Desempenho Produtivo de Animais de Quatro Raças Zebuínas, Abatidos em Três Estádios de Maturidade. 1. Ganho de Peso e de Carcaça e Eficiência de Ganho

This research was conducted to evaluate the productive performance (live weight gain and carcass weight gain and gain efficiency) of animals from four zebu breed slaughtered in three maturity stages. Thirty-six bulls from Gyr, Guzera, Mocho Tabapua and Nellore with twenty-four months of average age and average initial live weight of 357.6, 362.0, 368.6 and 376.4 kg, respectively, were used. The bulls, from each breed, were randomly assigned to individual pens and were full-fed a diet containing 50% concentrate (DM basis) and distributed to three category (1, 2 and 3) of slaughter weights. The bulls from category 1, 2 and 3 were slaughtered when reached the individual live weight of 405, 450 and 500 kg, respectively. At slaughter the empty body weight was determined. The Nellore breed bulls showed greater average empty body weight gain and carcass gain in relation to the other breeds, which did not differ among themselves. There were no differences among breeds regarding to feed efficiency (empty body weight gain efficiency and carcass gain efficiency per unit of metabolizable energy intake). The slaughter weight did not influence the empty body weight gain and carcass gain, but animals slaughtered at higher slaughter weights showed lower gain efficiency and spent more time in feedlot.

Prediction of genomic-enabled breeding values and genome-wide association study for feedlot average daily weight gain in Nelore cattle

Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento Animal - FCAV

Genetic parameters for postweaning traits in Braunvieh cattle

Genetic parameters for traits related to postweaning growth in Braunvieh cattle, reared under tropical and sub-tropical conditions in Brazil, were studied. Weight traits were weight at 365 days of age (W365, N = 4055), at 450 days (W450, N = 3453), and at 550 days (W550, N = 1946), while weight gains were gain from weaning to 365 days of age (WGW365, N = 3060), from weaning to 450 days (WGW450, N = 2764), from weaning to 550 days (WGW550, N = 1531), from 365 to 550 days of age (WG365550, N = 1528), from 365 to 450 days (WG365450, N = 2401), and from 450 to 550 days (WG450550, N = 1563). A full animal model was used for estimating the variance components, using the MTDFREML software. The dataset contained 18,688 animals with phenotypic measures and 35,188 animals in the relationship matrix. Heritability estimates for postweaning weights decreased with age. For W365, W450 and W550, respectively, the direct heritability estimates were 0.29 +/- 0.061, 0.25 +/- 0.057, 0.16 +/- 0.060, maternal heritability was 0.20 +/- 0.035, 0.18 +/- 0.035, 0.13 +/- 0.052, and total heritability was 0.30, 0.35, 0.26. In this breed, maternal influence was found to be important up to 550 days of age. The greater genetic correlations between weights were observed for weights measured at shorter intervals. A large environmental effect was observed for weight gain between weaning and 550 days; this effect was greater for the gains between 365 and 550 days.

Weight-preoccupation, personality and depression in university students : an interactionist perspective

The present research was designed to examine Beck's (1983; 1987) cognitive diathesis-stress model of depression in a new context. Specifically, this cross-sectional study investigated whether Beck's cognitive-personality traits of sociotropy and autonomy interacted with a specific daily hassle/stressor, weightpreoccupation, in the prediction of depressed mood in women and men. Weightpreoccupation was chosen as the particular daily stressor, because, according to Kanner, Coyne, Schaeffer, and Lazarus (1981). concern about weight and physical appearance were two of the most troublesome daily hassles among university students. ContraIy to current stereotypes, men also express concerns with weight and appearance (Cash, Winstead, &, landi, 1986), in both the direction of weight loss and weight/muscle gain (Drewnowski &, Yee, 1987). Thus, unique to this study was the examination of weight-preoccupation in men, not only in the direction of weight loss, but also in the direction of weight and muscle gain. Two hundred and fifty-one undergraduates were administered the revised SociotropyAutonomy Scale (SAS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDij, the Hassles and Uplifts Scale, the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), and the Restraint Scale (RS). Through a process of model building, a final model was devised in which depression (ie., BDI total scores) was regressed on personality (Le., SAS Sociotropy) and weight-preoccupation (i.e., Drive for Thinness, Body Dissatisfaction, and the Restraint Scale). Separate hierarchical multiple regression analyses, with BDI as the dependent variable, were carried out for each of the 2 3 weight-preoccupation variables. Results revealed a specific congruent interaction between weight,..preoccupation and personality. Specifically, drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction interacted with sociotropy to predict depressed mood in both women and men, but the interaction between sociotropy and the Restraint Scale was marginal. Findings suggested that weight-preoccupied women and men experienced depressed mood to the extent that they were characterized as more highly sociotropic. As predicted, personality (i.e., sociotropy), moderated the relationship between daily stress (i.e., weight-preoccupation) and depression. Thus, results revealed that the proposed diathesis-stress model seemed to operate in the same manner for women and men. Moreover, the examination of weightpreoccupation among men (i.e., in the direction of both weight loss and weight/muscle gain) further revealed that, when curvilinearity was taken into account, highly sociotropic men, who had a low desire to gain weight and muscle mass (i.e., most likely those who desired to lose weight), experienced higher levels of depressed mood than those who had a "medium" desire for weight and muscle gain. However, the highest levels of depressed mood was experienced by highly sociotropic men who were highly weight-preoccupied in the direction of wanting to gain weight and muscle mass. In addition, possible reasons for the present fmdings, as wen as iimitations and impiicalions for future research are discussed.

