caso clínico, levantou-se o problema: como a rigidez e a estrutura hierárquica de poder. em lugar de propiciarem formas de tratamento da doença compatíveis com os avanços tecnológicos e as retormas psiquiátricas que preconizam a desospitalização e a maior humanização na relação terapeutapaciente. tornam essa relação cada vez mais distante e resistente à mudanças. Por meio de pesquisa documental e de campo. em que o problema pôde ser transformado em hipótese de trabalho, os dados coletados sob a forma de questionários e entrevistas corroboraram a hipótese de que teoria e prática permanecem ainda distantes no que se refere à necessária inclusão abordagens complementares que permitam não só um tratamento mais eficaz, mas também Lima estrutura administrativa/organizacional mais tlexível e conseqüentemente mais eficiente. Longe de ser um trabalho conclusivo. pretende abrir caminho para novas discussões. desdobrando-se em pesquisas futuras.

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This dissertation adds new evidences and explanations to two distinct streams of debate. The first one refers to the globalisation (or dissemination) of technological innovative capabilities in the context of newly industrialised economies. The second one refers to common generalisations about the deterioration of the innovative capabilities in Latin American countries after 1990. This study was motivated by a lack of empirical studies focused on the relationship between the globalisation of innovative capabilities and sources to build them up in emerging organisations, especially R&D institutes. This dissertation is focused on the globalisation of innovative capabilities at the information and communication technology industry in Brazil. The globalisation of innovative capabilities is measured by the technological capabilities types and levels of 18 national R&D institutes related to this industry. Besides, this dissertation examines sources to build up innovative capabilities in the sampled institutes, namely: their intra-organisational learning processes and the linkages established with firms and the technological infra-structure. The study is based on first-hand empirical evidences, collected by different data-gathering sources in an extensive fieldwork. The data were examined with analytical frameworks, organised in the light of the theoretical basis of the study. The study has found the dissemination of innovative capabilities has been occurring in the Brazilian ICT industry with the involvement of the technological infra-structure with innovative activities. Besides that, the variety of the intra-organisational learning processes and the types of linkages established with technological infra-structure and firms have been influencing the development of innovative capabilities. The evidences that emerge from this study contradict common generalizations and arguments about the inexistence of innovative activities and about the technological infra-structure weakness in emerging or newly industrialized economies.

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This research had as objective to identify as if it gives to the process of decisions in the City of Macaé. It was a case study, therefore to make possible this analysis, the used ways had been the research of field, bibliographical and documentary. The bibliographical survey was made in books, specialized periodicals, thesis, dissertations, monographs, sites and the pertinent legislation to the case, generating an analytical base of the subject considered for study. The research also was documentary, since internal document use of the City Hall of Macaé became. In the field, the public decision-making of Macaé, the previous management, had been interviewed, so that it was understood of that it forms if gives the process of taking of decisions in this city. Moreover, the interviewed ones had been encouraged to display its beliefs and feelings, to tell to experiences and personal characteristics. With this, one searched to better understand the universe lived for the respondents and, simultaneously, to compare the speeches and the reality. The data had suffered analysis of content based on the studies from Bardin (1979), Laville and Dione (1999) and Vergara (2005). The study it approaches the City of Macaé, and, in accordance with Yin (2001), studies of cases allow to work with an immense variety of evidences, as documents, devices, interviews and comments. The research bibliographical, documentary, of field, in the case study had been complementary and with its confrontation it searched to get a general vision of form to give to reply to the final question proposal. One concludes that the process of decisions politics and its implementation in the City of Macaé if gave by means of the awareness of the executive former-managers of the City Hall, in assuming roles of true entrepreneurs, the good relationship with the Common Council, in the search of chances and the combat to the problems and the establishment of public politics, focused in the access and the improvement of the quality of the public rendering of services, in the incentive the economic development and in the promotion of the citizenship for the population place.

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Esta dissertação examina o relacionamento entre os processos subjacentes de aprendizagem e acumulação de competências tecnológicas na Cyanamid Indústria Química, maiS especificamente em sua fábrica localizada no município de ResendelRJ. Este estudo trata do período entre 1990 e 1999. E enfocou a acumulação de competências para três funções tecnológicas: investimentos, processos e organização da produção e equipamentos. Os quatro processos de aprendizagem: aquisição externa e interna, socialização e codificação de conhecimento são examinados à luz de quatro características chaves: variedade, intensidade, funcionamento e interação. Para esta análise foram utilizadas estruturas existentes na literatura de empresas em industrialização e literatura de empresas de tecnologia de fronteira. A conclusão desta dissertação sugere que os processos de aprendizagem contribuíram substancialmente para acumulação de competências tecnológicas na empresa em estudo. Quanto maior à importância destes processos de aprendizagem e de suas quatro características chaves: variedade, intensidade, funcionamento e interação, maior será a capacidade e velocidade de acumulação de competências tecnológicas. Este trabalho também sugere que esta acumulação foi influenciada por outros fatores externos e internos como: políticas governamentais e comportamento da liderança, apenas para citar alguns. Estes fatores externos e internos estão alem do escopo desta dissertação. Esta conclusão não é diferente de estudos anteriores, mas concentra-se em refletir sobre um estudo aplicado a uma indústria ainda não examinada pela literatura existente de empresas em industrialização. Em especial, sobre uma experiência individual, localizada no interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro.

