Metsäkoneiden panssareiden ja pohjan luukkujen laadun kehittäminen

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, mitkä asiat tutkimuksen toimeksiantavan yrityksen, John Deere Forestry Oy:n metsäkoneiden panssareiden ja luukkujen kanssa työskentelevä henkilöstö kokee oleellisimmiksi pohjan suojien asennettavuuden, käytettävyyden, kestävyyden ja laadun kehittämisessä. Tutkimuksella haluttiin myös selvittää, mitä hyödynnettävää tietoa yrityksen sisältä jo löytyy, mitä hiljaista tietoa henkilöstöllä on ja miten tätä kaikkea voidaan hyödyntää jatkossa suunnittelun tukena. Pääasiallisina tutkimusmenetelminä käytettiin strukturoitua kyselytutkimusta, toimeksiantavan yrityksen sekä kilpailijoiden rakenneratkaisujen tarkastelua sekä lujuuslaskentaa. Kyselytutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin loppukesästä 2014. Otanta koostui 149:stä eri toimipaikkojen työntekijästä. Aineisto käsiteltiin pääasiassa kvantitatiivisesti käyttämällä ristiintaulukointia. Kyselytutkimuksen tulosten perusteella syvennyttiin tarkastelemaan pohjan suojausta myös koneteknillisellä lähestymistavalla. Tarkastelun kohteeksi valitulle panssarille tehtiin lujuuslaskentoja kyselyn vastausten varmentamiseksi ja ongelmien tarkentamiseksi, parannusehdotuksien tueksi. Aihetta tarkasteltiin asennusergonomian, työturvallisuuden ja vaurioitumismekanismien valossa. Tulosten analysoinnin yhteydessä esitettiin ratkaisuehdotuksia yleisimpiin ongelmiin laadun kehittämiseksi. Keskeisimmät ratkaisuehdotukset liittyvät panssareiden rakenteellisen stabiiliuden parantamiseen. Käytännön toimenpide-esityksinä esimerkiksi jäykisteet, tuennat, materiaalivalinnat, uudelleenmuotoilu, apuasennustyökalut, turvavarustelut ja avautumissuunnat olisivat huomion arvoisia asioita. Tutkimuksessa kerätty tieto kootaan sovellettavaksi käytäntöön laadun kehittämiseksi tekemällä toimeksiantavalle yritykselle metsäkoneiden panssareiden ja pohjan luukkujen suunnitteluohje. Tällä pyritään jatkossa parantamaan kilpailukykyä.

Post-hatch heat warms adult beaks: irreversible physiological plasticity in Japanese quail

Across taxa, the early rearing environment contributes to adult morphological and physiological variation. For example, in birds, environmental temperature plays a key role in shaping bill size and clinal trends across latitudinal/thermal gradients. Such patterns support the role of the bill as a thermal window and in thermal balance. It remains unknown whether bill size and thermal function are reversibly plastic. We raised Japanese quail in warm (308C) or cold (158C) environments and then at a common intermediate temperature. We predicted that birds raised in cold temperatures would develop smaller bills than warm-reared individuals, and that regulation of blood flow to the bill in response to changing temperatures would parallel the bill’s role in thermal balance. Cold-reared birds developed shorter bills, although bill size exhibited ‘catch-up’ growth once adults were placed at a common temperature. Despite having lived in a common thermal environment as adults, individuals that were initially reared in the warmth had higher bill surface temperatures than coldreared individuals, particularly under cold conditions. This suggests that blood vessel density and/or the control over blood flow in the bill retained a memory of early thermal ontogeny. We conclude that post-hatch temperature reversibly affects adult bill morphology but irreversibly influences the thermal physiological role of bills and may play an underappreciated role in avian energetics

Environmental temperature and cloacal and surface temperatures of broiler chicks in first week post-hatch

Adequate environmental temperature during the brooding period is very important to future broiler performance. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the extent to which environmental temperature affects the body weight and cloacal and surface (back, head, wing, and shank) temperatures. The study also investigated the sensible heat loss by radiation of broiler chicks reared at three environmental temperatures (35, 25, and 20 degrees C) up to 7 days of life. The results showed that chicks raised at low environmental temperature (20 degrees C) had lower body weight at 7 days of age. Birds kept at 20 degrees C also had significantly lower cloacal and surface temperatures than did other birds. The most marked difference was seen in the shanks. These findings revealed that body weight declined in chicks reared at 20 degrees C, and radiant heat loss (W) was nine times higher than for the birds kept at 35 degrees C at 7 days of age.

