Étude des relations entre la résilience d'enseignantes et d’enseignants du primaire œuvrant en milieux défavorisés et la réflexion sur la pratique

Le contexte actuel de la profession enseignante au Québec est caractérisé par l’évolution manifeste qu’a connue l’enseignement depuis les dernières décennies, évolution marquée par une complexification de la tâche, accentuée par divers phénomènes sociaux. En dépit de l’épuisement professionnel et de l’attrition de certains, plusieurs enseignantes et enseignants relèvent le défi de l’enseignement en milieux difficiles et réussissent à se développer professionnellement. Ce phénomène s’apparente au concept de résilience. Parmi les facteurs personnels de protection qui favorisent la résilience, les habiletés et compétences professionnelles ont déjà été mises en évidence chez le personnel scolaire résilient. De son côté, la littérature sur le développement des compétences professionnelles valorise l’importance de la réflexion sur la pratique comme vecteur privilégié de ce processus. Dans cette perspective, la question de recherche posée est à savoir si des relations peuvent être établies entre la résilience et la réflexion sur la pratique en enseignement. Ainsi, suivant la conceptualisation de G.E. Richardson (2002), nous avons tenté d’explorer les relations entre la résilience et la réflexion du personnel enseignant, telle que conceptualisée par Korthagen (1985, 2004), à l’aide de stratégies mixtes de collecte et d’analyse des données. Nous avons d’abord opérationnalisé les deux concepts par des indices provenant de plusieurs instruments: questionnaire sur la qualité de vie au travail, journal d’autoévaluation du stress, entretien semi-dirigé. Vingt-et-une enseignantes et deux enseignants de sept écoles primaires parmi les plus défavorisées de Montréal ont participé à l’étude. Près de 7000 unités de sens ont été codées dans les entretiens. Des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives ont permis de décrire l’adversité (stress) vécue par les participants, leur qualité de vie au travail et leurs compétences professionnelles (adaptation positive), de même que leurs facteurs de risque et de protection, individuels et environnementaux. Cette démarche a permis de dégager quatre profils généraux de résilience parmi les 23 participants: très résilient (2), résilient (9), peu résilient (8) et non résilient (2). Parallèlement, le processus et les contenus de la réflexion des participants ont été analysés à partir des modèles théoriques choisis. On remarque que la plupart des participants se centrent davantage sur la description des situations problématiques, plutôt que sur la recherche de solutions, et sur les contenus environnementaux, plutôt que personnels. L’analyse verticale de quatre cas représentatifs des profils de résilience a permis des comparaisons approfondies au plan de la réflexion. Ce sont les enseignantes situées aux extrêmes du continuum de résilience (la plus résiliente et la moins résiliente de l’échantillon) qui ont montré les distinctions les plus nettes. Notamment, il semblerait qu’une faible résilience soit liée à une centration accrue sur les problèmes plutôt que sur les solutions, ainsi que sur les contenus réflexifs environnementaux plutôt que personnels, et inversement. Enfin, malgré certaines limites méthodologiques et conceptuelles, cette étude révèle l’existence de liens empiriques entre la réflexion et la résilience d’enseignantes et d’enseignants œuvrant en milieux défavorisés. Elle ouvre également la voie à des pistes pour développer la résilience du personnel scolaire et propose des idées de recherches prospectives.