Acclimation of broiler chickens to chronic high environmental temperature

The present study was conducted to evaluate the zootechnical parameters and age related changes in physiological responses of broiler chickens exposed to hot environment from early age onwards. The broiler chickens were exposed to high temperature (30 degreesC) at 15 d of age and maintained to Day 38 or maintained under thermoneutral environment (control).No significant decrease in feed consumption (FC) and body weight (BW) gain was observed in high temperature group after 7 d of exposure, but in the subsequent period, heat exposure lowered BW and FC, compared to control group. However, the weight gain was not significantly changed after 24 d of exposure, and the feed efficiency was not affected throughout the experimental period.The venous pCO(2) pressure was only significantly decreased by temperature after 24 d of heat exposure. The glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), triglyceride (TG), glucose, lipid peroxidation (LPO), creatine kinase (CK), and corticosterone were not influenced by the temperature treatment. The significant decrease in uric acid and increase in lactate concentration due to high temperature were observed respectively at 28 and 35 d of age. The concentrations of triiodothyronine (T-3) and thyroxine (T-4) were changed oppositely at 28 d of age, as T-3 was decreased and T-4 was elevated by high temperature. However, the concentration of T-4 in plasma was decreased whereas T-3 was not changed at 38 d of age. The relationships between the blood parameters were changed due to the temperature treatment, suggesting that not only absolute values but also their interrelationships have to be considered when studying the effects of a particular treatment on physiological functioning.These results suggest the growth and physiological responses of broiler chickens, exposed to high temperature from early age onwards, differed at different stages of acclimation. The process of heat acclimation is related to the mode of heat exposure imposed and is not only reflected in the changes in the absolute concentrations, but also in the correlations among the blood indices.

Straightforward systematic approach for fuel efficiency and emissions assessment in automotive systems

At this time, each major automotive market bares its own standards and test procedures to regulate the vehicle green house gases emissions and, thus, fuel consumption. Hence, much are the ways to evaluate the overall efficiency of motor vehicles. The majority of such standards rely on dynamometer cycle tests that appraise only the vehicle as a whole, but fail to assess emissions for each component or sub-system. Once the amount of work generated by the power source of an ICE vehicle to overcome the driving resistance forces is proportional to the energy contained in the required amount of fuel, the power path of the vehicle can be straightforwardly modeled as a set of mechanical systems, and each sub-system evaluated for its share on the total fuel consumption and green house gases emission. This procedure enables the estimation of efficiency gains on the system due to improvement of particular elements on the vehicle's driveline. In this work a simple systematic mechanical model of an arbitrary smallsized hatch back was assembled and total required energy calculated for different regulatory cycles. All the modeling details of the energy balance throughout the system are presented. Afterward, each subsystem was investigated for its role on the fuel consumption and the generated emission quantified. Furthermore, the application of the modeling technique for different sets of sub-systems was introduced. Copyright © 2011 SAE International.

