Rough Justice or Zero Tolerance? - Reassessing the Nature of Copyright in Light of Collective Licensing (Part I)

Starting point in the European individualistic copyright ideology is that an individual author creates a work and controls the use of it. However, this paper argues that it is (and has always been) impossible to control the use of works after their publication. This has also been acknowledged by the legislator, who has introduced collective licensing agreements because of this impossibility. Since it is impossible to rigorously control the use of works this writing "Rough Justice or Zero Tolerance - Reassessing the Nature of Copyright in Light of Collective Licensing" examines what reality of copyright is actually about. Finding alternative (and hopefully more "true") ways to understand copyright helps us to create alternative solutions in order to solve possible problems we have as it comes e.g. to use of content in online environment. The paper makes a claim that copyright is actually about defining negotiation points for different stakeholders and that nothing in the copyright reality prevents us from defining e.g. a new negotiation point where representatives of consumers would meet representatives of right holders in order to agree on the terms of use for certain content types in online environment.

Coursework uploads and zero-tolerance deadlines

Clear assessment deadlines and severe penalties for late submission of coursework are a feature of a number of UK universities. This presents a severe challenge for any online upload system. Evidence from a range of different implementations at the School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences at the University of Greenwich over the past few years is examined to assess the impact of a zero-tolerance deadline policy on the way students work and the problems that arise. Suggestions are made on how to minimise any possible negative impact of a zero-tolerance deadline policy on the administration of the system and on staff and students.

Hard Lessons : Reflections on Governance and Crime Control in Late Modernity

The essays in this book catalogue a wide and varied range of instances where 'things go wrong' in the practice of criminal justice. The contributions document instances where laws, policies and practices have produced unintended consequences of the most deleterious kind, drawing attention to 'boot camps', detention centres and specific penal policies such as 'short, sharp shock' and 'three strikes and you're out'. Also examined are policing practices such as 'zero tolerance', 'saturation policing' and punitive laws in the area of drug use, sex offences, and prostitution. It will be demonstrated that in each of these cases, the objectives of government resulted in the creation of new and unforeseen problems requiring further reform to the justice system.

Sex, drugs, and deterrence : applying Stafford and Warr’s reconceptualization of deterrence theory to drug driving across the genders

A consistent finding in the literature is that males report greater usage of drugs and subsequently greater amounts of drug driving. Research also suggests that vicarious influences may be more pertinent to males than to females. Utilising Stafford and Warr’s (1993) reconceptualization of deterrence theory, this study sought to determine if the relative deterrent impact of zero-tolerance drug driving laws is disparate between genders. A sample of motorists’ (N = 899) completed a self-report questionnaire assessing participants frequency of drug driving and personal and vicarious experiences with punishment and punishment avoidance. Results show that males were significantly more likely to report future intentions of drug driving. Additionally, vicarious experiences of punishment avoidance was a more influential predictor of future drug driving instances for males with personal experiences of punishment avoidance a more influential predictor for females. These findings can inform gender sensitive media campaigns and interventions for convicted drug drivers.

The Road to Whatever: Middle Class Cultgure and the Crisis of Adolescence

In this groundbreaking book, acclaimed sociologist and Pulitzer Prize finalist Elliott Currie draws on years of interviews to offer a profound investigation of what has gone wrong for so many “mainstream” American adolescents. Rejecting such predictable answers as TV violence, permissiveness, and inherent evil, Currie links this crisis to a pervasive “culture of exclusion” fostered by a society in which medications trump guidance and a punitive “zero tolerance” approach to adolescent misbehavior has become the norm. Broadening his inquiry, he dissects the changes in middle-class life that stratify the world into "winners" and "losers," imposing an extraordinarily harsh culture—and not just on kids. Vivid, compelling, and deeply empathetic, The Road to Whatever is a stark indictment of a society that has lost the will—or the capacity—to care.

