Capacidade de retenção e dinâmica de um wetland construído no tratamento de águas residuais

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Uso de wetland construído no tratamento de efluente de ranicultura

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efficiency of a constructed wetland for wastewaters treatment

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determinação do coeficiente de decaimento bacteriano em wetland - alagado construído

Wetlands systems are considered nowadays as a treatment method that uses simple, easy operation and low cost technology, which has been used in various parts of the world and also in Brazil. Used alone or as a complement to other types of treatment systems, once it effectively removes nutrients, pathogens and other pollutants in the water. Due to the high complexity found in wetlands, making it difficult to predict the response of the system to treat wastewater, one should consider as ideal to base the sizing of the wetland system over the necessary removal of this parameter instead of scaling it from empiricism. The study was conducted to determine the coefficient of bacterial decrease in the Wetland unit located at Ponta Negra Station Sewage Treatment, located in Natal, the coastal region of Rio Grande do Norte. The most representative model to determine the bacterial decrease in this system was the one from Chick for hydraulic piston system. Kb of 0.37 d-1 were found for the flow rate of 15m³/d, while for the system operating at maximum design flow, 30m³/d, the Kb of 0.98 d-1 was found

Performance of the constructed wetland system for the treatment of water from the corumbataí river

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Despoluição de águas superficiais e efluentes de piscicultura através de sistemas construídos de áreas alagadas (Constructed Wetland)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Neoformation of micas in soils surrounding an alkaline-saline lake of Pantanal wetland, Brazil

The mineralogy and origin of micas were investigated in incipient soils surrounding a modem alkaline-saline lake of Nhecolandia, a sub-region of Pantanal wetland. Soils were sampled along a toposequence and analyzed by XRD, TEM-EDS, and ICP-MS. The studied micas, mainly concentrated in a green horizon, are dioctahedral, strongly associated with Fe(3+) and Al, and interstratified with smectite layers. Classification of individual crystals shows that glauconite and Fe-illite are the dominant micas, but one crystal of illite was recognized. Si-rich amorphous materials are associated with small crystallites in the mica-enriched horizon. A recent study shows that water samples from the studied lake and the surrounding water table have high pH, negative Eh, temperatures up to 40 C. high concentration of K. and low concentration of Si(OH)(4). Experimental studies of micas synthesis reported in the literature show that similar water conditions allow for dioctahedral mica crystallization from initial precipitation of amorphous hydroxides. Therefore, water characteristics combined with presence of Si-rich amorphous materials in the mica-enriched horizon suggest that the micas of the study area are neoformed. The alternated origin of illite, glauconite, and Fe-illite mixed-layer minerals probably occurs due to seasonal variations of pH. temperature, and chemical composition of waters in microenvironments, since the changes at this scale are possibly faster and more extreme. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Soil mineral genesis and distribution in a saline lake landscape of the Pantanal Wetland, Brazil

The origin of the saline lakes in the Pantanal wetland has been classically attributed to processes occurring in past periods. However, recent studies have suggested that saline water is currently forming from evaporative concentration of fresh water, which is provided annually by seasonal floods. Major elements (Ca, Mg, K) and alkalinity appear to be geochemically controlled during the concentration of waters and may be involved in the formation of carbonates and clay minerals around the saline lakes. The mineralogy of soils associated with a representative saline lake was investigated using XRD, TEM-EDS, and ICP-MS in order to identify the composition and genesis of the secondary minerals suspected to be involved in the control of major elements. The results showed that Ca, Mg, and K effectively undergo oversaturation and precipitation as the waters become more saline. These elements are incorporated in the authigenically formed carbonates, smectites, and micas surrounding the saline lake. The control of Ca occurs by precipitation of calcite and dolomite in nodules while Mg and K are mainly involved in the neoformation of Mg-smectites (stevensitic and saponitic minerals) and, probably, iron-enriched micas (ferric-illite) in surface and subsurface horizons. Therefore, our study confirms that the salinity of Pantanal, historically attributed to inheritance from former regimes, has a contribution of current processes. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

