Oxidative damage in unfertilized eggs of Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to nonylphenol

In the present study, female Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) were used as in vivo models and exposed to nonylphenol (NP) at concentrations of 1 to 200 mu g/L for 21 d under semistatic conditions. Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured in unfertilized eggs and included reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation products (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS] and protein carbonyl), superoxide dismutase activity, and glutathione. Cathepsin D activity as an indicator of egg viability also was assayed. Nonylphenol induced ROS formation in unfertilized eggs in all exposed groups compared to the controls. The levels of protein carbonyl and TBARS in unfertilized eggs were significantly increased (p < 0.05) at 10 to 200 and 100 to 200 mu g/L, respectively. Good positive correlations were shown between ROS induction and levels of TBARS and protein carbonyl in eggs (R = 0.918, p < 0.05 and R = 0.784, p < 0.05, respectively). Superoxide dismutase activity in eggs was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) in the 50 to 200 mu g/L exposure groups. Glutathione levels in eggs were significantly depleted (p < 0.05) at 100 to 200 mu g/L concentrations. In addition, ROS induction resulted in oxidative damage to lipid and protein in chorions. Significant reductions (p < 0.05) of the protein and lipid contents in chorions were both found in the 50 to 200 mu g/L exposure groups. A previous study found that NP exposure could lead to chorion thinning in zebra fish. Thus, the reductions in protein and lipid contents in chorion could be the reason for chorion thinning by NP exposure. Meanwhile, cathepsin D activity was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) in all exposure groups. The results demonstrated that NP-induced oxidative stress could damage the chorion of unfertilized eggs and lead to a decline in gamete quality in female Chinese rare minnow.

Trophic eggs in the foam nests of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Anura, Leptodactylidae): An experimental approach

The South American pepper frog, Leptodactylus labyrinthicus, is a large species that lays eggs in foam nests in holes dug out of the banks of different bodies of water. Recently, it was reported that only 6-10% of eggs are fertilized in foam nests of L. labyrinthicus and the remaining unfertilized eggs are consumed by the tadpoles inside the nest. Here we tested experimentally the influence of the ingestion of trophic eggs on the survivorship and growth of L. labyrinthicus tadpoles. Tadpoles fed on trophic eggs and subsequently fed on dry fish food grew larger than those fed only on dry fish food, and this suggests that the ingestion of trophic eggs is an adaptation to improve tadpole growth. The ingestion of trophic eggs also seems to be important for the maintenance of tadpoles in environments with unpredictable rainfall, as they were able to survive for about 70 days feeding only on these trophic eggs and one tadpole managed to complete metamorphosis feeding on trophic eggs only. Details of the spawning behaviour observed in the field, occurrence of multiple mating, and predation on eggs by terrestrial invertebrates and vertebrates are also reported.

Short and long peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) in zebrafish, with findings of multiple PGRP homologs in teleost fish

Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) specifically binds to peptidoglycan and is considered to be one of the pattern recognition proteins in the innate immunity of insect and mammals. Using a database mining approach and RT-PCR, multiple peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) like genes have been discovered in fish including zebrafish Danio rerio, Japanese pufferfish TakiFugu rubripes and spotted green pufferfish Tetraodon nigroviridis. They share the common features of those PGRPs in arthropod and mammals, by containing a conserved PGRP domain. Based on the predicted structures, the identified zebrafish PGRP homologs resemble short and long PGRP members in arthropod and mammals. The identified PGRP genes in T. nigroviridis and TakiFugu rubripes resemble the long PGRPs, and the short PGRP genes have not been found in T. nigroviridis and TakiFugu rubripes databases. Computer modelling of these molecules revealed the presence of three alpha-helices and five or six beta-strands in all fish PGRPs reported in the present study. The long PGRP in teleost fish have multiple alternatively spliced forms, and some of the identified spliced variants, e.g., tnPGRP-L3 and tnPGRP-L4 (in: Tetraodon nigroviridis), exhibited no characters present in the PGRP homologs domain. The coding regions of zfPGRP6 (zf: zebrafish), zfPGRP2-A, zfPGRP2-B and zfPGRP-L contain five exons and four introns; however, the other PGRP-like genes including zfPGRPSC1a, zfPGRPSC2, tnPGRP-L1-, tnPGRP-L2 and frPGRP-L (fr: Takifugu rubripes) contain four exons and three introns. In zebrafish, long and short PGRP genes identified are located in different chromosomes, and an unknown locus containing another long PGRP-like gene has also been found in zebrafish, demonstrating that multiple PGRP loci may be present in fish. In zebrafish, the constitutive expressions of zfPGRP-L, zfPGRP-6 and zfPGRP-SC during ontogeny from unfertilized eggs to larvae, in different organs of adult, and the inductive expression following stimulation by Flavobacterium columnare, were detected by real-time PCR, but the levels and patterns varied for different PGRP genes, implying that different short and long PGRPs may play different roles in innate immune response. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nuclear transplantation in different strains of zebrafish

Single later blastula nuclei from AB strain of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were transplanted into enucleated unfertilized eggs of Long fin strain. Of 1119 cloning embryos, 14 reconstructed embryos developed into fry. DNA fingerprinting systems of the cloned fish were similar to those of the nuclear donor fish, but were distinctly different from those of the unclear recipient fish. It confirmed that the genetic material originated from nuclear donor cell other than from nuclear recipient egg. The research suggested that the basic technique for nuclear transplantation performed with different strains of zebrafish has made a breakthrough. It should be helpful for the study of some important developmental problems such as gene function, the regulation of gene expression during animal development, the developmental potential of a nucleus and the interactions between the donor nucleus and the recipient cytoplasm, etc.