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Esta dissertação enfoca o relacionamento entre acumulação de competências tecnológicas e os processos subjacentes de aprendizagem. Este relacionamento é examinado na empresa Invensys Appliance Controls Ltda. - Unidade de Vacaria/RS, durante o período de 1981 a 2000. Trata-se de uma empresa metal-mecânica, fornecedora da indústria de linha branca. Em outras palavras, a dissertação examina as implicações dos processos subjacentes de aprendizagem tecnológica para a acumulação de competências para três funções tecnológicas: processo e organização da produção, produtos e equipamentos. Os processos de aprendizagem são examinados à luz de quatro características: variedade, intensidade, funcionamento e interação, a partir do uso de estruturas de análise existente na literatura. Baseado em estudo de caso individual, este estudo encontrou que a maneira e a velocidade de acumulação de competências tecnológicas na empresa estudada estão associadas aos diversos processos usados para adquirir conhecimento tecnológico e convertê-lo em organizacional. Ademais, a simples incidência desses processos na empresa não garantiu na empresa uma implicação positiva para a acumulação de competências tecnológicas. Através do uso de estrutura existente na literatura, porém aplicada a uma indústria diferente de estudos anteriores, esta dissertação sugere que deve existir um esforço organizado, contínuo e integrado para geração e disseminação de conhecimento em toda a empresa a fim de que a acumulação de capacitação tecnológica seja acelerada na empresa.

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This work is focused on the explanation of the relation between the learning processes, the accumulation of technological competence and the competitive performance. The present study is based on the case of the steelmaking plant of Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional, located in Volta Redonda city, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, during the period of 1997 and 2001. The framework of this thesis is based on Figueiredo (2001), that shares the learning process in external and internal acquisition of knowledge, and the conversion of this knowledge from people to organization through socialization (transfer of tacit knowledge) or codification (transfer of knowledge by written documents). This framework considers the key features of the learning process: the variety, the intensity, the working and the interaction. The results suggest that the steelmaking of CSN achieved the pre intermediate level (level 4) of technological competence to the technological functions of production process and equipment, and the intermediate level (level 5) to the function product. The accomplishment of these levels of competence was due to the acquisition and conversion of new knowledge. It was observed that the key features had an evolution during the period considered in the study. The results allowed to show that the accumulation of technological competence had a positive influence over the competitive performance of the steelmaking unit of CSN.

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The choice of accounting standards capable of defining the recognition, measurement and publicizing of financial and economic information to the general public constitutes one of the accounting community¿s greatest challenges. So, the analysis of the Fundamental Principles of Accounting and of the Conceptual Structure of Accounting becomes relevant because of its direct relation to the normative process and because it represents the essence of doctrines and theories relating to the Science of Accounting. Each country¿s set of rules diverges when it comes to creating and evidencing Accounting Statements, and that¿s why the harmonization of the International Accounting Rules is becoming more important among accountants: as an answer to the world qualitative and quantitative demand for information. When managers, answering a great variety of incentives, manipulate or manage the disclosure of accounting information, they show that the management of accounting information begins to represent a purposeful intervention in the process of elaboration of financial and economic statements with the intention of obtaining some private benefit. In this context, Accounting Regulation performs an important function in the technical procedure of professionals in the area and in the development of practices convergent with international standards, which, in their turn, are already in force. The present study, which is exploratory and non-experimental, aims at presenting and analyzing the process of accounting regulation under the perspective of rules and of the choice of accounting practices as an answer by regulated entities on a tridimensional perspective. The establishment of interaction among diverse fields, through interdisciplinarity, aims at bridging the gap between the fields of law and accounting by articulating concepts and cognitive schemes in a process of mutual enrichment. The research concludes that it is possible to apply concepts from Miguel Reale¿s Tridimensional Theory of Law in the study of accounting regulation.

