998 resultados para wind erosion


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An estimated 110 Mt of dust is eroded by wind from the Australian land surface each year, most of which originates from the arid and semi-arid rangelands. Livestock production is thought to increase the susceptibility of the rangelands to wind erosion by reducing vegetation cover and modifying surface soil stability. However, research is yet to quantify the impacts of grazing land management on the erodibility of the Australian rangelands, or determine how these impacts vary among land types and over time. We present a simulation analysis that links a pasture growth and animal production model (GRASP) to the Australian Land Erodibility Model (AUSLEM) to evaluate the impacts of stocking rate, stocking strategy and land condition on the erodibility of four land types in western Queensland, Australia. Our results show that declining land condition, over stocking, and using inflexible stocking strategies have potential to increase land erodibility and amplify accelerated soil erosion. However, land erodibility responses to grazing are complex and influenced by land type sensitivities to different grazing strategies and local climate characteristics. Our simulations show that land types which are more resilient to livestock grazing tend to be least susceptible to accelerated wind erosion. Increases in land erodibility are found to occur most often during climatic transitions when vegetation cover is most sensitive to grazing pressure. However, grazing effects are limited during extreme wet and dry periods when the influence of climate on vegetation cover is strongest. Our research provides the opportunity to estimate the effects of different land management practices across a range of land types, and provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of accelerated erosion resulting from pastoral activities. The approach could help further assessment of land erodibility at a broader scale notably if combined with wind erosion models.

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Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in semi-arid and arid regions. Here we established the Tariat-Xilin Gol transect from northwest to southeast across the Mongolian Plateau, and selected seven sampling sites along the transect. We then estimated the soil wind erosion rates by using the Cs-137 tracing technique and examined their spatial dynamics. Our results showed that the Cs-137 inventories of sampling sites ranged from 265.63 +/- 44.91 to 1279.54 +/- 166.53 Bq.m(-2), and the wind erosion rates varied from 64.58 to 419.63 t.km(-2).a(-1) accordingly. In the Mongolia section of the transect (from Tariat to Sainshand), the wind erosion rate increased gradually with vegetation type and climatic regimes; the wind erosion process was controlled by physical factors such as annual precipitation and vegetation coverage, etc., and the impact of human activities was negligible. While in the China section of the transect (Inner Mongolia), the wind erosion rates of Xilin Hot and Zhengxiangbai Banner were thrice as much as those of Bayannur of Mongolia, although these three sites were all dominated by typical steppe. Besides the physical factors, higher population density and livestock carrying level should be responsible for the higher wind erosion rates in these two regions of Inner Mongolia.

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Soil wind erosion is the primary process and the main driving force for land desertification and sand-dust storms in and and semi-arid areas of Northern China. While many researchers have studied this issue, this study quantified the various indicators of soil wind erosion, using the GIS technology to extract the spatial data and to construct a RBFN (Radial Basis Function Network) model for Inner Mongolia. By calibrating sample data of the different levels of wind erosion hazard, the model parameters were established, and then the assessment of wind erosion hazard. Results show that in the southern parts of Inner Mongolia wind erosion hazards are very severe, counties in the middle regions of Inner Mongolia vary from moderate to severe, and in eastern are slight. Comparison of the results with other research shows conformity with actual conditions, proving the reasonability and applicability of the RBFN model. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Due to its inert reaction in soil system and distinctive vertical distribution in soil profile, caesium-137 (Cs-137) has been used as a tracer to assess wind erosion. In this study, 62 soil samples were collected from 4 sampling sites in Taipusi County, Inner Mongolia; Caesium-137 activities for those soil samples were measured using a gamma-ray spectrometry in Sichuan University, Chengdu. Distribution pattern of Cs-137 in vertical soil profile was different for different land use and land cover types. Caesium-137 was distributed homogeneously in plow layer of cropland, and negatively exponential in low to medium cover grassland. Distribution pattern in high covered grassland was represented by a peak at 2-4 cm soil depth followed by a negative exponential curve. Based on those findings, simplified mass balance model was chosen to estimate the rate of wind erosion for cropland, while profile distribution model was used for grassland. Estimated wind erosion rates were 7990, 4270 and 1808 Mg(.)km(-2.)a(-1) for cropland, low cover grassland and medium cover grassland, respectively. Wind erosion intensity correlated negatively with plant cover.

