2 resultados para tuloverotus
Resumo:
The study seeks to find out whether the real burden of the personal taxation has increased or decreased. In order to determine this, we investigate how the same real income has been taxed in different years. Whenever the taxes for the same real income for a given year are higher than for the base year, the real tax burden has increased. If they are lower, the real tax burden has decreased. The study thus seeks to estimate how changes in the tax regulations affect the real tax burden. It should be kept in mind that the progression in the central government income tax schedule ensures that a real change in income will bring about a change in the tax ration. In case of inflation when the tax schedules are kept nominally the same will also increase the real tax burden. In calculations of the study it is assumed that the real income remains constant, so that we can get an unbiased measure of the effects of governmental actions in real terms. The main factors influencing the amount of income taxes an individual must pay are as follows: - Gross income (income subject to central and local government taxes). - Deductions from gross income and taxes calculated according to tax schedules. - The central government income tax schedule (progressive income taxation). - The rates for the local taxes and for social security payments (proportional taxation). In the study we investigate how much a certain group of taxpayers would have paid in taxes according to the actual tax regulations prevailing indifferent years if the income were kept constant in real terms. Other factors affecting tax liability are kept strictly unchanged (as constants). The resulting taxes, expressed in fixed prices, are then compared to the taxes levied in the base year (hypothetical taxation). The question we are addressing is thus how much taxes a certain group of taxpayers with the same socioeconomic characteristics would have paid on the same real income according to the actual tax regulations prevailing in different years. This has been suggested as the main way to measure real changes in taxation, although there are several alternative measures with essentially the same aim. Next an aggregate indicator of changes in income tax rates is constructed. It is designed to show how much the taxation of income has increased or reduced from one year to next year on average. The main question remains: How aggregation over all income levels should be performed? In order to determine the average real changes in the tax scales the difference functions (difference between actual and hypothetical taxation functions) were aggregated using taxable income as weights. Besides the difference functions, the relative changes in real taxes can be used as indicators of change. In this case the ratio between the taxes computed according to the new and the old situation indicates whether the taxation has become heavier or easier. The relative changes in tax scales can be described in a way similar to that used in describing the cost of living, or by means of price indices. For example, we can use Laspeyres´ price index formula for computing the ratio between taxes determined by the new tax scales and the old tax scales. The formula answers the question: How much more or less will be paid in taxes according to the new tax scales than according to the old ones when the real income situation corresponds to the old situation. In real terms the central government tax burden experienced a steady decline from its high post-war level up until the mid-1950s. The real tax burden then drifted upwards until the mid-1970s. The real level of taxation in 1975 was twice that of 1961. In the 1980s there was a steady phase due to the inflation corrections of tax schedules. In 1989 the tax schedule fell drastically and from the mid-1990s tax schedules have decreased the real tax burden significantly. Local tax rates have risen continuously from 10 percent in 1948 to nearly 19 percent in 2008. Deductions have lowered the real tax burden especially in recent years. Aggregate figures indicate how the tax ratio for the same real income has changed over the years according to the prevailing tax regulations. We call the tax ratio calculated in this manner the real income tax ratio. A change in the real income tax ratio depicts an increase or decrease in the real tax burden. The real income tax ratio declined after the war for some years. In the beginning of the 1960s it nearly doubled to mid-1970. From mid-1990s the real income tax ratio has fallen about 35 %.
Resumo:
Osakeyhtiömuotoisten maatilojen määrä on kasvanut vuodesta 1995 lähtien. Vuonna 2008 Suomessa oli 527 osakeyhtiömuotoista maatilaa. Kaikista Suomen maatiloista osake-yhtiömuotoisia on vielä hyvin vähän. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan yksityisen maataloudenharjoittajan, verotusyhtymän ja osakeyhtiön ominaispiirteitä. Lisäksi tarkastellaan yksityisen maataloudenharjoittajan ja osakeyhtiön tilinpäätöksen toteuttamiseen ja verotukseen liittyviä eroavaisuuksia. Tutkimuksen tutkimusmenetelmänä on kvalitatiivinen tapaustutkimus. Tutkimusta varten haastateltiin kahdeksaa osakeyhtiömuotoisen maatilan yrittäjää. Teemahaastattelun avulla selvitettiin yritysmuodon muutoksen syitä, yritysmuodon muutoksen vaikutuksia, toimintaa rahoittajan kanssa ja osakeyhtiötä maatilan yritysmuotona. Haastateltavilla yrittäjillä oli maatalousalan koulutus ja heillä oli kokemusta toimimisesta maatalousyrittäjinä. Tutkimustilojen päätuotantosuuntina olivat kananmunan-, porsas- tai broilerin tuotanto. Yrittäjät olivat laajentaneet tuotantoaan merkittävästi viimeisen 15 vuoden aikana ja tilat olivat keskimääräistä suurempia. Osakeyhtiöittämisestä saatavat hyödyt olivat keskeisimmät syyt yritysmuodon muutokselle. Näistä merkittävin oli osakeyhtiöihin sovellettava 26 prosentin yhteisöverokanta. Sen katsottiin alentavan veroja ja parantavan kannattavuutta, vakavaraisuutta ja maksuvalmiutta. Lisäksi osakeyhtiö mahdollisti tuotannon aikaisempaa nopeamman laajentamisen. Toiminnallisia vaikutuksia ei yritysmuodon muutoksella katsottu olevan. Yrittäjät aikoivat jatkaa maatalouden harjoittamista osakeyhtiössä ja osakeyhtiön katsottiin olevan heidän tiloilleen oikea yritysmuoto. Osakeyhtiötä yritysmuotona koskevat rajoitteet verrattu yksityiseen maataloudenharjoittajaan oli pääasiassa poistettu. Osakeyhtiön katsottiin soveltuvan yritysmuodoksi varsinkin kannattaville ja velkaisille tiloille. Lisäksi usean yrittäjän omistamilla sekä peltoa omistuksessaan olevilla tiloilla osakeyhtiötyyppisen yritysmuodon katsottiin soveltuvan yritystoiminnan kehittämiseen.