Profile of women detected drink driving via Roadside Breath Testing (RBT) in Queensland, Australia, between 2000 and 2011

Background Drink driving among women is a growing problem in many motorised countries. While research has shown that male and female drink drivers differ on a number of characteristics, few studies have addressed the circumstances surrounding women’s drink driving offences specifically. Aim To add to previous research by comparing apprehension characteristics among men and women and to extend the understanding of the female drink driving problem by investigating the drink driving characteristics that are unique to women. Results The sample consisted of the 248,173 (21.5% women) drink drivers apprehended between 2000 and 2011 in Queensland, Australia. Gender comparisons showed that women were older, had lower levels of reoffending, and were more likely to be apprehended in Major Cities compared to men. Comparisons of age group and reoffending and non-reoffending among female drink drivers only revealed that higher BAC readings were more common among younger women. Moreover, a substantial minority (13.7%) of women aged 24 years or younger were apprehended with a BAC below0.05%, reflecting a breach of the zero tolerance BAC for provisional licence holders in Australia. Older women were more likely to be charged with a ‘failure to provide a test’ offence as a result of refusing to provide a breath or blood sample, indicating that drink driving is associated high levels of stigma for this group. Reoffending occurred among 16.2% of the female drink drivers and these drivers were more likely than non-reoffending drivers to record a mid to high range BAC, to be aged 30-39 or below 21years, and to be apprehended in Inner Regional or Remote locations. Conclusion Findings highlight the unique circumstances and divergent needs of female drink drivers compared to male drivers and for different groups of female drivers.

Development of a rapid screening test for veterinary sedatives and the beta-blocker carazolol in porcine kidney by ELISA

Sedatives and tranquillisers are frequently used to reduce stress during the transportation of food producing animals. The most widely used classes of sedatives include the butyrophenone azaperone, the phenothiazines acepromazine, propionylpromazine, chlorpromazine and the beta-blocker, carazolol. For regulatory control purposes, tolerances for azaperone and carazolol have been set by the European Union as 100 and 25 mug kg(-1), respectively. Furthermore, the use of the phenothiazines is prohibited and therefore has a zero tolerance. A method for the detection of residues of five tranquillisers and one beta-blocker using a single ELISA plate has been developed. Kidney samples (2.5 g) were extracted with dichloromethane and applied to a competitive enzyme immunoassay using three polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits against azaperol, propionylpromazine and carazolol conjugates. In sample matrix, the azaperol antibody cross-reacted 28.0% with azaperone and the propionylpromazine antibody cross-reacted 24.9% with acepromazine and 11.7% with chlorpromazine. In the ELISA, the detection capabilities of the six sedatives, azaperol, azaperone, carazolol, acepromazine, chlorpromazine, and propionylpromazine are 5, 15, 5, 5, 20 and 5 mug kg(-1), respectively. The proposed method is a sensitive and rapid multi-residue technique that offers a cost effective alternative to current published procedures, without any concession on the ability to detect sedative misuse.

Doping, sport and the law: time for repeal of prohibition?

This article concerns the legal issues that surround the prohibition of doping in sport. The current policy on the use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) in sport is underpinned by both a paternalistic desire to protect athletes’ health and the long-term integrity or ‘spirit’ of sport. The policy is put into administrative effect globally by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which provides the regulatory and legal framework through which the vast majority of international sports federations harmonise their anti-doping programmes. On outlining briefly both the broad administrative structures of international sport’s various anti-doping mechanisms, and specific legal issues that arise in disciplinary hearings involving athletes accused of doping, this article questions the sustainability of the current ‘zero tolerance’ approach, arguing, by way of analogy to the wider societal debate on the criminalisation of drugs, and as informed by Sunstein and Thaler’s theory of libertarian paternalism, that current policy on anti-doping has failed. Moreover, rather than the extant moral and punitive panic regarding doping in sport, this article, drawing respectively on Seddon’s and Simon’s work on the history of drugs and crime control mentality, contends that, as an alternative, harm reductionist measures should be promoted, including consideration of the medically supervised use of certain PEDs.

Remaking place and securitising space: Urban regeneration and the strategies, tactics and practices of policing in the UK

Urban regeneration programmes in the UK over the past 20 years have increasingly focused on attracting investors, middle-class shoppers and visitors by transforming places and creating new consumption spaces. Ensuring that places are safe and are seen to be safe has taken on greater salience as these flows of income are easily disrupted by changing perceptions of fear and the threat of crime. At the same time, new technologies and policing strategies and tactics have been adopted in a number of regeneration areas which seek to establish control over these new urban spaces. Policing space is increasingly about controlling human actions through design, surveillance technologies and codes of conduct and enforcement. Regeneration agencies and the police now work in partnerships to develop their strategies. At its most extreme, this can lead to the creation of zero-tolerance, or what Smith terms 'revanchist', measures aimed at particular social groups in an effort to sanitise space in the interests of capital accumulation. This paper, drawing on an examination of regeneration practices and processes in one of the UK's fastest-growing urban areas, Reading in Berkshire, assesses policing strategies and tactics in the wake of a major regeneration programme. It documents and discusses the discourses of regeneration that have developed in the town and the ways in which new urban spaces have been secured. It argues that, whilst security concerns have become embedded in institutional discourses and practices, the implementation of security measures has been mediated, in part, by the local socio-political relations in and through which they have been developed.