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We present AUSLEM (AUStralian Land Erodibility Model), a land erodibility modelling system that utilizes a rule-set of surficial and climatic thresholds applied through a Geographic Information System (GIs) modelling framework to predict landscape susceptibility to wind erosion. AUSLEM is distinctive in that it quantitatively assesses landscape susceptibility to wind erosion at a 5 x 5 km. spatial resolution on a monthly time-step across Australia. The system was implemented for representative wet (1984), dry (1994), and average rainfall (1997) years with corresponding low, high and moderate dust storm day frequencies. Results demonstrate that AUSLEM can identify landscape erodibility, and provide an interpretation of the physical nature and distribution of erodible landscapes in Australia. Further, results offer an assessment of the dynamic tendencies of erodibility in space and time in response to the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and seasonal synoptic scale climate variability. A comparative analysis of AUSLEM output with independent national and international wind erosion, atmospheric aerosol and dust event records indicates a high level of model competency. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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About one-sixth of the world’s land area, that is, about one-third of the land used for agriculture, has been affected by soil degradation in the historic past. While most of this damage was caused by water and wind erosion, other forms of soil degradation are induced by biological, chemical, and physical processes. Since the 1950s, pressure on agricultural land has increased considerably owing to population growth and agricultural modernization. Small-scale farming is the largest occupation in the world, involving over 2.5 billion people, over 70% of whom live below the poverty line. Soil erosion, along with other environmental threats, particularly affects these farmers by diminishing yields that are primarily used for subsistence. Soil and water