Application of the Williams-Landel-Ferry model to the viscosity-temperature relationship of Australian honeys

The rheological behaviour of nine unprocessed Australian honeys was investigated for the applicability of the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) model. The viscosity of the honeys was obtained over a range of shear rates (0.01-40 s(-1)) from 2degrees to 40 degreesC, and all the honeys exhibited Newtonian behaviour with viscosity reducing as the temperature was increased. The honeys with high moisture were of lower viscosity, The glass transition temperatures of the honeys, as measured with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), ranged from -40degrees to -46 degreesC, and four models (WLF. Arrhenius, Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF), and power-law) were investigated to describe the temperature dependence of the viscosity. The WLF was the most suitable and the correlation coefficient averaged 0.999 +/- 0.0013 as against 0.996 +/- 0.0042 for the Arrhenius model while the mean relative deviation modulus was 0-12% for the WLF model and 10-40% for the Arrhenius one. With the universal values for the WLF constants, the temperature dependence of the viscosity was badly predicted. From non-linear regression analysis, the constants of the WLF models for the honeys were obtained (C-1 = 13.7-21.1: C-2 = 55.9-118.7) and are different from the universal values. These WLF constants will be valuable for adequate modeling of the rheology of the honeys, and they can be used to assess the temperature sensitivity of the honeys. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Eastwards / westwards: which direction for gender studies in the 21st century?

Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the XXIst Century? is a collection of essays which focus on themes and methods that characterize current research into gender in Asian countries in general. In this collection, ideas derived from Gender Studies elsewhere in the world have been subjected to scrutiny for their utility in helping to describe and understand regional phenomena. But the concepts of Local and Global – with their discoursive productions – have not functioned as a binary opposition: localism and globalism are mutually constitutive and researchers have interrogated those spaces of interaction between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’, bearing in mind their own embeddedness in social and cultural structures and their own historical memory. Contributors to this collection provided a critical transnational perspective on some of the complex effects of the dynamics of cultural globalization, by exploring the relation between gender and development, language, historiography, education and culture. We have also given attention to the ideological and rhetorical processes through which gender identity is constructed, by comparing textual grids and patterns of expectation. Likewise, we have discussed the role of ethnography, anthropology, historiography, sociology, fiction, popular culture and colonial and post-colonial sources in (re)inventing old/new male/female identities, their conversion into concepts and circulation through time and space. This multicultural and trans-disciplinary selection of essays is totally written in English, fully edited and revised, therefore, it has a good potential for an immediate international circulation. This project may trace new paths and issues for discussion on what concerns the life, practices and narratives by and about women in Asia, as well as elsewhere in the present day global experience. Academic readership: Researchers, scholars, educators, graduate and post-graduate students, doctoral students and general non-fiction readers, with a special interest in Gender Studies, Asia, Colonial and Post-Colonial Literature, Anthropology, Cultural Studies, History, Historiography, Politics, Race, Feminism, Language, Linguistics, Power, Political and Feminist Agendas, Popular Culture, Education, Women’s Writing, Religion, Multiculturalism, Globalisation, Migration. Chapter summary: 1. “Social Gender Stereotypes and their Implication in Hindi”, Anjali Pande, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. This essay looks at the subtle ways in which gender identities are constructed and reinforced in India through social norms of language use. Language itself becomes a medium for perpetuating gender stereotypes, forcing its speakers to confirm to socially defined gender roles. Using examples from a classroom discussion about a film, this essay will highlight the underlying rigid male-female stereotypes in Indian society with their more obvious expressions in language. For the urban woman in India globalisation meant increased economic equality and exposure to changed lifestyles. On an individual level it also meant redefining gender relations and changing the hierarchy in man-­woman relationships. With the economic independence there is a heightened sense of liberation in all spheres of social life, a confidence to fuzz the rigid boundaries of gender roles. With the new films and media celebrating this liberated woman, who is ready to assert her sexual needs, who is ready to explode those long held notions of morality, one would expect that the changes are not just superficial. But as it soon became obvious in the course of a classroom discussion about relationships and stereotypes related to age, the surface changes can not become part of the common vocabulary, for the obvious reason that there is still a vast gap between the screen image of this new woman and the ground reality. Social considerations define the limits of this assertiveness of women, whereas men are happy to be liberal within the larger frame of social sanctions. The educated urban woman in India speaks in favour of change and the educated urban male supports her, but one just needs to scratch the surface to see the time tested formulae of gender roles firmly in place. The way the urban woman happily balances this emerging promise of independence with her gendered social identity, makes it necessary to rethink some aspects of looking at gender in a gradually changing, traditional society like India. 2. “The Linguistic Dimension of Gender Equality”, Alissa Tolstokorova, Kiev Centre for Gender Information and Education, Ukraine. The subject-matter of this essay is gender justice in language which, as I argue, may be achieved through the development of a gender-related approach to linguistic human rights. The last decades of the 20th century, globally marked by a “gender shift” in attitudes to language policy, gave impetus to the social movement for promoting linguistic gender equality. It was initiated in Western Europe and nowadays is moving eastwards, as ideas of gender democracy progress into developing countries. But, while in western societies gender discrimination through language, or linguistic sexism, was an issue of concern for over three decades, in developing countries efforts to promote gender justice in language are only in their infancy. My argument is that to promote gender justice in language internationally it is necessary to acknowledge the rights of women and men to equal representation of their gender in language and speech and, therefore, raise a question of linguistic rights of the sexes. My understanding is that the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights in 1996 provided this opportunity to address the problem of gender justice in language as a human rights issue, specifically as a gender dimension of linguistic human rights. 3. “The Rebirth of an Old Language: Issues of Gender Equality in Kazakhstan”, Maria Helena Guimarães, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. The existing language situation in Kazakhstan, while peaceful, is not without some tension. We propose to analyze here some questions we consider relevant in the frame of cultural globalization and gender equality, such as: free from Russian imperialism, could Kazakhstan become an easy prey of Turkey’s “imperialist dream”? Could these traditionally Muslim people be soon facing the end of religious tolerance and gender equality, becoming this new old language an easy instrument for the infiltration in the country of fundamentalism (it has already crossed the boarders of Uzbekistan), leading to a gradual deterioration of its rich multicultural relations? The present structure of the language is still very fragile: there are three main dialects and many academics defend the re-introduction of the Latin alphabet, thus enlarging the possibility of cultural “contamination” by making the transmission of fundamentalist ideas still easier through neighbour countries like Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan (their languages belong to the same sub-group of Common Turkic), where the Latin alphabet is already in use, and where the ground for such ideas shown itself very fruitful. 4. “Construction of Womanhood in the Bengali Language of Bangladesh”, Raasheed Mahmood; University of New South Wales, Sydney. The present essay attempts to explore the role of gender-based language differences and of certain markers that reveal the status accorded to women in Bangladesh. Discrimination against women, in its various forms, is endemic in communities and countries around the world, cutting across class, race, age, and religious and national boundaries. One cannot understand the problems of gender discrimination solely by referring to the relationship of power or authority between men and women. Rather one needs to consider the problem by relating it to the specific social formation in which the image of masculinity and femininity is constructed and reconstructed. Following such line of reasoning this essay will examine the nature of gender bias in the Bengali language of Bangladesh, holding the conviction that as a product of social reality language reflects the socio-cultural behaviour of the community who speaks it. This essay will also attempt to shed some light on the processes through which gender based language differences produce actual consequences for women, who become exposed to low self-esteem, depression and systematic exclusion from public discourse. 5. “Marriage in China as an expression of a changing society”, Elisabetta Rosado David, University of Porto, Portugal, and Università Ca’Foscari, Venezia, Italy. In 29 April 2001, the new Marriage Law was promulgated in China. The first law on marriage was proclaimed in 1950 with the objective of freeing women from the feudal matrimonial system. With the second law, in 1981, values and conditions that had been distorted by the Cultural Revolution were recovered. Twenty years later, a new reform was started, intending to update marriage in the view of the social and cultural changes that occurred with Deng Xiaoping’s “open policy”. But the legal reform is only the starting point for this case-study. The rituals that are followed in the wedding ceremony are often hard to understand and very difficult to standardize, especially because China is a vast country, densely populated and characterized by several ethnic minorities. Two key words emerge from this issue: syncretism and continuity. On this basis, we can understand tradition in a better way, and analyse whether or not marriage, as every social manifestation, has evolved in harmony with Chinese culture. 6. “The Other Woman in the Portuguese Colonial Empire: The Case of Portuguese India”, Maria de Deus Manso, University of Évora, Portugal. This essay researches the social, cultural and symbolic history of local women in the Portuguese Indian colonial enclaves. The normative Portuguese overseas history has not paid any attention to the “indigenous” female populations in colonial Portuguese territories, albeit the large social importance of these social segments largely used in matrimonial and even catholic missionary strategies. The first attempt to open fresh windows in the history of this new field was the publication of Charles Boxer’s referential study about Women in lberian Overseas Expansion, edited in Portugal only after the Revolution of 1975. After this research we can only quote some other fragmentary efforts. In fact, research about the social, cultural, religious, political and symbolic situation of women in the Portuguese colonial territories, from the XVI to the XX century, is still a minor historiographic field. In this essay we discuss this problem and we study colonial representations of women in the Portuguese Indian enclaves, mainly in the territory of Goa, using case studies methodologies. 7. “Heading East this Time: Critical Readings on Gender in Southeast Asia”, Clara Sarmento, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. This essay intends to discuss some critical readings of fictional and theoretical texts on gender condition in Southeast Asian countries. Nowadays, many texts about women in Southeast Asia apply concepts of power in unusual areas. Traditional forms of gender hegemony have been replaced by other powerful, if somewhat more covert, forms. We will discuss some universal values concerning conventional female roles as well as the strategies used to recognize women in political fields traditionally characterized by male dominance. Female empowerment will mean different things at different times in history, as a result of culture, local geography and individual circumstances. Empowerment needs to be perceived as an individual attitude, but it also has to be facilitated at the macro­level by society and the State. Gender is very much at the heart of all these dynamics, strongly related to specificities of historical, cultural, ethnic and class situatedness, requiring an interdisciplinary transnational approach.