Logique d'action et quête de sens : le risque en protection de l'enfance

La présente recherche a comme sujet la gestion des risques au cœur de la prise de décision en protection de l’enfance. Elle a comme objectif une meilleure compréhension de la pratique à partir de la construction des logiques d’action déployées par les professionnels ainsi que la réflexion sur le sens qu’ils accordent à leurs actions. Le projet est porté par une posture constructiviste : les professionnels « construisent » la situation problématique de l’enfant à protéger tout comme ils construisent la solution envisagée. C’est à partir de la combinaison entre la réflexivité (Schön; Racine; Giddens) et la délibération éthique (Bossé, Morin et Dallaire) que des groupes de discussion impliquant des professionnels de professions et de statuts différents ont été réalisés au Centre jeunesse de l’Estrie. Ces groupes s’inscrivent dans une méthodologie qualitative laissant place aux discours des acteurs et sont accompagnés d’entretiens individuels comme stratégie complémentaire de cueillette de données. Les données ont été explorées à partir d’une analyse de contenu sous trois axes (Van der Maren) : une analyse horizontale (dégager les éléments pertinents à partir d’un cadre de délibération éthique), une analyse verticale (dégager les interactions et les inter-influences dans les groupes de discussion) et une analyse transversale (dégager des noyaux de sens et des logiques d’action à travers les discours). Les résultats permettent d’établir des séquences dans la prise de décision des professionnels à partir desquelles se construisent les logiques d’action. Trois logiques sont dégagées de l’analyse de contenu ⎯ collaborative, délibérative, légaliste ⎯ qui sont appuyées sur plusieurs dimensions regroupées à l’intérieur de trois axes d’intérêt : le rapport au mandat de protection, le rapport à la situation et le rapport au risque. Au-delà des logiques elles-mêmes, les résultats portent également à réfléchir des éléments de processus qui influencent la prise de décision. Ces éléments amènent à explorer et à questionner la posture professionnelle et la conviction, le dialogue et la présence d’espace de traduction ainsi que l’apport de la délibération collective. Au final, la recherche permet de réaffirmer la complexité de la pratique de protection de l’enfance mais elle conduit également à plaider en faveur d’une conscientisation de la pratique. Dégager des logiques d’action procure des clés de réflexivité pour les professionnels les menant à conscientiser leur prise de décision et ainsi accéder

A influência da rede de franqueados na gestão estratégica da franqueadora: um estudo de caso múltiplo no franchising brasileiro

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo pesquisar a influência dos franqueados na gestão estratégica de sua franqueadora. Dentre todos os tipos de franchising existentes, foram avaliados os modelos atuais, que conceitualmente oferecem possibilidade de diálogo e debate, entre franqueados e franqueadores, sobre assuntos relativos ao negócio, a saber: o Business Format Franchising, modelo mais utilizado e o Learning Network Franchising, uma versão mais evoluída do primeiro. Foi escolhido o estudo de caso múltiplo com quatro redes de franquias brasileiras, atuantes a nível nacional, associadas à ABF e com qualidade reconhecida e chancelada pelo selo de excelência em franchising por diversas vezes. Fundamentados na teoria de aprendizagem, a qual mostra a necessidade de maior participação e aprendizado mútuo para melhoria contínua do negócio e da competitividade, e nas demais teorias sobre o sistema, como a de agência e da escassez de recursos, as franquias das gerações mais recentes criaram meios de comunicação e troca de experiência com suas redes de franqueados. Procuramos entender como se dá esta interação e quais os meios que elas utilizam para facilitar este processo. Utilizou-se o método de estudo de caso múltiplo, por se tratar de um fenômeno contemporâneo. A pesquisa qualitativa teve um caráter exploratório-descritivo. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, com franqueados, franqueadores e consultores do mercado, nas praças do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Os dados foram avaliados utilizando o método de análise de conteúdo para atingir os objetivos propostos. Foi realizada a análise horizontal, relativizando entre os grupos de entrevistados, principalmente franqueados e franqueadores e, em alguns momentos, a análise vertical, explorando as franquias individualmente, buscando semelhanças e divergências nas redes. A pesquisa ressalta formas alternativas de participação de franqueados no desenvolvimento e debate sobre questões estratégicas e mostra que hoje tais influências estão concentradas na estratégia funcional, aproveitando o conhecimento do franqueado em sua operação local em benefício da rede. Foram encontradas experiências interessantes na forma como as redes se organizam para interagir e conseguir influenciar na estratégia adotada por seu franqueador e os desafios presentes para aprimorar e expandir esta troca.