Écologie saisonnière des parasitoïdes des oeufs de l'arpenteuse de la pruche

Cette étude porte sur l’écologie saisonnière des parasitoïdes des œufs de l’arpenteuse de la pruche (Lepidoptera : Geometridae), un important défoliateur du Québec (Canada). Premièrement, nous décrivons les patrons saisonniers de parasitisme d’hôtes sentinelles par Telenomus coloradensis, T. droozi, T. flavotibiae (Hymenoptera : Scelionidae), et Trichogramma spp., dans la région du Bas-Saint-Laurent. Telenomus flavotibiae et Trichogramma spp. parasitent rarement les œufs de l’arpenteuse de la pruche alors que T. coloradensis et T. droozi sont très abondants au printemps. En laboratoire, la convenance des hôtes pour T. coloradensis diminue rapidement avec leur développement embryonnaire au printemps, affectant négativement les niveaux de parasitisme, ainsi que la survie, la taille, le temps de développement et la longévité de la progéniture. Telenomus coloradensis et T. droozi sont actifs très tôt en saison, alors que les températures sont froides (4°C) pour profiter du développement embryonnaire peu avancé de l’hôte. À partir de paramètres empiriques, nous estimons que la progéniture de T. coloradensis issue du parasitisme printanier émerge au milieu de l’été, alors que l’hôte est totalement absent de l’environnement forestier. La nouvelle génération de femelles serait donc susceptible d’entrer précocement en diapause reproductive. D’ailleurs, nos résultats de laboratoire démontrent qu’une période de privation d’hôtes affecte négativement l’activité parasitaire de T. coloradensis. Ce phénomène pourrait expliquer les niveaux très faibles de parasitisme des œufs de l’arpenteuse de la pruche à l’automne. Étonnamment toutefois, les hôtes en début de diapause (à l’automne) sont de meilleure qualité énergétique que les hôtes en post-diapause (au printemps). Alors que des études précédentes ont démontré que T. coloradensis peut survivre à l’hiver en tant qu’immature à l’intérieur des hôtes, nos résultats indiquent que ce sont principalement les femelles fertilisés qui passent l’hiver en diapause reproductive, avec un point de surfusion automnal moyen de -30,6°C.

Biological cycle of Lorryia formosa (Acari, Tydeidae) on rubber tree leaves: A case of thelytoky

Lorryia formosa Cooreman has been collected on many different host plants around the world. The biological cycle of this species was studied at 28 degrees C with mites collected from a rubber tree crop. The life table was constructed based on sixty individuals. The average lifetime was 37.43 +/- 20.23 (SE) days, and the r(m) was 0.08. The sex ratio was totally female biased, and unfertilized eggs developed into females. This is the first record of thelytoky in Tydeoidea proved by rearing.

Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungus-gardening ant Mycocepurus smithii (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The general prevalence of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction among organisms testifies to the evolutionary benefits of recombination, such as accelerated adaptation to changing environments and elimination of deleterious mutations. Documented instances of asexual reproduction in groups otherwise dominated by sexual reproduction challenge evolutionary biologists to understand the special circumstances that might confer an advantage to asexual reproductive strategies. Here we report one such instance of asexual reproduction in the ants. We present evidence for obligate thelytoky in the asexual fungus-gardening ant, Mycocepurus smithii, in which queens produce female offspring from unfertilized eggs, workers are sterile, and males appear to be completely absent. Obligate thelytoky is implicated by reproductive physiology of queens, lack of males, absence of mating behavior, and natural history observations. An obligate thelytoky hypothesis is further supported by the absence of evidence indicating sexual reproduction or genetic recombination across the species' extensive distribution range (Mexico-Argentina). Potential conflicting evidence for sexual reproduction in this species derives from three Mycocepurus males reported in the literature, previously regarded as possible males of M. smithii. However, we show here that these specimens represent males of the congeneric species M. obsoletus, and not males of M. smithii. Mycocepurus smithii is unique among ants and among eusocial Hymenoptera, in that males seem to be completely absent and only queens (and not workers) produce diploid offspring via thelytoky. Because colonies consisting only of females can be propagated consecutively in the laboratory, M. smithii could be an adequate study organism a) to test hypotheses of the population-genetic advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction in a social organism and b) inform kin conflict theory. For a Portuguese translation of the abstract, please see Abstract S1. © 2009 Rabeling et al.

Correlations between ovarian follicular blood flow and superovulatory responses in ewes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Evolución de la maduración gonadal de ejemplares de Seriola dumerilli mantenidos en cautividad

[EN]The present work describes the evolution of Seriolla dumerilli stock in the Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas from year 2006 to 2009. Nine sub adults of kingfish were captured by local fisherman in the south coast of Gran Canaria in may 2006, fish were transported in a truck and transferred to on land facilities. Adaptation to tanks and inert food was successfully carried out one month after the capture. After 3 year kept in captivity 100% survival was obtained. Initial fish weight (1,66kg), was increased over to 8,0 kg nowadays. Every year fish were sampled to determine individual growth in weight and size. In addition, the evolution of its sexual maturity state was established by ovarian biopsy. Oocites over 500 microns were observed in year 2008 in one of the females with an average weight of 3,8kg. In year 2009, mature fish were observed, but natural spawn was unsuccessful, however the use of hormonal injection (LHRH) results in two successful spawn with around 0,5 millions eggs (99% unfertilized eggs).