Évaluation des désordres cardiovasculaires chez des souris bêta-thalassémiques

L’hémoglobine est une protéine contenue dans les globules rouges dont la principale fonction est le transport de l’oxygène. Chaque molécule d’hémoglobine est un tétramère constitué de deux paires de globines identiques de type α et β. La β-thalassémie est une maladie génétique hématopoïétique provenant de mutations du gène encodant l'hémoglobine. Ce désordre se caractérise par une diminution ou une absence totale de la synthèse de la chaîne β-globine résultant principalement en une anémie hémolytique sévère ainsi que des complications multisystémiques, telles que la splénomégalie, des déformations osseuses et une dysfonction hépatique et rénale. Actuellement, les transfusions sanguines chroniques représentent le traitement standard des patients β-thalassémiques. Cette thérapie nécessite l’administration conjointe d’un traitement chélateur de fer puisqu’elle entraîne une accumulation pathologique du fer, considéré à ce jour comme la source principale des complications cardiovasculaires de la β-thalassémie. Néanmoins, malgré le traitement efficace de la surcharge de fer transfusionnelle, l’insuffisance cardiaque demeure encore la principale cause de mortalité chez les patients atteints de β-thalassémie. Cette observation indique possiblement la présence d’un mécanisme complémentaire dans le développement de la physiopathologie cardiaque β-thalassémique. L’objectif du présent projet consistait donc à étudier les altérations cardiovasculaires de la β-thalassémie indépendamment de la surcharge de fer transfusionnelle. En utilisant un modèle murin non-transfusé de la β-thalassémie majeure, nous avons d’abord évalué in vivo, par méthode d’imagerie novatrice échographique à haute fréquence, les propriétés hémodynamiques vasculaires. Nos résultats d’index de Pourcelot ainsi que de résistance vasculaire périphérique totale ont démontré une perturbation de l’écoulement microcirculatoire chez les souris β-thalassémiques non-transfusées. Subséquemment, nous avons étudié la fonction endothéliale de régulation du tonus vasculaire de vaisseaux mésentériques isolés. Nos résultats ont révélé un dysfonctionnement de la réponse vasodilatatrice dépendante de l’endothélium chez les souris β-thalassémiques malgré une augmentation de l’expression de l’enzyme de synthèse du monoxyde d’azote ainsi qu’un remodelage de la carotide commune caractérisé par un épaississement de la paroi vasculaire. Finalement, notre étude échocardiographique de la fonction et la morphologie cardiaque a montré, chez les souris β-thalassémiques, le développement d’une hypertrophie et une dysfonction ventriculaire gauche en l’absence de transfusions sanguines chroniques ou de dépôts directs de fer dans le myocarde. L’ensemble des résultats présentés dans le cadre de cette thèse indique la présence d’une pathologie cardiovasculaire chez les souris β-thalassémiques non-transfusés. Nos travaux permettent de proposer un mécanisme de la pathophysiologie cardiovasculaire β-thalassémique, indépendant de la charge de fer transfusionnelle, impliquant les effets compensatoires d’une anémie chronique combinés à une vasculopathie complexe initiée par les érythrocytes endommagés et l’hémolyse intravasculaire.

Morphology and Hemodynamics during Vascular Regeneration in Critically Ischemic Murine Skin Studied by Intravital Microscopy Techniques

With the understanding of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, new theories about the orchestration of these processes have emerged. The aim of this study was to develop an in vivo model that enables visualization of vascular regenerating mechanisms by intravital microscopy techniques in collateral arteriolar flap vascularity.

Avaliação dos efeitos da hiperglicemia sobre a estrutura vascular peniana em coelhos Nova Zelândia

Pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM) têm elevadas taxas de disfunção erétil (ED). Diversos estudos examinaram esta associação. A associação entre o processo de hipertrofia vascular diabética e o grau de comprometimento dos seios cavernosos é pouco estudada. A proposta do presente estudo foi avaliar a estrutura vascular do tecido erétil de coelhos diabéticos e coelhos normais, através de histomorfometria computadorizada da artéria dorsal do pênis e dos seios vasculares cavernosos em ambos os grupos. Foram utilizados 20 coelhos adultos machos da raça Nova Zelândia, divididos em dois grupos com 10 animais cada, o grupo diabético (GD) e o grupo controle (GC). Os animais foram previamente anestesiados e os coelhos do grupo GD receberam aloxano na dose de 100mg/kg, via endovenosa para indução da diabetes. Após 10 semanas, os animais foram mortos e os pênis retirados. Fragmentos do pênis foram fixados em formalina tamponada durante 24-48 horas e processados para parafina. Para análise imunohistoquímica e identificação das fibras musculares lisas, foi utilizado o anticorpo anti alfa-actina. Foram feitas análises da espessura média das túnicas íntima e média da parede da artéria dorsal do pênis (ADP), densidade nuclear na túnica média e avaliação por microscopia de polarização do conteúdo colágeno na túnica adventícia. Na túnica íntima foram observadas vacuolizações no endotélio. Os valores encontrados para espessura de GC e GD foram respectivamente (em m): 35,0123,177 e 44,3308,434 (P=0,0350). Foi encontrada diferença na área média da parede da ADP (P=0,0179). Para densidade nuclear GC 0,0071540,001954 núcleos/μm e GD 0,0048080,002069 núcleos/μm (P=0,0855). Foram observadas mudanças na birrefringência das fibras colágenas na túnica adventícia, passando de alaranjado no grupo GC para esverdeado no grupo GD, indicando a mudança em sua espessura. A área ocupada pelos seios cavernosos apresentou diminuição significativa de 37 % no grupo diabético (P=0,0013). Este conjunto de alterações sugere que a hiperglicemia crônica provocada pelo diabetes levou a um processo de hipertrofia da musculatura lisa na parede vascular e nas trabéculas do corpo cavernoso, com diminuição da área dos seios, o que possivelmente altera as propriedades hemodinâmicas do órgão