Heading east this time: critical readings on gender in southeast Asia

This essay intends to discuss some critical readings of fictional and theoretical texts on gender condition in Southeast Asian countries. Nowadays, many texts about women in Southeast Asia apply concepts of power in unusual areas. Traditional forms of gender hegemony have been replaced by other powerful, if somewhat more covert, forms. We will discuss some universal values concerning conventional female roles as well as the strategies used to recognize women in political fields traditionally characterized by male dominance. Female empowerment will mean different things at different times in history, as a result of culture, local geography and individual circumstances. Empowerment needs to be perceived as an individual attitude, but it also has to be facilitated at the macrolevel by society and the State. Gender is very much at the heart of all these dynamics, strongly related to specificities of historical, cultural, ethnic and class situatedness, requiring an interdisciplinary transnational approach.

Hysteresis and avalanches in the random anisotropy Ising model

ches. The critical point is characterized by a set of critical exponents, which are consistent with the universal values proposed from the study of other simpler models.

Universality in models for disorder induced phase transitions

We have systematically analyzed six different reticular models with quenched disorder and no thermal fluctuations exhibiting a field-driven first-order phase transition. We have studied the nonequilibrium transition, appearing when varying the amount of disorder, characterized by the change from a discontinuous hysteresis cycle (with one or more large avalanches) to a smooth one (with only tiny avalanches). We have computed critical exponents using finite size scaling techniques and shown that they are consistent with universal values depending only on the space dimensionality d.