conservation measures have been developed and applied on many farms. Local and science-based innovations are available for most agroecological conditions and land management and farming types. Principles and measures developed for small-scale as well as modern agricultural systems have begun to show positive impacts in most regions of the world, particularly in wealthier states and modern systems. Much more emphasis still needs to be given to small-scale farming, which requires external support for investment in sustainable land management technologies as an indispensable and integral component of farm activities.

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This paper describes the experimental setup, procedure, and results obtained, concerning the dynamics of a body lying on a floor, attached to a hinge, and exposed to an unsteady flow, which is a model of the initiation of rotational motion of ballast stones due to the wind generated by the passing of a high-speed train. The idea is to obtain experimental data to support the theoretical model developed in Sanz-Andres and Navarro-Medina (J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 98, 772–783, (2010), aimed at analyzing the initial phase of the ballast train-induced-wind erosion (BATIWE) phenomenon. The experimental setup is based on an open circuit, closed test section, low-speed wind tunnel, with a new sinusoidal gust generator mechanism concept, designed and built at the IDR/UPM. The tunnel’s main characteristic is the ability to generate a flow with a uniform velocity profile and sinusoidal time fluctuation of the speed. Experimental results and theoretical model predictions are in good agreement.

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毛乌素沙地是我国十二大沙漠之一,地处北方干旱半干旱区向亚湿润区过渡地带,长期以来,不合理的人类土地利用,结合当地脆弱的环境生态特征,引起了严重的现代荒漠化过程,是我国北方荒漠化研究的重点地区。本文着重从自然和人文学科密切合作的角度,对毛乌素沙地土地利用/土地覆被变化的内在作用机制进行了研究,得到以下主要结论: 1. 利用多年实地观测数据资料,考察了毛乌素沙地四种主要草地类型代表性植物群落地上生物量响应气候因子波动的变化规律,建立了植物地上生物量对气候因子的逐月回归模型,揭示出如下规律:①各种气候因子对不同类型草地以及同一类型不同生长阶段草地都产生不同的影响作用;②同一气候因子在植物不同生长阶段上,对生物量形成的重要性程度存在差异:③在植物生长期内,每个生长阶段的生物量都对后一时期的生物量产生显著影响,说明植物生长的连续性对于生物量的形成和积累是重要的;④在植物的凋枯期,各种气候因子基本上都不对生物量产生显著影响;⑤水分因子对毛乌素沙地几乎各种类型草地的生物量,都是重要的影响因子,毛乌素沙地降水状况在不同年份的显著波动对草地植物地上生物量的影响,不仅直接构成了土地覆被变化的重要组成部分,而且还影响到土地利用的方式、方法和后果。 