MINERALOGY AND GENESIS OF SMECTITES IN AN ALKALINE-SALINE ENVIRONMENT OF PANTANAL WETLAND, BRAZIL

Smectite formation in alkaline-saline environments has been attributed to direct precipitation from solution and/or transformation from precursor minerals, but these mechanisms are not universally agreed upon in the literature. The objective of this work was to investigate the mineralogy of smectites in the soils surrounding a representative alkaline-saline lake of Nhecolandia, a sub-region of the Pantanal wetland, Brazil, and then to identify the mechanisms of their formation. Soils were sampled along a toposequence and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Water was collected along a transect involving the studied toposequence and equilibrium diagrams were calculated using the databases PHREEQC and AQUA. The fine-clay fraction is dominated by smectite, mica, and kaolinite. Smectites are concentrated at two places in the toposequence: an upper zone, which includes the soil horizons rarely reached by the lake-level variation; and a lower zone, which includes the surface horizon within the area of seasonal lake-level variation. Within the upper zone, the smectite is dioctahedral, rich in Al and Fe, and is classified as ferribeidellite. This phase is interstratified with mica and vermiculite and has an Fe content similar to that of the mica identified. These characteristics suggest that the ferribeidellite originates from transformation of micas and that vermiculite is an intermediate phase in this transformation. Within the lower zone, smectites are dominantly trioctahedral, Mg-rich, and are saponitic and stevensitic minerals. In addition, samples enriched in these minerals have much smaller rare-earth element (REE) contents than other soil samples. The water chemistry shows a geochemical control of Mg and saturation with respect to Mg-smectites in the more saline waters. The REE contents, water chemistry, and the presence of Mg-smectite where maximum evaporation is expected, suggest that saponitic and stevensitic minerals originate by chemical precipitation from the water column of the alkaline-saline lake.

Hydraulic tracer studies in a pilot scale subsurface flow constructed wetland

Current design procedures for Subsurface Flow (SSF) Wetlands are based on the simplifying assumptions of plug flow and first order decay of pollutants. These design procedures do yield functional wetlands but result in over-design and inadequate descriptions of the pollutant removal mechanisms which occur within them. Even though these deficiencies are often noted, few authors have attempted to improve modelling of either flow or pollutant removal in such systems. Consequently the Oxley Creek Wetland, a pilot scale SSF wetland designed to enable rigorous monitoring, has recently been constructed in Brisbane, Australia. Tracer studies have been carried out in order to determine the hydraulics of this wetland prior to commissioning it with sealed sewage. The tracer studies will continue during the wetland's commissioning and operational phases. These studies will improve our understanding of the hydraulics of newly built SSF wetlands and the changes brought on by operational factors such as biological films and wetland plant root structures. Results to date indicate that the flow through the gravel beds is not uniform and cannot be adequately modelled by a single parameter, plug flow with dispersion, model. We have developed a multiparameter model, incorporating four plug flow reactors, which provides a better approximation of our experimental data. With further development this model will allow improvements to current SSF wetland design procedures and operational strategies, and will underpin investigations into the pollutant removal mechanisms at the Oxley Creek Wetland. (C) 1997 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