Effect of temperature on incubation period, embryonic mortality, hatch rate, egg water loss and partridge chick weight (Rhynchotus rufescens)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Effects of egg storage time on spread of hatch, chick quality, and chick juvenile growth

A total of 1,800 incubating eggs produced by a commercial flock of Cobb broiler breeders was used to determine the effects of storage duration (3 or 18 d) on spread of hatch and chick quality. Chick relative growth (RG) at the end of 7 d of rearing was also determined as a measure of the chick performance. Chick quality was defined to encompass several qualitative characteristics and scored according to their importance. Eggs stored for 3 d hatched earlier than those stored for 18 d (P < 0.05). Hatching was normally distributed in both categories of eggs, and the spread of hatch was not affected by storage time (P = 0.69). Storage duration of 18 d reduced the percentage of day-old chick with high quality as well as average chick quality score (P < 0.05). RG varied with length of egg storage, quality of day-old chick, and the incubation duration (P < 0.05). Eighteen-day storage of eggs not only resulted in longer incubation duration and lower quality score but also depressed RG. Chick quality as defined in this study was correlated to RG and storage time. It was concluded that day-old chick quality may be a relatively good indicator of broiler performance. The results suggest however that in order to improve performance prediction power of chick quality, it would be better to define it as a combination of several qualitative aspects of the day-old chick and the juvenile growth to 7 d.

Effect of immersion and inoculation in ovo of Lactobacillus spp. in embryonated chicken eggs in the prevention of Salmonella enteritidis after hatch

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Pre-hatch lung development in the ostrich

We studied development of the ostrich lung using light microscopy as well as electron microscopy techniques. At E24, the lung comprised a few epithelial tubes, interspersed with abundant mesenchyme with scattered profiles of incipient blood vessels. Between E24 and E39, the epithelial thickness was reduced by 90% from 13.5 ± 0.41 μm to 1.33 ± 0.014 μm (mean ± SD, respectively). Atria were evident at E32, and by E35, the first portions of the blood-gas barrier (BGB) measuring 3.41 ± 1.12 μm were encountered. Gas exchange tissue was well formed by E39 with atria, infundibulae, air capillaries and a mature blood-gas barrier (BGB). BGB formation proceeded through the complex processes of secarecytosis and peremerecytosis, which entailed decapitation of epithelial cells by cutting or pinching off respectively and by E39, the BGB was thin at 2.21 ± 1.21 μm. Vascular remodeling by intussusceptive angiogenesis was a late stage process mediated by intraluminal pillars in the pulmonary vasculature.

Intergenomic epistasis causes asynchronous hatch times in whitefish hybrids, but only when parental ecotypes differ

Support for the theory of ecological speciation requires evidence for ecological divergence between species which directly or indirectly causes reproductive isolation. This study investigates effects of ecological vs. genetic disparity of parental species on the presence of endogenous selection (deformation and mortality rates) and potential sources of exogenous selection (growth rates and hatch timing) on hybrids. Hybrid embryonic development is analysed in a common-garden full-sib cross of three species belonging to two different ecotypes within the Coregonus lavaretus species flock in the central Alpine region of Europe. Although hatch timing was similar across the three species, embryonic growth rates and egg sizes differed between ecotypes. This led to a mismatch between embryonic growth rate and egg size in hybrid crosses that reveals epistasis between the maternal and embryonic genomes and transgressive hatch times that were asynchronous with control crosses. A strong constraint of egg size to embryo size at late development was also evident. We argue that this demonstrates potential for coadaptation of a maternal trait (egg size) with offspring growth rate to be an important source of selection against hybridization between ecotypes with different egg sizes. Implications for the measurement and quantification of early life-history traits affected by this additive relationship, such as hatch day and larval size, are also discussed.