2. 在考察毛乌素沙地草地地上生物量对气候因子变化的响应规律中,利用逐月动态回归建模方法改进了传统的累积气候因子回归建模方法。逐月回归模型与累积回归模型的比较显示,逐月动态回归模型的优势表现在三个方面:①可以提供累积回归模型无法揭示的作用规律;②模拟更加精确;③可以预测不同气候条件下群落地上生物量的变化范围。 3. 利用风速、降水和潜在蒸发等气象记录资料,建立了毛乌素沙地气候因子影响沙尘暴频率的作用模型,定量地考察了沙地各处气候因子对沙尘暴频率的影响作用。研究表明,气候因素是导致毛乌素沙地沙尘暴发生的主导原因,在沙地各处,气候因子可以解释沙尘暴频率分布格局总信息的比率分别为:乌审召83.6%,乌审旗77.5%,河南82.4%,鄂托克旗79.8%,新街73.1%,伊金霍洛旗82%。 4. 在定量考察气候因素对沙尘暴频率影响作用的基础上,对影响沙尘暴频率格局的自然和人为因素进行了定量分离,研究表明:人为影响因素对对沙尘暴发生起次要作用,解释沙尘暴频率分布格局信息的比率分别为:乌审召16.4%,乌审旗22.5%,河南17.6%,鄂托克旗20.2%,新街26.9%,伊金霍洛旗18%。 自然和人为因素影响作用的定量分离研究表明,毛乌素沙地人为因素的影响作用表现出空间上的差异性:①从方位上说,呈现自东向中、西部递减的梯度:②从地点上说,城镇附近人为影响作用远高于农村地区;③从土地利用方式上说,农垦种植业区域高于畜牧业区域。 5. 在实地观测基础上,建立了裸露沙面和植被覆盖沙面风蚀输沙率模型,定量考察了植被覆盖率与风蚀输沙率之间的关系。研究表明:当植被覆盖率达到60%以上,可以保护地表土壤使风蚀在大多数条件下不致发生;当覆盖率达到40%,可以使风蚀输沙大为减少;而当植被覆盖率低于10%,植被覆盖基本不能对地表土壤起到有效的防护作用。 6. 应用植被覆盖地表风蚀输沙率模型,考察了沙地不同风速条件下植被有效覆盖率。根据当地气象台站的多年气象记录,沙地最大风速在20m/s左右,这样的风速条件下,保证风蚀不致发生的植被有效覆盖率为65%左右;在沙地常见的大风风速14-16m/s下,植被有效覆盖率大致为50-55%;对于沙地一般的中等风速l0-12m/s.植被有效覆盖率为40%。植被覆盖对风蚀的影响作用也可以理解为,植被覆盖使沙粒起动风速发生了增大效应,研究表明:与裸露沙面沙粒起动风速4.5m/s对照,70%植被覆盖率使起动风速改变为15.4m/s;60%植被覆盖率使起动风速改变为12.1m/s;40%植被覆盖率使起动风速改变为8.Om/s;而在10%植被覆盖条件下,起动风速为5.Om/s,改变量很小,说明植被覆盖的保护作用极其有限。 7. 基于野外实地观测,比较了沙地五种常见植物种和二种人工防护材料防风效应上的差异。研究表明,防风效应由高到低的次序是,沙蒿>芨芨草>杨柴和牛心朴子>沙障>栅栏>旱柳;就乔、灌、草和人工材料而言,防风效应的次序是,灌木植被>草本植被>人工材料>乔木植被。植物和人工防护材料降低风速的比率与风速呈现二次函数关系,不同植物种或人工材料,降低风速比率都表现出不同的规律,在一般情况下,降低风速效应随着风速的增大而降低。 8. 通过不同植物种防风效应的比较研究,对毛乌素沙地植被生态建设的实践有一定的指导意义。毛乌素沙地的植被建设中对植被类型和植物种类的选择,应该遵循如下原则:①选取防风固沙效应好的植物种类;②应该考虑植物水分供给与需求的平衡状况,实行适地适树;③植物防护效应应该与当地风蚀气候在时间上较好地匹配,在春季等风蚀严重季节,植被覆盖应该具有较好的防风效应。 9. 在现实中,各种影响风蚀的因素是同时发挥作用的。将风蚀影响因素分解为风速、湿润度和植被覆盖率(以及植被类型)三个方面,在此基础上,建立了风蚀影响因素的综合作用的概念模型和沙丘活动性指数定量模型。湿润程度低、风速高、植被覆盖率低的地区,是风蚀最为严重的地区;在湿润程度高、风速低、植被覆盖率高的地区,是风蚀最弱的地区;在其他地区,风蚀状况根据三个方面因素的综合状况来决定。 10. 利用风蚀影响因子综合作用的沙丘活动性指数模型,从空间、时间、植被类型变化角度,考察了毛乌素沙地的风蚀变化状况。得到如下结论:①随着空间变化,风速、降水等气候因素也随之存在差异,导致沙丘活动性指数的变化规律是,西北部鄂托克旗沙丘活动性最高,乌审旗次之,其他几个站差别不太显著,这是由各地降水、气温、沙粒粒径等因素共同决定;②随着时间的变化,气候、植被生长等方面的状况随之发生改变,导致沙丘活动性发生变化,春季最高,冬季次之,夏秋季最低:③随着沙丘植被覆盖类型的变化,沙丘活动性也发生显著变化,在一般情况下,乔木覆盖沙丘活动性>草本植物覆盖沙丘>灌木覆盖沙丘。 11. 