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The Internet has taken the world by storm. It has eliminated the barriers of technology, and unlocked the doors to electronic commerce and the 'Virtual Economy'. It has given us a glimpse into the future of 'Business' itself, and it has created a bewildering variety of choices in our personal and professional lives. It has taken on a life of its own, and we are all frantically trying to keep up. Many overwhelmed companies are asking questions like: 'What should our Internet Strategy be?' Or 'How do we put our business on the Internet like everybody else is doing?' or 'How do we use this thing to make money without spending any?'. These questions may seem reasonable on the surface, but they miss the point because they focus on the technologies rather than the core issues of conducting day-to-day business. The Internet can indeed offer fast returns in marketing reach, speed, director consumer sales and so on, and many companies are using it to good advantage, but the highest and best use of any such technology is to support, enhance and even re-invent the fundamentals of general business practice. When the initial excitement is over, and companies gain experience and confidence with the new business models, this larger view will begin to assert itself. Companies will then start to position their 'Internet Strategies' in context of where the business world itself is going over time, and how they can prepare for what is to come. Until now, the business world has been very fragmented, its collective progress limited (in part) by the inability to communicate within and between companies. Now that the technical remedy seems to be at hand and standards are beginning to emerge, we are starting to see a trend toward consolidation, cooperation, and economic synergy. Companies are improving their internal business processes with Intranets, and Electronic Commerce initiatives have sprung up using EDI, the World Wide Web, E-Mail, secure credit card payments and other tools. Companies are using the Internet to talk to each other and to sell their goods and services to the end consumer. Like Berlin, the walls are coming down because they have to. Electronic 'Communities of Common Interest' are beginning to surface, with the goal of supporting and aligning similar industries (such as Government, Insurance, Transportation and Health care) or similar business functions (such as Purchasing, Payments, and Human Resources). As these communities grow and mature, their initial scope will broaden and their spheres of influence will expand. They will begin to overlap into other communities, creating a synergistic effect and reshaping the conduct of business. The business world will undergo a gradual evolution toward globalization, driven by economic imperatives and natural selection in the marketplace, and facilitated by Electronic Commerce and Internet technologies. The business world 'beyond 2000' will have a substantially different look and feel than that which we see today.

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This dissertation enfoca the relationship between technological competences accumulation and the learning underlying processes. This relationship is examined in the company AGCO Comércio and Indústria Ltda, during the period of 1970 to 2000. It is of a company metal-mechanics, agricultural machines manufacturer. In other words, the dissertation examines the processes technological learning implications for aA technological competences accumulation in the company in study. The dissertation enfoca the competences accumulation for three technological functions: processes and organization, products and equipments. The learning processes are examined to the light of four characteristic: variety, intensity, operation and interaction, from the structure existing analysis use in the literature. Based on study of individual case, this study found that the technological competences ways to accumulation in the studied company are associates to the several processes used to acquire technological knowledge and converts him in organizacional. Ademais, the simple incidence of these processes in the company didn't guarantee in the company a positive implication for the technological competences accumulation. The company accumulated level middleman-superior technological competence (level 6) to accomplish production and function products function processes and organization activities, and intermediary level (level 5) to accomplish function equipments activities. In haves to characteristic key, the learning processes introduce an oscillation differentiated along time: the variety oscillated of moderated the several; the intensity of intermittent the continuous; the operation of bad the good; and the interaction of weak the strong. Through the existing structure use in the literature, however applied to a previous studies different industry, this dissertation suggests that must there be an organized , continuous effort and integrated for the knowledge generation and sowing in every company in order to the technological training accumulation be accelerated in the company.

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This dissertation is concerned with the implications of the learning processes for the technological capability accumulation at the firm level. This relationship was examined in Kvaerner Pulping over the period from 1980 to 2000. The firm is located in Curitiba/PR and supplies equipment and complete plants (capital goods) for pulp mills. In other words, based on an individual case study, this dissertation examines how the learning processes influence the building and accumulation of technological capability. The accumulation of technological capabilities is crucial for the survival and the competitive performance of the firms. An analytical framework already available in the literature was used to describe the paths (way and speed) of technological capability accumulation in the firm studied. However, the framework was adapted specifically for the capital goods industry for the pulp & paper sector. The paths of technological capability accumulation are analysed for three different technological functions: ¿engineering activities and project management¿, ¿operational processes and practices¿ and ¿process equipment¿. The learning mechanisms were examined in the light of four key features: variety, intensity, functioning and interaction. During the 1980s and 1990s the firm accumulated different levels of technological capability in the technological functions studied. It was only when the firm started to coordinate systematically the efforts to acquire and convert the knowledge from the individual to the organizational level, at the mid 1990s, that the accumulation of technological capability was accelerated. By the end of this decade the firm was able to accumulate innovative capabilities in all the functions analysed. Similarly to previous studies that investigated other types of firms, the conclusion of this dissertation suggests that the way and rate by which the firm accumulates technological capability can be explained by the learning process and its key features over time.