Análisis financiero de la empresa Cementos Argos de Colombia S.A y el sector cementero en Colombia

A partir del 2010, el sector cementero en Colombia experimentó un crecimiento en sus ventas que lo ha posicionado como uno de los sectores más rentable en el país. Esta oportunidad de crecimiento ha permitido que Cementos Argos de Colombia se convirtiera en la empresa líder del sector. Expandiéndose así a mercados internacionales teniendo presencia en países de Centroamérica y Estados Unidos. Por lo tanto es necesario indagar las implicaciones que han tenido los cambios en el sector en las finanzas de la empresa. Para tal fin, se realiza el presente trabajo, que busca determinar de qué manera Cementos Argos de Colombia usa sus recursos para ser una de las empresas del sector mejor posicionada a pesar del crecimiento del mismo y la fuerte competencia que existente. Para esto, se estableció el análisis financiero de Cementos Argos de Colombia, diferentes herramientas e indicadores financieros que ayudaron a identificar, analizar, describir y evaluar los aspectos claves que garantizan el éxito de la empresa.

Analysis of pore-fluid pressure gradient and effective vertical-stress gradient distribution in layered hydrodynamic systems

A theoretical analysis is carried out to investigate the pore-fluid pressure gradient and effective vertical-stress gradient distribution in fluid saturated porous rock masses in layered hydrodynamic systems. Three important concepts, namely the critical porosity of a porous medium, the intrinsic Fore-fluid pressure and the intrinsic effective vertical stress of the solid matrix, are presented and discussed. Using some basic scientific principles, we derive analytical solutions and explore the conditions under which either the intrinsic pore-fluid pressure gradient or the intrinsic effective vertical-stress gradient can be maintained at the value of the lithostatic pressure gradient. Even though the intrinsic pore-fluid pressure gradient can be maintained at the value of the lithostatic pressure gradient in a single layer, it is impossible to maintain it at this value in all layers in a layered hydrodynamic system, unless all layers have the same permeability and porosity simultaneously. However, the intrinsic effective vertical-stress gradient of the solid matrix can be maintained at a value close to the lithostatic pressure gradient in all layers in any layered hydrodynamic system within the scope of this study.

Analysis of steady-state heat transfer through mid-crustal vertical cracks with upward throughflow in hydrothermal systems

We conduct a theoretical analysis of steady-state heat transfer problems through mid-crustal vertical cracks with upward throughflow in hydrothermal systems. In particular, we derive analytical solutions for both the far field and near field of the system. In order to investigate the contribution of the forced advection to the total temperature of the system, two concepts, namely the critical Peclet number and the critical permeability of the system, have been presented and discussed in this paper. The analytical solution for the far field of the system indicates that if the pore-fluid pressure gradient in the crust is lithostatic, the critical permeability of the system can be used to determine whether or not the contribution of the forced advection to the total temperature of the system is negligible. Otherwise, the critical Peclet number should be used. For a crust of moderate thickness, the critical permeability is of the order of magnitude of 10(-20) m(2), under which heat conduction is the overwhelming mechanism to transfer heat energy, even though the pore-fluid pressure gradient in the crust is lithostatic. Furthermore, the lower bound analytical solution for the near field of the system demonstrates that the permeable vertical cracks in the middle crust can efficiently transfer heat energy from the lower crust to the upper crust of the Earth. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Vertical Root Fracture in Upper Premolars with Endodontic Posts: Finite Element Analysis

Upper premolars restored with endodontic posts present a high incidence of vertical root fracture (VRF). Two hypotheses were tested: (1) the smaller mesiodistal diameter favors stress concentration in the root and (2) the lack of an effective bonding between root and post increases the risk of VRF. Using finite element analysis, maximum principal stress was analyzed in 3-dimensional intact upper second premolar models. From the intact models, new models were built including endodontic posts of different elastic modulus (E = 37 or E = 200 GPa) with circular or oval cross-section, either bonded or nonbonded to circular or oval cross-section root canals. The first hypothesis was partially confirmed because the conditions involving nonbonded, low-modulus posts showed lower tensile stress for oval canals compared to circular canals. Tensile stress peaks for the nonbonded models were approximately three times higher than for the bonded or intact models, therefore confirming the second hypothesis. (J Endod 2009;35:117-120)