Teores crescentes de proteína bruta em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar para novilhas Holandês x Gir

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeito das frequências de alimentação sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e saúde ruminal de bovinos nelore confinados

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Protein and energy requirements of castrated male Saanen goats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeito da dieta líquida sobre o desempenho de leitões neonatos e seus reflexos na matriz suína

Para ser competitivo atualmente, o sistema intensivo de produção de suínos deve estar pautado na eficiência. A fim de obter esta eficiência produtiva, o avanço genético das ultimas décadas buscou por fêmeas suínas cada vez mais prolíficas. A prolificidade contudo, veio acompanhada por uma queda no consumo voluntário de alimento por parte das fêmeas, bem como um aumento na produção de leite, e no número de leitões nascidos; o aumento da leitegada, levou a uma redução do peso ao nascimento e um aumento da heterogeneidade entre os leitões. Como forma de contornar o problema, são oferecidas aos leitões dietas formuladas com ingredientes de alto valor biológico a partir dos sete dias de vida, procurando suprir a demanda nutricional do animal durante o período de amamentação e preparar seu sistema digestório para o desmame. Contudo, grande parte das dietas formuladas para os leitões neonatos são oferecidas aos animais em sua forma sólida. Neste projeto, avaliamos os efeitos sobre a performance de leitões neonatos e da performance reprodutiva da fêmea suína do oferecimento de uma dieta líquida para os leitões neonatos, dieta esta que foi disponibilizada aos animais através de um sistema automatizado que realizou a mistura do alimento em sua forma sólida com a água. Para tais avaliações, os leitões ao nascer foram alocados em três grupos distintos, recebendo a dieta em sua forma líquida, em sua forma sólida ou então apenas o leite materno. Foram avaliadas variáveis zootécnicas relacionadas aos leitões, como peso, ganho diário de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, mortalidade pré-desmame; frequência de dias com diarreia nos leitões em fase de maternidade e creche. Foram eutanasiados leitões aos 14 e aos 28 dias de idade, para a realização do exame morfométrico da altura de vilosidade, profundidade de cripta e a relação entre a altura de vilosidade e profundidade de cripta nas porções do duodeno, jejuno e íleo. Avaliamos também o impacto do uso da dieta líquida sobre o catabolismo sofrido pela fêmea durante a lactação, através da aferição do peso e da espessura de toucinho desta fêmeas durante o período lactacional e também a duração do intervalo desmame estro e a duração do estro subsequente ao desmame. Não verificamos contudo um melhor desempenho zootécnico dos leitões nos períodos de maternidade e creche, tão pouco uma alteração favorável quanto a frequência de dias com diarreia nas duas fases em relação aos leitões que não consumiram nenhum tipo de suplementação. Quanto aos parâmetros morfométricos do intestino delgado, apenas aos 28 dias de idade os leitões que receberam a dieta líquida apresentaram maiores alturas de vilosidades no íleo em relação aos leitões que consumiram a dieta sólida e os animais do grupo controle apresentaram menores profundidades de cripta no mesmo seguimento e idade quando comparados aos demais animais. Contudo, estas alterações não foram o suficiente para garantir diferenças na relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta. E ainda, a suplementação independente de sua forma não reduziu o catabolismo sofrido pela fêmea suína durante a lactação

Maximizing the Efficiency of Greenhouse Gas Related Consumer Policy

Consumer policy approaches regarding green products and solutions can be differentiated by their main focus. “Green positioning” is basically targeted at environmentally aware consumers, while “efficiency-focused positioning” concentrates on the efficiency gain of the product or solution, targeting the whole society, regardless of consumers' environmental awareness. The paper argues that the scope and total environmental benefit can be increased if green products or solutions are promoted in different ways, not only as “green” but also based on other arguments (like cost-efficiency, return on investment, etc.). The paper suggests a model for improving the efficiency of greenhouse gas (GHG)-related consumer policy. Based on the marginal social cost curve and the marginal private cost curve, different (green, yellow, and red) zones of action are identified. GHG mitigation options chosen from those zones are then evaluated with the help of profiling method, addressing the barriers to implementation. Profiling may help design an implementation strategy for the selected options and make consumer policy more effective and acceptable for mass market. Case study results show three different ways of positioning of GHG-related consumer policy in Hungary from 2000 and give practical examples of profiling, based on the latest marginal social cost curve and the contemporary energy saving policy of the state regarding the residential sector.

Maximizing the Efficiency of Greenhouse Gas Related Consumer Policy

Consumer policy approaches regarding green products and solutions can be differentiated by their main focus. “Green positioning” is basically targeted at environmentally aware consumers, while “efficiency-focused positioning” concentrates on the efficiency gain of the product or solution, targeting the whole society, regardless of consumers' environmental awareness. The paper argues that the scope and total environmental benefit can be increased if green products or solutions are promoted in different ways, not only as “green” but also based on other arguments (like cost-efficiency, return on investment, etc.). The paper suggests a model for improving the efficiency of greenhouse gas (GHG)-related consumer policy. Based on the marginal social cost curve and the marginal private cost curve, different (green, yellow, and red) zones of action are identified. GHG mitigation options chosen from those zones are then evaluated with the help of profiling method, addressing the barriers to implementation. Profiling may help design an implementation strategy for the selected options and make consumer policy more effective and acceptable for mass market. Case study results show three different ways of positioning of GHG-related consumer policy in Hungary from 2000 and give practical examples of profiling, based on the latest marginal social cost curve and the contemporary energy saving policy of the state regarding the residential sector.