O Eu construído : Identidade pessoal e consciência de Si

O problema da identidade pessoal, apresentado na nossa dissertação, tem como preocupação central discernir as condições que viabilizam a sua construção e permanência através do tempo, tendo como paradigma de interpretação o problema da relação do sujeito consigo próprio, com os outros e com o universo simbólico duma determinada época histórica. Assim, a identidade pessoal surge-nos indissociável da respectiva relação com o contexto sócio-cultural da contemporaneidade, onde a coexistência de múltiplos e díspares quadros de referência, impulsionam o eu em direcções distintas, provocando a sua exposição a modelos, valores e estilos de vida diferentes, por vezes até antagónicos, pela proliferação e intensificação dos processos de interacção social. A interioridade do sujeito existencial está agora “colonizada” por uma pluralidade de vozes, que concorrem entre si reclamando o seu direito à existência. Neste contexto, defendemos a ideia de que compete ao sujeito retirar de cada uma delas os elementos pertinentes que permitam a elaboração dos conteúdos pessoais da sua própria interioridade, ou seja, compete ao eu fazer uma síntese hermenêutica de carácter egológico que permita delinear os contornos de uma subjectividade distinta das demais. Esta ideia de identidade enquanto projecto pessoal, construído reflexivamente, dá origem a uma biografia organizada e coerente, uma escolha sempre provisória e continuamente revisitada entre mundos possíveis ou estados possíveis do mundo e do eu. É um processo individual de construção da identidade e do sentido, que transforma a “procura de si” num exercício constante de autoquestionamento existencial. Neste contexto, a interioridade contemporânea emerge a partir de uma rede de relações múltiplas que confrontam o eu com uma variedade enorme de experiências e situações existenciais, requerendo a capacidade e a elasticidade subjectivas necessárias a uma permanente interpretação do mundo e de si próprio, gerando um sujeito simultaneamente múltiplo e integrado, dotado de razão e de imaginação, capaz de construir e recriar continuamente novas formas constitutivas de si. No nosso trabalho, o problema da identidade pessoal não é perspectivado segundo uma concepção essencialista ou substancialista, baseada na imutabilidade dos indivíduos, mas sim numa perspectiva processual, segundo a qual a identidade é uma construção em permanente devir, uma consciência de si e da respectiva temporalidade. Neste sentido, o eu da contemporaneidade deve ser entendido como um processo em curso, uma identidade pluridimensional, que se constrói e desconstrói sem cessar, no âmago das diferentes relações que estabelece, quer consigo próprio (problema da reflexividade e da consciência de si), quer com os outros (problema da linguagem e da intersubjectividade comunicacional), quer ainda da ética e da orientação para o bem. Assim, a identidade pessoal é inseparável do conceito de alteridade, sendo o outro interno (dialogicidade da consciência de si) ou externo (intersubjectividade comunicacional). Esta concepção da identidade como construção e multiplicidade – construtivismo subjectivo - que defendemos no nosso trabalho, requer uma “gestão” correcta das diversas facetas do eu, actualizadas em função de contextos de interacção específicos, no sentido do auto-aperfeiçoamento de si, pela edificação e revisão constantes de uma matriz identitária forte e diferenciadora. Esta deve ser entendida não num sentido mecanicista, mas enquanto matriz em aberto, que se vai desdobrando e desocultando no fluir da temporalidade, onde coexistem vários critérios de unidade, várias modalidades de existir, segundo uma manifestação sucessiva de traços identitários actuais e inactuais, que se fenomenalizam ao longo do tempo num horizonte de experiência possível. Estamos pois a falar de uma subjectividade sem sujeito, no sentido em que não é uma subjectividade logocêntrica, não se desenha a partir da ideia clássica de unidade, nem se fundamenta num critério único de verdade. Antes se constitui através de um movimento contínuo gerador de novas formas de ser e modalidades de existir, no espaço das suas práticas e no horizonte das suas problematizações. É uma subjectividade enraizada no mundo, dialógica e relacional, que vai efectuando sínteses progressivas do seu trajecto existencial, através da dialéctica constante entre identidade e memória, enquanto forma de configuração e reconfiguração narrativa dos aconte - cimentos passados, da acção presente e das expectativas futuras, numa preocupação constante de autoconstrução de um sentido para a vida e para si próprio. A identidade pessoal enquanto matriz egológica que se constitui e reconstitui sem cessar ao longo do tempo é também um acréscimo de ser, um poder ainda vir a ser, reque - rendo por isso a assunção criativa da fragmentação do eu, num exercício permanente de reflexividade e narratividade, através do qual se ordena a temporalidade aleatória e episódica dos acontecimentos numa totalidade significante que conta a história de uma vida. Neste contexto, a ficcionalidade surge como instância de mediação eu-mundo, permitindo a formulação das inquietações e ambivalências do sujeito existencial num outro patamar ou nível discursivo, essencialmente metafórico e hermenêutico, pela retorização do problema original. A conversão do problema numa história permite ao sujeito re-interpretar a realidade para além da mera referencialidade, desvendando significados outros e configurando a sua polissemia intrínseca. A ficcionalidade surge então como poética do tempo reencontrado, descoberta e assunção de facetas insuspeitadas da identidade pessoal, pela reabilitação hermenêutico-criativa do passado, a qual possibilita a compreensão do presente e a perspectivação da acção futura. Esta constituição interpretativa de si a partir dos “testemunhos” da sua própria actividade é inseparável do exercício da “suspeita” e da provocação, no sentido em que o sujeito existencial não deve aceitar pacificamente as primeiras manifestações que acedem à consciência, mas submetê-las ao exercício da dúvida, enquanto forma de procura das motivações mais profundas e autênticas do seu próprio ser, estimuladas não só pela vontade como também pela afectividade, pela associação involuntária ou pela repetição convulsiva. A identidade pessoal enquanto construção e desconstrução permanentes de um eu simultaneamente múltiplo e integrado é, assim, o resultado de uma vida examinada, interpretada e narrada, de um si que se vê a si mesmo como um outro sempre possível.