Amostragem sequencial de sementes de soja e feijão na detecção de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Justiça terapêutica: o tribunal das drogas na sociedade de controle

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Sistemi di sicurezza urbana

Il problema della sicurezza/insicurezza delle città, dalle grandi metropoli sino ai più piccoli centri urbani, ha sollecitato negli ultimi anni un’attenzione crescente da parte degli studiosi, degli analisti, degli organi di informazione, delle singole comunità. La delinquenza metropolitana viene oggi diffusamente considerata «un aspetto usuale della società moderna»: «un fatto – o meglio un insieme di fatti – che non richiede nessuna speciale motivazione o predisposizione, nessuna patologia o anormalità, e che è iscritto nella routine della vita economica e sociale». Svincolata dagli schemi positivistici, la dottrina criminologica ha maturato una nuova «cultura del controllo sociale» che ha messo in risalto, rispetto ad ogni visione enfatizzante del reo, l’esigenza di pianificare adeguate politiche e pratiche di prevenzione della devianza urbana attraverso «tutto l’insieme di istituzioni sociali, di strategie e di sanzioni, che mirano a ottenere la conformità di comportamento nella sfera normativa penalmente tutelata». Tale obiettivo viene generalmente perseguito dagli organismi istituzionali, locali e centrali, con diverse modalità annoverabili nel quadro degli interventi di: prevenzione sociale in cui si includono iniziative volte ad arginare la valenza dei fattori criminogeni, incidendo sulle circostanze sociali ed economiche che determinano l’insorgenza e la proliferazione delle condotte delittuose negli ambienti urbani; prevenzione giovanile con cui si tende a migliorare le capacità cognitive e relazionali del minore, in maniera tale da controllare un suo eventuale comportamento aggressivo, e ad insegnare a genitori e docenti come gestire, senza traumi ed ulteriori motivi di tensione, eventuali situazioni di crisi e di conflittualità interpersonale ed interfamiliare che coinvolgano adolescenti; prevenzione situazionale con cui si mira a disincentivare la propensione al delitto, aumentando le difficoltà pratiche ed il rischio di essere scoperti e sanzionati che – ovviamente – viene ponderato dal reo. Nella loro quotidianità, le “politiche di controllo sociale” si sono tuttavia espresse in diversi contesti – ed anche nel nostro Paese - in maniera a tratti assai discutibile e, comunque, con risultati non sempre apprezzabili quando non - addirittura – controproducenti. La violenta repressione dei soggetti ritenuti “devianti” (zero tolerance policy), l’ulteriore ghettizzazione di individui di per sé già emarginati dal contesto sociale, l’edificazione di interi quartieri fortificati, chiusi anche simbolicamente dal resto della comunità urbana, si sono rivelate, più che misure efficaci nel contrasto alla criminalità, come dei «cortocircuiti semplificatori in rapporto alla complessità dell’insieme dei problemi posti dall’insicurezza». L’apologia della paura è venuta così a riflettersi, anche fisicamente, nelle forme architettoniche delle nuove città fortificate ed ipersorvegliate; in quelle gated-communities in cui l’individuo non esita a sacrificare una componente essenziale della propria libertà, della propria privacy, delle proprie possibilità di contatto diretto con l’altro da sé, sull’altare di un sistema di controllo che malcela, a sua volta, implacabili contraddizioni. Nei pressanti interrogativi circa la percezione, la diffusione e la padronanza del rischio nella società contemporanea - glocale, postmoderna, tardomoderna, surmoderna o della “seconda modernità”, a seconda del punto di vista al quale si aderisce – va colto l’eco delle diverse concezioni della sicurezza urbana, intesa sia in senso oggettivo, quale «situazione che, in modo obiettivo e verificabile, non comporta l’esposizione a fattori di rischio», che in senso soggettivo, quale «risultante psicologica di un complesso insieme di fattori, tra cui anche indicatori oggettivi di sicurezza ma soprattutto modelli culturali, stili di vita, caratteristiche di personalità, pregiudizi, e così via». Le amministrazioni locali sono direttamente chiamate a garantire questo bisogno primario di sicurezza che promana dagli individui, assumendo un ruolo di primo piano nell’adozione di innovative politiche per la sicurezza urbana che siano fra loro complementari, funzionalmente differenziate, integrali (in quanto