Microcirculatory hemodynamics and endothelial dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: Impaired flow-mediated dilation (FMD) occurs in disease states associated with atherosclerosis, including SLE. The primary hemodynamic determinant of FMD is wall shear stress, which is critically dependent on the forearm microcirculation. We explored the relationship between FMD, diastolic shear stress (DSS), and the forearm microcirculation in 32 patients with SLE and 19 controls. METHODS AND RESULTS: DSS was calculated using (mean diastolic velocity x 8 x blood viscosity)/baseline brachial artery diameter. Doppler velocity envelopes from the first 15 seconds of reactive hyperemia were analyzed for resistive index (RI), and interrogated in the frequency domain to assess forearm microvascular hemodynamics. FMD was significantly impaired in SLE patients (median, 2.4%; range, -2.1% to 10.7% versus median 5.8%; range, 1.9% to 14%; P

Free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation and systemic nitric oxide bioavailability:implications for postexercise hemodynamics

The metabolic vasodilator mediating postexercise hypotension (PEH) is poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests an exercise-induced reliance on pro-oxidant-stimulated vasodilation in normotensive young human subjects, but the role in the prehypertensive state is not known.

Systemic and regional hemodynamics in pigs with acute liver failure and the effect of albumin dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: Acute liver failure (ALF) is haemodynamically characterized by a hyperdynamic circulation. The aims of this study were to investigate the systemic and regional haemodynamics in ALF, to measure changes in nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) and to evaluate whether these haemodynamic disturbances could be attenuated with albumin dialysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Norwegian Landrace pigs (23-30 kg) were randomly allocated to groups as controls (sham-operation, n = 8), ALF (hepatic devascularization, n = 8) and ALF + albumin dialysis (n = 8). Albumin dialysis was started 2 h after ALF induction and continued for 4 h. Systemic and regional haemodynamics were monitored. Creatinine clearance, nitrite/nitrate and catecholamines were measured. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: In the ALF group, the cardiac index increased (PGT < 0.0001), while mean arterial pressure (PG = 0.02) and systemic vascular resistance decreased (PGT < 0.0001). Renal resistance (PG = 0.04) and hind-leg resistance (PGT = 0.003) decreased in ALF. There was no difference in jejunal blood flow between the groups. ALF pigs developed renal dysfunction with increased serum creatinine (PGT = 0.002) and decreased creatinine clearance (P = 0.02). Catecholamines were significantly higher in ALF, but NOx levels were not different. Albumin dialysis did not attenuate these haemodynamic or renal disturbances. CONCLUSIONS: The haemodynamic disturbances during the early phase of ALF are characterized by progressive systemic vasodilatation with no associated changes in metabolites of NO. Renal vascular resistance decreased and renal dysfunction developed independently of changes in renal blood flow. After 4 h of albumin dialysis there was no attenuation of the haemodynamic or renal disturbances.

The effects of administration of a nuclear factor kappa-B inhibitor on pulmonary endothelial dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass: impact on oxygenation and hemodynamics and development of therapeutic and preventive modalities in a porcine model

Introduction: La circulation extracorporelle (CEC) peut entraîner une dysfonction endothéliale pulmonaire et l’hypertension pulmonaire. Le SN50 agit au niveau de la signalisation cellulaire pour prévenir ces réactions à la CEC et pourrait renverser la dysfonction endothéliale pulmonaire post-CEC sans effets néfastes sur l’hémodynamie. Méthodes: Quatre groups de porcs ont reçu un parmi quatre traîtements avant de subir 90 minutes de CEC et 60 minutes de reperfusion: (1) milrinone nébulisé; (2) sildenafil nébulisé; (3) placebo nébulisé; et (4) SN-50 intraveineux. Un monitoring hémodynamique invasif a été utilisé. La réactivité vasculaire des artères pulmonaires de deuxième ordre a été évaluée face à l’acétylcholine et la bradykinine. Résultats: Le sildénafil produit une augmentation significative de la pression de l’artère pulmonaire (PAP) moyenne à 60 minutes de reperfusion par rapport au début de la chirurgie. Les relaxations dépendantes de l’endothélium face à la bradykinine étaient meilleurs dans les groupes milrinone et SN-50 et surtout dans le groupe sildénafil par rapport au groupe placébo. Le SN-50 produisait de moins bonnes relaxations dépendantes de l’endothélium face à l’acétylcholine que les autres traitements incluant placébo. Conclusion: Le sildénafil prévient mieux la dysfonction endothéliale pulmonaire que les autres traitements. Les bénéfices du SN-50 sont possiblement sous-estimés vu que la dose n’a pas pu être ajustée à la durée de CEC. Le sildenafil inhalé mérite une étude plus importante chez l’humain et le SN-50 dans un model de CEC animal.