Media stress intensity analysis for vertical stirred mills

Experimental work has been carried out to investigate the effect of major operating variables on milling efficiency of calcium carbonate in laboratory and pilot size Tower and Sala Agitated (SAM) mills. The results suggest that the stirrer speed, media size and slurry density affect the specific energy consumption required to achieve the given product size. Media stress intensity analysis developed for high-speed horizontal mills was modified to include the effect of gravitational force in the vertical stirred mills such as the Tower and SAM units. The results suggest that this approach can be successfully applied for both mill types. For a given specific energy input, an optimum stress intensity range existed, for which the finest product was achieved. Finer product and therefore higher milling efficiency was obtained with SAM in the range of operating conditions tested. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF TRACK VIBRATIONS DUE TO VERTICAL STIFFNESS VARIATION IN HIGH-SPEED RAILWAYS

High speed trains, when crossing regions with abrupt changes in vertical stiffness of the track and/or subsoil, may generate excessive ground and track vibrations. There is an urgent need for specific analyses of this problem so as to allow reliable esimates of vibration amplitude. Full understanding of these phenomena will lead to new construction solutions and mitigation of undesirable features. In this paper analytical transient solutions of dynamic response of one-dimensional systems with sudden change of foundation stiffness are derived. Results are expressed in terms of vertical displacement. Sensitivity analysis of the response amplitude is also performed. The analytical expressions presented herein, to the authors’ knowledge, have not been published yet. Although related to one-dimensional cases, they can give useful insight into the problem. Nevertheless, in order to obtain realistic response, vehicle- rail interaction cannot be omitted. Results and conclusions are confirmed using general purpose commercial software ANSYS. In conclusion, this work contributes to a better understanding of the additional vibration phenomenon due to vertical stiffness variation, permitting better control of the train velocity and optimization of the track design.

Vertical competition and multi-period interaction : a theoretical and behavioral analysis on the impact of strategic inventories in supply chain management

Otto-von-Guericke-Universtität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaft, Univ., Dissertation, 2015

The vertical dimension of social relations and accurate interpersonal perception: A meta-analysis (Publishd online: 24 Oct. 2014)

There is little consensus regarding how verticality (social power, dominance, and status) is related to accurate interpersonal perception. The relation could be either positive or negative, and there could be many causal processes at play. The present article discusses the theoretical possibilities and presents a meta-analysis of this question. In studies using a standard test of interpersonal accuracy, higher socioeconomic status (SES) predicted higher accuracy defined as accurate inference about the meanings of cues; also, higher experimentally manipulated vertical position predicted higher accuracy defined as accurate recall of others' words. In addition, although personality dominance did not predict accurate inference overall, the type of personality dominance did, such that empathic/responsible dominance had a positive relation and egoistic/aggressive dominance had a negative relation to accuracy. In studies involving live interaction, higher experimentally manipulated vertical position produced lower accuracy defined as accurate inference about cues; however, methodological problems place this result in doubt.

Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Vertical and Angular Misfit in Implant-Supported Fixed Prostheses

Purpose: Three-dimensional finite element analysis was used to evaluate the effect of vertical and angular misfit in three-piece implant-supported screw-retained fixed prostheses on the biomechanical response in the peri-implant bone, implants, and prosthetic components. Materials and Methods: Four three-dimensional models were fabricated to represent a right posterior mandibular section with one implant in the region of the second premolar (2PM) and another in the region of the second molar (2M). The implants were splinted by a three-piece implant-supported metal-ceramic prosthesis and differed according to the type of misfit, as represented by four different models: Control = prosthesis with complete fit to the implants; UAM (unilateral angular misfit) = prosthesis presenting unilateral angular misfit of 100 pm in the mesial region of the 2M; UVM (unilateral vertical misfit) = prosthesis presenting unilateral vertical misfit of 100 pm in the mesial region of the 2M; and TVM (total vertical misfit) = prosthesis presenting total vertical misfit of 100 pm in the platform of the framework in the 2M. A vertical load of 400 N was distributed and applied on 12 centric points by the software Ansys, ie, a vertical load of 150 N was applied to each molar in the prosthesis and a vertical load of 100 N was applied at the 2PM. Results: The stress values and distribution in peri-implant bone tissue were similar for all groups. The models with misfit exhibited different distribution patterns and increased stress magnitude in comparison to the control. The highest stress values in group UAM were observed in the implant body and retention screw. The groups UVM and TVM exhibited high stress values in the platform of the framework and the implant hexagon, respectively. Conclusions: The three types of misfit influenced the magnitude and distribution of stresses. The influence of misfit on peri-implant bone tissue was modest. Each type of misfit increased the stress values in different regions of the system. INT J ORAL MAXILLOFAC IMPLANTS 2011;26:788-796