parte della politica di protezione integrale di tutti i diritti), integrate (perché rivolte a soggetti e responsabilità diverse), sussidiarie (perché non valgono a sostituire i meccanismi spontanei di prevenzione e controllo della devianza che si sviluppano nella società), partecipative e multidimensionali (perché attuate con il concorso di organismi comunali, regionali, provinciali, nazionali e sovranazionali). Questa nuova assunzione di responsabilità da parte delle Amministrazioni di prossimità contribuisce a sancire il passaggio epocale «da una tradizionale attività di governo a una di governance» che deriva «da un’azione integrata di una molteplicità di soggetti e si esercita tanto secondo procedure precostituite, quanto per una libera scelta di dar vita a una coalizione che vada a vantaggio di ciascuno degli attori e della società urbana nel suo complesso». All’analisi dei diversi sistemi di governance della sicurezza urbana che hanno trovato applicazione e sperimentazione in Italia, negli ultimi anni, e in particolare negli ambienti territoriali e comunitari di Roma e del Lazio che appaiono, per molti versi, esemplificativi della complessa realtà metropolitana del nostro tempo, è dedicata questa ricerca. Risulterà immediatamente chiaro come il paradigma teorico entro il quale si dipana il percorso di questo studio sia riconducibile agli orientamenti della psicologia topologica di Kurt Lewin, introdotti nella letteratura sociocriminologica dall’opera di Augusto Balloni. Il provvidenziale crollo di antichi steccati di divisione, l’avvento di internet e, quindi, la deflagrante estensione delle frontiere degli «ambienti psicologici» in cui è destinata a svilupparsi, nel bene ma anche nel male, la personalità umana non hanno scalfito, a nostro sommesso avviso, l’attualità e la validità della «teoria del campo» lewiniana per cui il comportamento degli individui (C) appare anche a noi, oggi, condizionato dalla stretta interrelazione che sussiste fra le proprie connotazioni soggettive (P) e il proprio ambiente di riferimento (A), all’interno di un particolare «spazio di vita». Su queste basi, il nostro itinerario concettuale prende avvio dall’analisi dell’ambiente urbano, quale componente essenziale del più ampio «ambiente psicologico» e quale cornice straordinariamente ricca di elementi di “con-formazione” dei comportamenti sociali, per poi soffermarsi sulla disamina delle pulsioni e dei sentimenti soggettivi che agitano le persone nei controversi spazi di vita del nostro tempo. Particolare attenzione viene inoltre riservata all’approfondimento, a tratti anche critico, della normativa vigente in materia di «sicurezza urbana», nella ferma convinzione che proprio nel diritto – ed in special modo nell’ordinamento penale – vada colto il riflesso e la misura del grado di civiltà ma anche delle tensioni e delle contraddizioni sociali che tormentano la nostra epoca. Notevoli spunti ed un contributo essenziale per l’elaborazione della parte di ricerca empirica sono derivati dall’intensa attività di analisi sociale espletata (in collaborazione con l’ANCI) nell’ambito dell’Osservatorio Tecnico Scientifico per la Sicurezza e la Legalità della Regione Lazio, un organismo di supporto della Presidenza della Giunta Regionale del Lazio al quale compete, ai sensi dell’art. 8 della legge regionale n. 15 del 2001, la funzione specifica di provvedere al monitoraggio costante dei fenomeni criminali nel Lazio.

Review of Complete Crime and Punishment Series

Some examples of topics covered include undocumented immigrants, guns, and terrorism within Crime and Criminal Behavior, vigilantes, Miranda warnings, and zero-tolerance policing within Police and Law Enforcement; insanity laws, DNA evidence, and victims' rights within Courts, Law, and Justice; gangs and prison violence, capital punishment, and prison privatization within Corrections; and school violence, violent juvenile offenders, and age of responsibility within Juvenile Crime and Justice. Note that Sage offers numerous reference works that provide focused analysis of key topics in the field of criminal justice, such as the Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment (2002), the Encyclopedia of Race and Crime (2009), the Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention (2010), the Encyclopedia of White Collar & Corporate Crime (2004), and the Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence (2008), available in print or as e-books via Sage Reference online.