Der Literaturskandal: Symbolisches Kapital und Selbstbezug am Beispiel Thomas Bernhards

Ce mémoire analyse la réception de l’auteur autrichien Thomas Bernhard (1931-1989) au regard des scandales qui ont marqué sa carrière. Tantôt identifié comme l’imprécateur de l’Autriche, tantôt comme écrivain exceptionnel, il aura remis en question le rôle de son pays dans le national-socialisme et multiplié les attaques ad hominem. Il aura tenu un rôle ambigu dans l’espace public. Tout en insistant sur le caractère fictif de ses œuvres, il se mettait en scène de façon provocatrice dans le discours public ainsi que dans sa fiction. Ce mémoire s’intéresse au fonctionnement du scandale en tant qu’événement social complexe ayant lieu dans l’espace public. Les chercheurs s’entendent pour considérer le scandale comme un trouble ou une irritation résultant d’une transgression, apparente ou avérée. Il s’agit en outre d’un phénomène intégré dans l’ordre social et géré par les médias, caractérisé par l’actualisation des valeurs morales. Dans la présente étude, il est postulé que le capital symbolique (cf. Bourdieu) joue un rôle d’a priori et de catalyseur dans les scandales. Une accumulation initiale de capital symbolique assure une visibilité médiatique automatique. Le capital d’identité de Thomas Bernhard – soit la personnalisation du capital symbolique – est hybride et complexe, de sorte qu’il est difficilement appréciable. La difficile appréciation du capital de l’auteur se traduit par l’incertitude des journalistes et du public quant à son message : réactions dispro-portionnées, critique du particulier perçue comme mise en cause de l’universel. Toute dé-claration, toute œuvre de Bernhard est assujettie à ses prestations « scandaleuses » antérieu-res. Ce mémoire insiste sur le caractère autoréférentiel du scandale et s’intéresse aux actes de langage performatifs (cf. John L. Austin). Le corpus comporte des romans de Bernhard, leurs recensions, des articles de quotidiens, des lettres de lecteurs, des documents juridiques ainsi que la correspondance entre Bernhard et Siegfried Unseld.

L'humanité et le droit international

Le droit n’est possible que par l’humanité qui le porte. Pourtant, la notion d’humanité n’aura été prise en compte que tardivement par le droit international et seulement à titre d’objet. Depuis la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, au sortir de la Deuxième guerre mondiale, les appels à l’humanité se sont malgré tout multipliés jusqu’à en faire une référence récurrente à la fois transcendante et transversale. La prise en compte de l’humanité juridique demeure cependant complexe dans un paradigme westphalien qu’elle contrarie en révélant au passage toutes les contradictions, mais peine tout de même à dépasser. Ainsi, les tentatives visant à reconnaître à l’humanité une personnalité ou un patrimoine et à assurer ses intérêts communs ont connu des dénouements mitigés. Les changements profonds auxquels le droit international est confronté sous l’influence de la mondialisation pourraient bien être l’opportunité de repenser l’humanité en droit et, surtout, de réaffirmer les valeurs universelles qu’elle promeut.

Hysteresis and avalanches in the random anisotropy Ising model

ches. The critical point is characterized by a set of critical exponents, which are consistent with the universal values proposed from the study of other simpler models.

Valores culturais, orientações políticas e classes sociais : consequências nos valores de trabalho

Aborda-se a temática das estruturas de valores e consequente impacto nas atitudes e comportamentos na sociedade em geral e no trabalho em particular. Uma amostra diversificada de 157 participantes, recrutada em diferentes meios sociais, variando assim em termos etários, de qualificações académicas, de classe social e de simpatia partidária, respondeu a um questionário sobre valores, valores de trabalho e orientações políticas. Primeiro, verificámos que as orientações político-ideológicas são estruturadas em duas dimensões correlacionadas mas independentes: a esquerda-direita e o autoritarismo-liberdade. Também verificámos que diferentes dimensões supraordenadas de valores do modelo de valores universais de Schwartz estruturam os valores de trabalho e as orientações político-ideológicas, com impactos específicos sobre as funções laborais desejáveis e as preferências socioeconómico-culturais. Finalmente, os efeitos das dimensões de classe social (detenção de capital e qualificação académica) sobre as orientações político-ideológicas sugerem que as dimensões direita-esquerda e autoritarismo-liberdade, apesar de estarem correlacionadas, têm motivações e origens sociológicas diferentes.