Evaluating vehicle painting plans in an automobile assembly plant using an integrated AHP-PROMETHEE approach

The painting activity is one of the most complex and important activities in automobile manufacturing. The inherent complexity of the painting activity and the frequent need for repainting usually turn the painting process into a bottleneck in automobile assembly plants, which is reflected in higher operating costs and longer overall cycle times. One possible approach for optimizing the performance of the paint shop is to improve the efficiency of the color planning. This can be accomplished by evaluating the relative merits of a set of vehicle painting plans. Since this problem has a multicriteria nature, we resort to the multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) methodology to tackle it. A recent trend in the MCDA field is the development of hybrid approaches that are used to achieve operational synergies between different methods. Here we apply, for the first time, an integrated approach that combines the strengths of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE), aided by Geometrical Analysis for Interactive Aid (GAIA), to the problem of assessing alternative vehicle painting plans. The management of the assembly plant found the results of value and is currently using them in order to schedule the painting activities such that an enhancement of the operational efficiency of the paint shop is obtained. This efficiency gain has allowed the management to bid for a new automobile model to be assembled at this specific plant.

Distributed conditional computation

L'objectif de cette thèse est de présenter différentes applications du programme de recherche de calcul conditionnel distribué. On espère que ces applications, ainsi que la théorie présentée ici, mènera à une solution générale du problème d'intelligence artificielle, en particulier en ce qui a trait à la nécessité d'efficience. La vision du calcul conditionnel distribué consiste à accélérer l'évaluation et l'entraînement de modèles profonds, ce qui est très différent de l'objectif usuel d'améliorer sa capacité de généralisation et d'optimisation. Le travail présenté ici a des liens étroits avec les modèles de type mélange d'experts. Dans le chapitre 2, nous présentons un nouvel algorithme d'apprentissage profond qui utilise une forme simple d'apprentissage par renforcement sur un modèle d'arbre de décisions à base de réseau de neurones. Nous démontrons la nécessité d'une contrainte d'équilibre pour maintenir la distribution d'exemples aux experts uniforme et empêcher les monopoles. Pour rendre le calcul efficient, l'entrainement et l'évaluation sont contraints à être éparse en utilisant un routeur échantillonnant des experts d'une distribution multinomiale étant donné un exemple. Dans le chapitre 3, nous présentons un nouveau modèle profond constitué d'une représentation éparse divisée en segments d'experts. Un modèle de langue à base de réseau de neurones est construit à partir des transformations éparses entre ces segments. L'opération éparse par bloc est implémentée pour utilisation sur des cartes graphiques. Sa vitesse est comparée à deux opérations denses du même calibre pour démontrer le gain réel de calcul qui peut être obtenu. Un modèle profond utilisant des opérations éparses contrôlées par un routeur distinct des experts est entraîné sur un ensemble de données d'un milliard de mots. Un nouvel algorithme de partitionnement de données est appliqué sur un ensemble de mots pour hiérarchiser la couche de sortie d'un modèle de langage, la rendant ainsi beaucoup plus efficiente. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse est au centre de la vision de calcul conditionnel distribué émis par Yoshua Bengio. Elle tente d'appliquer la recherche dans le domaine des mélanges d'experts aux modèles profonds pour améliorer leur vitesse ainsi que leur capacité d'optimisation. Nous croyons que la théorie et les expériences de cette thèse sont une étape importante sur la voie du calcul conditionnel distribué car elle cadre bien le problème, surtout en ce qui concerne la compétitivité des systèmes d'experts.

Compact dual band slot loaded circular microstrip antenna with a superstrate

Design of a compact dual frequency microstrip antenna is presented. The structure consists of a slotted circular patch with a dielectric superstrate. The superstrate,not only acts as a radome, but improves the bandwidth and lowers the resonant frequency also. The proposed design provides an overall size reduction of about 60% compared to an unslotted patch along with good efficiency,gain and bandwidth. The polarization planes at the two resonances are orthogonal and can be simultaneously excited using a coaxial feed. Parametric study of this configuration showed that the frequency ratio of the two resonances can be varied from 1.17 to 1.7 enabling its applications in the major wireless communication bands like AWS, DECT,PHS,Wi.Bro, ISM,and DMB. Design equations are also deduced for the proposed antenna and validated.