在实地调查土地利用现实状况及其社会、经济和政策影响因素的基础上,建立了我国北方干旱半干旱区土地利用决策机制的概念模型,分析了与土地利用密切相关的农牧民一政府一环境科学家这三个社会群体对土地利用的立场和影响作用力上的差异,分析了毛乌素沙地土地利用的现状及其影响因素,探讨了现实中不可持续土地利用行为发生的社会、经济和政策原因。 12. 在实地调查基础上,分别利用产出一费用分析法和过程影响因素分析法,建立了毛乌素沙地土地利用经济收益的定量模型。产出一分析研究表明,无论是农垦种植业,还是草地畜牧业,农牧民从这两种土地利用方式都只能获得较低下的经济收益。造成这种状况的原因,主要在于两个方面:一是低下且不断处于波动之中的农牧业产品物价,二是沉重的农牧业税收。 13. 将影响农牧业产出的因素,划分为四个方面:土地面积(牲畜头数)、环境状况、管理水平和利用强度,在此基础上建立了定量的影响作用模型。研究表明:环境状况指数每增加0.1,农牧业经济收益增加26%;管理水平因子每提高0.1,农牧业经济收益增加12.7%;农牧业经济收益最优的土地利用强度在0.4左右,在此之前,随着利用强度的增加,经济收益随之增大,而在此之后,随着利用强度的增大,经济收益逐渐降低,当土地利用强度达到0.9左右时,呈现负的经济收益。 14. 毛乌素沙地实施土地资源可持续利用,必须从技术的革新和社会经济政策等因素的调整两条途径同时入手,二者缺一不可。通过改进和应用节水灌溉、风能光能利用、生物增产技术,尽可能地提高各种资源的利用效率;通过应用免耕或浅耕技术,尽量减轻土地利用对资源和环境的破坏;通过栽培、速生技术,提高植被建设的成效和速度。而通过税收、物价政策的调整,尽可能地提高农牧民经济收益增长的速度,减轻土地利用压力;通过政府与人民之间对话和合作机制的建立,让广大农牧民参与到土地利用的决策和管理的过程中去;通过土地利用管理政策、措施的调整和完善,调动农牧民保护资源的积极性和自觉性;通过激励机制的建立,引导农牧民土地利用向着可持续的方向发展。 15. 实现毛乌素沙地土地资源可持续利用的有效途径,在于这样几个方面:①建立和完善政府及其管理部门与人民之间有效的对话和合作机制,让广大农牧民参与到土地利用决策和管理的过程中去:②实行产业结构调整,转变片面追求经济增长的做法,制订适应当地自然条件和生态特征的发展模式;③降低农牧业税收、稳定并提高农牧业产品的物价,增加农牧民经济收入,减轻土地利用压力;④进一步改进和完善土地利用管理政策和法规;⑤建立有效激励机制,引导农牧民土地利用向着可持续的方向发展:⑥努力改进节水灌溉技术、生物增产技术,提高土地利用的科技水平:⑦改进环境保护和植被建设决策的科学性,提高植被建设的成效。

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植物随所处环境条件的变化而产生一系列的形态、生理以及其它特性上的相应变化,形成相应的适应对策,表现出一定的功能策略。把在生态系统中扮演着相似角色并且对环境条件表现出相似的响应的一组具有相似特征(形态和生理特征)的植物称为植物功能型(Plant Functional types),这一概念把植物从个体水平和整个生态系统水平上把生理和生活史过程以及策略合理的联系在一起。有了植物功能型的帮助,我们能够将个体种和个体种群的纷繁 复杂过程总结简化为相对简洁的演化模式。近来的研究已经提出在生态系统过程中功能型多样性比物种多样性更重要。 本文以浑善达克沙地植被为研究对象,按照生命期(一年生与多年生),光合途径(C3光合途径与 C4光合途径),繁殖方式(克隆繁殖和非克隆繁殖)以及生长型(禾草与非禾草)来划分浑善达克沙地的植物功能型,调查监测浑善达克沙地植物功能型的分布及其生态特征对沙地环境的响应。 通过对浑善达克沙地五种不同生境的土壤因子和植物功能型分布及其群落特征的分析研究,结果表明在流动沙丘上一年生C4非克隆繁殖的植物功能型首先侵入,半固定沙丘开始有多年生C3植物功能型定居并逐渐成为优势种,当成为固定沙丘时,本研究中所有浑善达克沙地植物功能型都出现了,其植物功能型多样性最高。滩地中的土壤的有机质和养分含量最高,多年生C3植物占据绝对优势。靠近淖尔边缘,盐分含量和水分增加,多年生C3非禾草成为优势种。在浑善达克沙地,一年生C4非克隆非禾草在沙丘生境中全都存在。流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘之间的土壤条件没有显著差异,但植被特征存在差异。因此,只要排除人为影响和牲畜干扰,辅助以一定的人工措施(如飞播),浑善达克沙地退化草地将向着良性的恢复方向发展。 通过对浑善达克沙地退化草地围封后的植物功能型特征变化研究,在四年的植被恢复过程中,功能型多样性最高的群落可能不是最稳定和恢复时间较长的群落,在我们的研究中,功能型多样性在恢复的第一年和第四年较高,而在恢复的第二年和第三年功能型多样性显著低于第一年和第四年。