Analysis of constructed wetland performance for irrigation reuse

Most of the wastewater treatment systems in small rural communities of the Cova da Beira region (Portugal) consist of constructed wetlands (CW) with horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF). It is believed that those systems allow the compliance of discharge standards as well as the production of final effluents with suitability for reuse. Results obtained in a nine-month campaign in an HSSF bed pointed out that COD and TSS removal were lower than expected. A discrete sampling also showed that removal of TC, FC and HE was not enough to fulfill international irrigation goals. However, the bed had a very good response to variation of incoming nitrogen loads presenting high removal of nitrogen forms. A good correlation between mass load and mass removal rate was observed for BOD5, COD, TN, NH4-N, TP and TSS, which shows a satisfactory response of the bed to the variable incoming loads. The entrance of excessive loads of organic matter and solids contributed for the decrease of the effective volume for pollutant uptake and therefore, may have negatively influenced the treatment capability. Primary treatment should be improved in order to decrease the variation of incoming organic and solid loads and to improve the removal of COD, solids and pathogenic. The final effluent presented good physical-chemical quality to be reused for irrigation, which is the most likely application in the area.

Application of wetland systems in the treatment of acid rock mine drainage

The presented work was conducted within the Dissertation / Internship, branch of Environmental Protection Technology, associated to the Master thesis in Chemical Engineering by the Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto and it was developed in the Aquatest a.s, headquartered in Prague, in Czech Republic. The ore mining exploitation in the Czech Republic began in the thirteenth century, and has been extended until the twentieth century, being now evident the consequences of the intensive extraction which includes contamination of soil and sub-soil by high concentrations of heavy metals. The mountain region of Zlaté Hory was chosen for the implementation of the remediation project, which consisted in the construction of three cells (tanks), the first to raise the pH, the second for the sedimentation of the formed precipitates and a third to increase the process efficiency in order to reduce high concentrations of metals, with special emphasis on iron, manganese and sulfates. This project was initiated in 2005, being pioneer in this country and is still ongoing due to the complex chemical and biological phenomenon’s inherent to the system. At the site where the project was implemented, there is a natural lagoon, thereby enabling a comparative study of the two systems (natural and artificial) regarding the efficiency of both in the reduction/ removal of the referred pollutants. The study aimed to assist and cooperate in the ongoing investigation at the company Aquatest, in terms of field work conducted in Zlaté Hory and in terms of research methodologies used in it. Thereby, it was carried out a survey and analysis of available data from 2005 to 2008, being complemented by the treatment of new data from 2009 to 2010. Moreover, a theoretical study of the chemical and biological processes that occurs in both systems was performed. Regarding the field work, an active participation in the collection and in situ sample analyzing of water and soil from the natural pond has been attained, with the supervision of Engineer, Irena Šupiková. Laboratory analysis of water and soil were carried out by laboratory technicians. It was found that the natural lagoon is more efficient in reducing iron and manganese, being obtained removal percentages of 100%. The artificial lagoon had a removal percentage of 90% and 33% for iron and manganese respectively. Despite the minor efficiency of the constructed wetland, it must be pointed out that this system was designed for the treatment and consequent reduction of iron. In this context, it can conclude that the main goal has been achieved. In the case of sulphates, the removal optimization is yet a goal to be achieved not only in the Czech Republic but also in other places where this type of contamination persists. In fact, in the natural lagoon and in the constructed wetland, removal efficiencies of 45% and 7% were obtained respectively. It has been speculated that the water at the entrance of both systems has different sources. The analysis of the collected data shows at the entrance of the natural pond, a concentration of 4.6 mg/L of total iron, 14.6 mg/L of manganese and 951 mg/L of sulphates. In the artificial pond, the concentrations are 27.7 mg/L, 8.1 mg/L and 382 mg/L respectively for iron, manganese and sulphates. During 2010 the investigation has been expanded. The study of soil samples has started in order to observe and evaluate the contribution of bacteria in the removal of heavy metals being in its early phase. Summarizing, this technology has revealed to be an interesting solution, since in addition to substantially reduce the mentioned contaminants, mostly iron, it combines the low cost of implementation with an reduced maintenance, and it can also be installed in recreation parks, providing habitats for plants and birds.