Um estudo sobre a relação entre os tipos motivacionais de valores e o desempenho escolar de alunos do IFAM-campus Manaus Zona Leste

O presente estudo investiga os principais tipos motivacionais de valores dos alunos que freqüentam o 1° ano no IFAM – Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas - Campus Manaus Zona Leste, e a relação com o desempenho escolar dos alunos. Fundamentou-se em Schwartz (2006) e Tamayo (2007) que apresentam os tipos motivacionais de valores como valores universais e organizacionais. A pesquisa tem um enfoque exploratório-descritivo já que tem o propósito de proporcionar uma visão geral acerca de determinado fato. É considerado o primeiro estágio da pesquisa, onde se conhece o objeto de estudo tal como se apresenta, os seus significados e o contexto onde se insere. A amostra compõe-se de seis turmas das primeiras séries do curso de formação técnico-profissional representadas por setenta e cinco alunos. Os dados foram obtidos através de questionários com variáveis para análise quantitativa, que descrevem as características de uma população. Para a tabulação dos dados estatísticos foi utilizado o software ABD do Windows SPSS e a planilha do EXCEL. Verificou-se que o IFAM – Campus Manaus Zona Leste representa um lugar onde os alunos dos mais longínquos locais do Amazonas e até de alguns estados vizinhos vêm em busca de conhecimentos na área de agropecuária. Na opinião dos pesquisados o espaço físico, o horário integral, as dificuldades financeiras, a distância dos familiares interferem no processo ensino aprendizagem. Da mesma forma afirmam que os tipos motivacionais que caracterizam as suas opções, interferem no desempenho escolar.

The United Nations and ECLAC at the half-century mark of the Organization

Includes bibliography

A mentora literária de Guy de Maupassant

Laure Le Poittevin, Guy de Maupassant’s mother (1850-1893), had from his early childhood, a key role in the literary education of her son. This intelligent and sensitive woman, who was always passionate about arts, especially literature, to whom Maupasssant entrusted his projects and literary adventures, was his fi rst and eternal critic. In the letters he writes her, most of the time he takes the opportunity to plan and discuss his future projects; he presents a text in progress, he draws its guiding lines, he foreshadows its structures and points out some procedures based on a series of principles and recommendations of personal and universal values. Therefore, by reading again these letters, the readers nowadays can follow the writer’s daily life, the progression of his ideas and his literary development, the editing process of his book and his moments of sorrow and joy, anger and affection.

Razão e paixão: necessidade e contingência na construção da vida ética

This text, essayistic character, aims to make some reflections on the dispute or supposed conflict that exists between two elements that have become essential in the constitution of the philosophical domain, in order to assess their contribution in the ethical field. On the one hand, we find the rational dimension, which is marked and has acquired certain predominance in western thought. On the other hand, the dimension of passion, that throughout the history of philosophy, has been subject to exclusion and devaluation, making it as if it were an obstacle to the formulation of ideas and universal values true and substantial. If one looks at the world seeing them or giving it a necessary and essential character, the other tends to recognize the contingent aspect of reality, seeing in it the possibility of accidental and uncertain.