但第二年和第三年的地上生物量却高于第一年和第四年,从生态系统功能的角度考虑,说明恢复过程中群落的稳定性是短暂过渡的类型,群落恢复过程将呈周期性的波动。在四年的恢复时间里,多年生C3光合途径克隆繁殖禾草无论从植株密度、盖度、物种数以及地上生物量都在群落中占有绝对优势,在退化沙地草地自然恢复早期起到关键作用。 基于连续四年在浑善达克沙地围封区内滩地植被记录,分析了(1)滩地植物群落的植物功能型特征,包括密度、物种数、盖度、地上生物量以及相对重要值;(2)各植物功能型特征对植物功能型多样性(Shannon-Wiener index)的贡献以及(3) 群落初级生产力与物种多样性和植物功能型多样性的关系。结果表明,植物功能型特征显著受生命期、光合途径、繁殖方式以及生长型影响。植物功能型多样性与群落物种数显著相关。逐步回归分析结果显示多年生C3 克隆禾草随着退化草地的恢复进程对植物功能型多样性的影响越来越重要。植物功能型多样性与群落初级生产力之间的关系随着恢复进程而呈现不同的线性关系。 为了调查浑善达克沙地主要植物功能型优势物种对沙地环境的适应,研究了多年生根茎克隆繁殖禾草赖草和多年生非克隆繁殖非禾草褐沙蒿对沙埋和风蚀的响应。结果表明,不同的植物功能型对于沙地风沙蚀积表现出不同的适应对策。在一定程度的沙埋和风蚀胁迫下,赖草通过分株间克隆整合来抵御风沙蚀积,通过对根茎生物量的投资,来逃离胁迫环境。而褐沙蒿通过加大对根生物量的投资来抵御风蚀,通过加大对地上部分的生物量投资来抵御沙埋。

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克隆植物通过克隆生长能够很好的适应异质性的生境。在进行植被修复的研究和实践中,注意发扬或引进具有重要资源价值的克隆植物是重要的恢复生态学思考和途径。本文主要应用实验生态学的方法,通过对鄂尔多斯高原不同克隆植物克隆性及其对水分条件的反应的比较,以及对不同克隆植物抵抗风蚀和风蚀坑修复的能力的比较,探讨克隆植物对干旱(水分条件)及风蚀的适应机制,从而对克隆植物的克隆性在生态修复中的意义进行了研究和阐述。   对不同水分条件下赖草(Leymus secalinus (Georgi.) Tzvel)和沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa (Trin.) Bor)克隆性的研究表明:克隆生长开始时间和克隆生长率二者与克隆植物新产生子代分株数量之间存在着显著的相关关系,说明克隆生长开始时间和克隆生长率能够作为准确评价克隆性的指标;相对于沙鞭来说,赖草具有更强的克隆性,表现在它的早的克隆生长开始时间、高的克隆生长率,并且这种差异可以被水分条件所修饰;植物的克隆性对水分条件具有较强的可塑性,这种可塑性具有种间差异。相对赖草来说,沙鞭能更好地适应干旱条件。   克隆植物植株有两种繁殖体类型,分株和种子。本研究对分别从分株来源和种子来源的赖草与沙鞭植株在不同水分条件下生长状况及克隆性进行了比较,结果表明:水分的增加,有利于赖草的生长;而对于沙鞭来说,水分抑制了分株来源的沙鞭植株的生长,但对种子来源的沙鞭植株的生长有着促进作用。克隆植物的克隆性在水分条件较好的情况下能够得到更好的表达。不同来源有赖草植株之间克隆性没有明显差异;对于沙鞭来说,分株来源的沙鞭植株克隆性受水分条件的影响不明显,但水分有利于种子来源的沙鞭植株克隆性的表达。说明不同繁殖体类型来源的植株,克隆性对水分的反应格局存在着一定的差异。分株来源的沙鞭植株对干旱条件具有比种子来源的植株更强的适应性。   通过对沙鞭和赖草实生幼苗在不同风蚀程度下生长状况的比较,结果表明二者幼苗在抵抗风蚀时采取不同的策略。风蚀显著降低了赖草产生新生分株的能力,而对沙鞭潜在分株数没有显著影响。赖草实生幼苗生长状况在轻中度风蚀条件下与对照处理没有显著差异,说明对风蚀具有较强的抵抗能力,其策略可能是风险分担,赖草具有的强克隆性使之能快速产生新的子代分株,从而分担了风蚀造成的风险;沙鞭实生幼苗的生长状况受风蚀影响较为明显,但风蚀没有能对其产生潜在分株(芽)的能力产生显著的影响,说明沙鞭实生幼苗对风蚀可能采取的是通过芽的产生贮存资源、逃避风险、等待机会的策略。赖草和沙鞭对风蚀所采用的不同适应策略,可能会影响到二者在自然条件下种群更新方式的选择。   为了探讨克隆植物对风蚀坑修复能力及机理,研究了沙鞭和赖草对种群内风蚀坑的修复过程,结果表明:合轴型克隆草本赖草具有比单轴型克隆草本沙鞭更强的植被修复能力,能够在风蚀坑中产生更多的新生分株,这主要归功于赖草的强克隆性,而赖草间隔子的可塑性反应也有利于将更多的新生分株放置在风蚀坑内。二者进行植被修复的机理有所差异,赖草对风蚀坑的修复主要是通过周围根茎扩展进入坑中,然后产生新的分株;而沙鞭不仅可以通过周边根茎进入产生新的分株,同时也可以通过刺激深层休眠芽来产生新的分株。二者都能在风蚀坑中产生比自然条件下更多的分株,以更好利用风蚀坑中充足的光照;但同时这些分株的生长也受到风蚀坑中养分条件的制约,生物量和生长状况都不如自然条件下形成的分株。