Complex modal analysis of a slender vertical rotor by finite elements method

In this paper, natural frequencies were analyzed (axial, torsional and flexural) and frequency response of a vertical rotor with a hard disk at the edge through the classical modal and complex analysis. The equation that rules the movement was obtained through the Lagrangian formulation. The model considered the effects of bending, torsion and axial deformation of the shaft, besides the gravitational and gyroscopic effects. The finite element method was used to discretize the structure into hollow cylindrical elements with 12 degrees of freedom. Mass, stiffness and gyroscopic matrices were explained consistently. The classical modal analysis, usually applied to stationary structures, does not consider an important characteristic of rotating machinery which are the methods of forward and backward whirl. Initially, through the traditional modal analysis, axial and torsional natural frequencies were obtained in a static shaft, since they do not suffer the influence of gyroscopic effects. Later research was performed by complex modal analysis. This type of tool, based on the use of complex coordinates to describe the dynamic behavior of rotating shaft, allows the decomposition of the system in two submodes, backward and forward. Thus, it is possible to clearly visualize that the orbit and direction of the precessional motion around the line of the rotating shaft is not deformed. A finite element program was developed using MATLAB (TM) and numerical simulations were performed to validate this model. Natural frequencies and directional frequency forced response (dFRF) were obtained using the complex modal analysis for a simple vertical rotor and also for a typical drill string used in the construction of oil wells.

Incomplete vertical root fracture associated with lateral compaction technique: a microscopic analysis

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of root canal obturation employing lateral compaction technique and spreader load of 1.5 kg on the incidence of complete (CVRF) or incomplete vertical root fractures (IVRF). Material and Methods: Twenty-seven distal roots of extracted human mandibular molars were used. All root canals were prepared by biomechanical step-back technique and obturated by lateral compaction technique. The prepared roots were distributed into two groups: G1- experimental (n = 17) and G2- control (n = 10). During obturation, load of 1.5 kg was applied to a size # 30 finger spreader. Pre- and post-obturation images of the coronal portion of the roots were captured by inverted digital microscopy and analyzed by one trained examiner. Data were evaluated by Fisher’s test (p < 0.05) using GrapH Pad Prism 5.0. Results: No roots exhibited CVRF. All fractures observed before and after obturation were IVRF or “other defects”. In G2 (control group), there was no increase of IVRF number. Interestingly, G1 presented an increase in the IVRF number to 70.59% in the 12 teeth out of 17 teeth studied. The statistical analysis showed that the mean of IVRF increased significantly in G1 when compared to G2 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The application of a 1.5 kg spreader load during lateral compaction technique does not produce complete vertical root fractures, but may produce incomplete fractures or “other defects”.

Complex modal analysis of a vertical rotor through finite element method

Natural frequencies were analyzed (axial, torsional and flexural) and frequency response of a vertical rotor with a hard disk at the edge through the classical and complex modal analysis. The mathematical modeling was based on the theory of Euler-Bernoulli beam. The equation that rules the movement was obtained through the Lagrangian formulation. The model considered the effects of bending, torsion and axial deformation of the shaft, besides the gravitational and gyroscopic effects. The finite element method was used to discretize the structure into hollow cylindrical elements with 12 degrees of freedom. Mass, stiffness and gyroscopic matrices were explained consistently. This type of tool, based on the use of complex coordinates to describe the dynamic behavior of rotating shaft, allows the decomposition of the system in two submodes, backward and forward. Thus, it is possible to clearly visualize that the orbit and direction of the precessional motion around the line of the rotating shaft is not deformed. A finite element program was developed using Matlab ®, and numerical simulations were performed to validate this model.