Cálculo de la recarga natural en grandes áreas, en función de la litología y la precipitación = Calculation of natural recharge in large areas, as a function of lithology and rainfall

En una región amplia como España se demuestra —mediante inferencias estadísticas sobre una muestra completa de 875 manantiales en los que se conoce su caudal medio y la litología de su área de alimentación y que han sido agrupados en regiones de distinta pluviometría— que la recarga media anual es una fracción fija de la precipitación media para cada litología. Se han establecido así unas tasas de recarga respecto de la precipitación para seis grupos litológicos de diferente permeabilidad: arenas, gravas y formaciones aluviales en general, 8.3%; conglomerados, 5.6%; areniscas, 7.3%; calizas y dolomías, 34.3%; margas, margocalizas, limos y arcillas, 3.3%; otras rocas, 1.3%. Teniendo en cuenta la representatividad de España, la cual tiene una gran variabilidad de litología, pluviometría, topografía, etcétera, estas tasas de recarga respecto de la precipita-ción son probablemente valores cuasi universales que pueden ser utilizados para estimar la recarga media o los recursos hídricos subterráneos medios de regiones amplias en cualquier parte del mundo, salvo en regiones especiales, como las que tienen permafrost, por ejemplo. En todo caso, estas tasas de recarga podrían ser retocadas para cada región según sus particulares características. Los datos de precipitación y litología son muy corrientes, por lo que el método puede ser ampliamente utilizado para completar balances hidráulicos.In a region as large as Spain, annual mean recharge is shown to be a fixed proportion of the mean rainfall for each lithology. This determination is based on statistical inferences from a complete sample of 875 springs for which mean flow and catchment areas are known and which have been grouped into distinct rainfall regions. Recharge rates have thus been established with respect to rainfall for six lithological groups with different permeability: sands, gravels and generally alluvial formations, 8.3%; conglomerates, 5.6%; sandstones, 7.3%; limestone and dolomite 34.3%; marls, marly limestones, silts and clays, 3.3%; and hard rocks, 1.3%. Considering the representativeness of Spain, which is large in size and has a highly varied lithology, topography and rainfall, these recharge rates for rainfall are probably quasi-universal values that can be used to estimate average recharge or average groundwater resources of large regions in any part of the world (except in special cases such as areas with permafrost, for example). For any case, these recharge rates can be adapted to each region according to its particular characteristics. Rainfall and lithology data are very common, and so the method can be widely used to calculate hydraulic balances.

Donde se rompen las nubes : Lever House : Nueva York 1950

En la victoriosa América de la posguerra, origen de la nueva configuración del mundo occidental, surgió una singular obra que iba a representar la abstracción de los valores universales de la arquitectura moderna. La construcción de la Lever House en el Nueva York de 1950 no sólo iba a propiciar un punto de inflexión en la Historia del rascacielos y de la arquitectura corporativa americana, definiría a su vez un nuevo paradigma a partir del cual se establecerían generalizados modelos para la construcción del futuro. La oportuna confluencia entre los acentos pragmáticos del mundo capitalista americano y las formulaciones positivistas de la arquitectura moderna europea, convenientemente recogidas como manifiesto construído del Estilo Internacional, supusieron resolver de manera definitiva el prolongado dilema americano de cómo debería ser la adecuada representación del edificio corporativo moderno. El estudio se detendrá en el valor de la metáfora, la conversación y la oportunidad de una obra cuya proyección trascendió ampliamente las aspiraciones de sus creadores. Provocando una fuerte idealización que llegaría hasta nuestros días. ABSTRACT In the postwar victorious America, origin of the new configuration of the Western World, a unique work will represent the abstraction of the universal values of modern architecture. The construction of the Lever House in the New York of 1950 would not only bring about a turning point in the history of American skyscrapers and corporate architecture, in turn define a new paradigm from which generalized models for building the future. The timely confluence between pragmatic accents of the American capitalist world and the positivistic formulations of the modern European architecture, conveniently collected as constructed manifesto of the International Style, definitively accounted to resolve that old American dilemma of how should be the adequate representation of the Modern corporate building. The study will focus on the value of metaphor, conversation and the opportunity of a work whose projection widely transcended the aspirations of its creators. Causing an strong idealization would reach to nowadays.