(Table 1) Egg size, clutch asymmetry, hatch date and breeding success in south polar skua, brown skua and mixed pairs on King George Island

We studied how environmental conditions affect reproduction in sympatric skua species that differ in their reliance on marine resources: the exclusively marine foraging south polar skua Catharacta maccormicki, the terrestrially foraging brown skua C. antarctica lonnbergi and mixed species pairs with an intermediate diet. Egg size, clutch asymmetry and hatching dates varied between species and years without consistent patterns. In the south polar skuas, 12 to 38% of the variation in these parameters was explained by sea surface temperature, sea ice cover and local weather. In mixed species pairs and brown skuas, the influence of environmental factors on variation in clutch asymmetry and hatching date decreased to 10-29%, and no effect on egg size was found. Annual variation in offspring growth performance also differed between species with variable growth in chicks of south polar skuas and mixed species pairs, and almost uniform growth in brown skuas. Additionally, the dependency on oceanographic and climatic factors, especially local wind conditions, decreased from south polar skuas to brown skua chicks. Consistent in all species, offspring were more sensitive to environmental conditions during early stages; during the late chick stage (>33 d) chick growth was almost independent of environmental conditions. The net breeding success could not be predicted by any environmental factor in any skua species, suggesting it may not be a sensitive indicator of environmental conditions. Hence, the sensitivity of skuas to environmental conditions varied between species, with south polar skuas being more sensitive than brown skuas, and between breeding periods, with the egg parameters being more susceptible to oceanographic conditions. However, during offspring development, local climatic conditions became more important. We conclude that future climate change in the Maritime Antarctic will affect reproduction of skuas more strongly through changes in sea ice cover and sea surface temperature (and the resulting alterations to the marine food web) than through local weather conditions.

Influence of the main cereal and feed form of the rearing phase diets on performance, digestive tract, and body traits of brown-egg laying pullets from hatch to 17 weeks of age

We hypothesize that pullets could respond similarly, independent of feed form, to the feeding of diets based on corn or wheat supplemented with adequate NSP enzymes. Also, pullets would quickly adapt their gastrointestinal tract and modify productive performance accordingly, when switched from crumbles to mash feeds. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of feeding crumbles for different periods of time, followed by feeding mash to 17 wk of age, on performance, gastrointestinal tract development, and body measurements of brown-egg laying pullets fed diets based on corn or wheat.

Influence of body weight of the pullets at hatch on egg production at the onset of the subsequent laying period

We studied the influence of pre-incubation weight of eggs (EW) laid by 24 wk-old brown laying breeders on egg production from 18 (start of egg production) to 22 wk of age (average egg production across EW treatments of 87.8%). The experiment consisted in 7 treatments based on the initial EW (47 to 53 g with 1 g difference between groups) Average BW of the extreme groups varied at hatching from 32.5 to 35.4 g, respectively. Feed intake, egg production, and egg weight were recorded weekly by replicate as well as for the entire experiment (18 to 22 wk of age). Hens were weighed by replicate at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. From these data, ADFI, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio per kilogram of eggs and per dozen of eggs, and BW gain were calculated by week and for the entire experiment. Also, the number of dirty, broken, and shell-less eggs was recorded daily by replicate in all eggs produced. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with 7 treatments differing in the initial pre-hatching EW. Effects of EW on the variables studied were partitioned into linear and quadratic components. EW did not affect the age at which pullets reached 50% egg production, cumulative egg production, or BW gain of the hens from 18 to 22 wk of age. Egg weight and the proportion of dirty, broken, and shell-less eggs were not affected by the BW of the pullets at hatching. In summary, small eggs (>47 g) laid by young, healthy laying breeders, can be used successfully to produce high quality pullets

Henry Hatch with retired football jerseys

[Henry Hatch was U-M football equipment manager. #98, Tom Harmon, #47 Bennie Oosterbaan]

Henry Hatch working on football spikes

[Henry Hatch was U-M football equipment manager. ]