Impact of obesity on venous hemodynamics of the lower limbs

Obesity is a risk factor for chronic venous insufficiency and venous thromboembolism. The aim of this study was to compare venous flow parameters of the lower limbs assessed by duplex ultrasound scanning in obese and nonobese individuals according to body mass index (BMI).

The Influence of Abdominal Pressure on Lower Extremity Venous Pressure and Hemodynamics: A Human In-vivo Model Simulating the Effect of Abdominal Obesity

To demonstrate that abdominal pressure impacts venous flow and pressure characteristics.

Outcomes of truncal vascular injuries in children.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric truncal vascular injuries occur infrequently and have a reported mortality rate of 30% to 50%. This report examines the demographics, mechanisms of injury, associated trauma, and outcome of patients presenting for the past 10 years at a single institution with truncal vascular injuries. METHODS: A retrospective review (1997-2006) of a pediatric trauma registry at a single institution was undertaken. RESULTS: Seventy-five truncal vascular injuries occurred in 57 patients (age, 12 +/- 3 years); the injury mechanisms were penetrating in 37%. Concomitant injuries occurred with 76%, 62%, and 43% of abdominal, thoracic, and neck vascular injuries, respectively. Nonvascular complications occurred more frequently in patients with abdominal vascular injuries who were hemodynamically unstable on presentation. All patients with thoracic vascular injuries presenting with hemodynamic instability died. In patients with neck vascular injuries, 1 of 2 patients who were hemodynamically unstable died, compared to 1 of 12 patients who died in those who presented hemodynamically stable. Overall survival was 75%. CONCLUSIONS: Survival and complications of pediatric truncal vascular injury are related to hemodynamic status at the time of presentation. Associated injuries are higher with trauma involving the abdomen.

Hemodynamics and Flow Characteristics of a New Dialysis Port

Renal replacement therapy by hemodialysis requires a permanent vascular access. Implantable ports offer a potential alternative to standard vascular access strategies although their development is limited both in number and extent. We explored the fluid dynamics within two new percutaneous bone-anchored dialysis port prototypes, both by in vitro experiments and computer simulation. The new port is to be fixed to bone and allows the connection of a dialysis machine to a central venous catheter via a built-in valve. We found that the pressure drop induced by the two ports was between 20 and 50 mmHg at 500 ml/min, which is comparable with commercial catheter connectors (15–80 mmHg). We observed the formation of vortices in both geometries, and a shear rate in the physiological range (<10,000s-1), which is lower than maximal shear rates reported in commercial catheters (up to 13,000s-1). A difference in surface shear rate of 15% between the two ports was obtained.

K-t GRAPPA-accelerated 4D flow MRI of liver hemodynamics: influence of different acceleration factors on qualitative and quantitative assessment of blood flow.

OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the feasibility of k-t parallel imaging for accelerated 4D flow MRI in the hepatic vascular system by investigating the impact of different acceleration factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS k-t GRAPPA accelerated 4D flow MRI of the liver vasculature was evaluated in 16 healthy volunteers at 3T with acceleration factors R = 3, R = 5, and R = 8 (2.0 × 2.5 × 2.4 mm(3), TR = 82 ms), and R = 5 (TR = 41 ms); GRAPPA R = 2 was used as the reference standard. Qualitative flow analysis included grading of 3D streamlines and time-resolved particle traces. Quantitative evaluation assessed velocities, net flow, and wall shear stress (WSS). RESULTS Significant scan time savings were realized for all acceleration factors compared to standard GRAPPA R = 2 (21-71 %) (p < 0.001). Quantification of velocities and net flow offered similar results between k-t GRAPPA R = 3 and R = 5 compared to standard GRAPPA R = 2. Significantly increased leakage artifacts and noise were seen between standard GRAPPA R = 2 and k-t GRAPPA R = 8 (p < 0.001) with significant underestimation of peak velocities and WSS of up to 31 % in the hepatic arterial system (p <0.05). WSS was significantly underestimated up to 13 % in all vessels of the portal venous system for k-t GRAPPA R = 5, while significantly higher values were observed for the same acceleration with higher temporal resolution in two veins (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION k-t acceleration of 4D flow MRI is feasible for liver hemodynamic assessment with acceleration factors R = 3 and R = 5 resulting in a scan time reduction of at least 40 % with similar quantitation of liver hemodynamics compared with GRAPPA R = 2.