Tree mortality and deadwood dynamics in late-successional boreal forests

Here I aimed at quantifying the main components of deadwood dynamics, i.e. tree mortality, deadwood pools, and their decomposition, in late-successional boreal forests. I focused on standing dead trees in three stand types dominated by Picea mariana and Abies balsamea in eastern Canada, and on standing and down dead trees in Picea abies-dominated stands in three areas in Northern Europe. Dead and living trees were measured on five sample plots of 1.6-ha size in each study area and stand type. Stem disks from dead trees were sampled to determine wood density and year of death, using dendrochronological methods. The results were applied to reconstruct past tree mortality and to model deadwood decay class dynamics. Site productivity, stand developmental stage, and the occurrence of episodic tree mortality influenced deadwood volume and quality. In all study areas tree mortality was continuous, leading to continuity in deadwood decay stage distribution. Episodic tree mortality due to either autogenic or allogenic causes influenced deadwood volume and quality in all but one study area. However, regardless of productivity and disturbance history deadwood was abundant, accounting for 20 53% of total wood volume in European study areas, and 15 27% of total standing volume in eastern Canada. Deadwood was a persistent structural component, since its expected residence time in early- and midstages of decay was 18 yr even in the area with the most rapid decomposition. The results indicated that in the absence of episodic tree mortality, stands may eventually develop to a steady state, in which deadwood volume fluctuates around an equilibrium state. However, in many forests deadwood is naturally variable, due to recurrent moderate-severity disturbances. This variability, the continuous tree mortality, and variation in rates of wood decomposition determine the dynamics and availability of deadwood as a habitat and carbon storage medium in boreal coniferous forest ecosystems.

On the growth, mortality and recruitment of the spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) in Sri Lankan waters

Monthly length-frequency data of spiny lobster Panulirus homarus collected from the south coast of Sri Lanka during 1988-1990 were analyzed to estimate von Bertallanfy growth parameters. The asymptotic lengths estimated using Wetherall plots were 322 mm and 315 mm total length for the males and females, respectively. Using o' values of 3.53 for males and 3.61 for females, the growth constant (K) was estimated as 0.21 year super(1) and 0.27 year super(1) for the males and females, respectively. The estimates of natural and total mortality (M and Z) are 0.98 year super(1), 1.96 year super(1) for males and 0.92 year super(1), 1.54 year super(1) for females respectively. Recruitment appears to occur in two pulses per year.

Growth, mortality and recruitment of Nile perch Lates niloticus (L. Centropomidae) in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria: an evaluation update

A reassessment of the estimates of growth, mortality and recruitment patterns of Nile Perch, Lates niloticus was made based on data from commercial landings collected during the Catch Assessment Survey Programme. Two sets of length frequency data, one each from beach seining and hook and line fisheries, were analyzed. Values of L8 = 169 and 230 (cm TL) and K= 0.18 yr-1 and 0.195 yr-1 were obtained. The total mortality estimates from the catch curve analysis were Z = 0.72 yr-1 and 0.94 yr-1, respectively, with a natural mortality M of about 0.35 for a mean environmental temperature of 27oC. The highest peak for recruitment was in November, December and January with a minor one in June, indicating recruitment of two cohorts per year. These results are discussed and compared to previously available information on L. niloticus in Lake Victoria.

Growth, mortality and recruitment of Omani abalone (Haliotis mariae)

Historical length-frequency data of Oman abalone (Haliotis mariae) from two areas (Sadh and Hadbin) of the Dhofar coast of the Sultanate of Oman were used to estimate growth parameters by nonlinear least square fitting. The results were verified using the ELEFAN I program and then combined to calculate total mortality (Z) and recruitment patterns. The growth parameters values with combined sexes were L sub( infinity ) = 137 mm shell length (SL), K = 0.75 year super(1) and 1.57 year super(1) on Sadh male and female, respectively. The female Z value in Hadbin was 1.55 year super(1) in 1989/90. The 1991 Z value for combined sexes were 2.37 year super(1) in Sadh and 1.66 year super(1) in Hadbin, showing much higher fishing pressure in recent years. There were two recruitment pulses, a major one in January and a minor one in May.

Effects of flooding regime and woody bamboos on tree community dynamics in a section of tropical semideciduous forest in South-Eastern Brazil

The influence of a population of the understorey woody bamboo Merostachys riedeliana and different flooding regimes on tree community dynamics in a section of tropical semideciduous forest in South-Eastern Brazil was examined. A forest section with an area of 1.6 ha composed of 71 adjacent plots was located on a slope ending at the river margin. The section was divided into five topographical sectors according to the mean duration of river floods. In 1991 and 1998 all trees with a diameter at the base of the trunk greater than or equal to 5 cm were measured, identified and tagged, and all live bamboo culms were counted. Annualised estimates of the rates of tree mortality and recruitment, gain and loss of tree basal area, and change in bamboo density were calculated for each of the 71 plots and five topographical sectors as well as for diameter classes and tree species. To segregate patterns arising from spatially autocorrelated events, geostatistical analyses were used prior to statistical comparisons and correlations. In general, mortality rates were not compensated by recruitment rates but there was a net increase in basal area in all sectors, suggesting that the tree community as a whole was in a building phase. Tree community dynamics of the point bar forest (Depression and Levee sectors) differed from that of the upland forest (Ridgetop, Middle Slope and Lower Slope sectors) in the extremely high rates of gain in basal area. The predominant and specialised species, Inga vera and Salix humboldtiana, are probably favoured by relaxed competition in an environment stressed by long-lasting floods. In the upland forest, mortality rates were highest at the Middle Slope, particularly for smaller trees, while recruitment rates were lowest. As bamboo clumps were concentrated in this sector, the locally higher instability in the tree community probably resulted from the direct interference of bamboos. The density of bamboo culms in the upland forest was negatively correlated with the rates of tree recruitment and gain in basal area, and positively correlated with tree mortality rates. Bamboos therefore seemed to restrict the recruitment, growth and survival of trees.

Tree population and community dynamics in a Brazilian tropical semideciduous forest

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Understorey fire propagation and tree mortality on adjacent areas to an Amazonian deforestation fire

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Widespread Amazon forest tree mortality from a single cross-basin squall line event

Climate change is expected to increase the intensity of extreme precipitation events in Amazonia that in turn might produce more forest blowdowns associated with convective storms. Yet quantitative tree mortality associated with convective storms has never been reported across Amazonia, representing an important additional source of carbon to the atmosphere. Here we demonstrate that a single squall line (aligned cluster of convective storm cells) propagating across Amazonia in January, 2005, caused widespread forest tree mortality and may have contributed to the elevated mortality observed that year. Forest plot data demonstrated that the same year represented the second highest mortality rate over a 15-year annual monitoring interval. Over the Manaus region, disturbed forest patches generated by the squall followed a power-law distribution (scaling exponent alpha = 1.48) and produced a mortality of 0.3-0.5 million trees, equivalent to 30% of the observed annual deforestation reported in 2005 over the same area. Basin-wide, potential tree mortality from this one event was estimated at 542 +/- 121 million trees, equivalent to 23% of the mean annual biomass accumulation estimated for these forests. Our results highlight the vulnerability of Amazon trees to wind-driven mortality associated with convective storms. Storm intensity is expected to increase with a warming climate, which would result in additional tree mortality and carbon release to the atmosphere, with the potential to further warm the climate system. Citation: Negron-Juarez, R. I., J. Q. Chambers, G. Guimaraes, H. Zeng, C. F. M. Raupp, D. M. Marra, G. H. P. M. Ribeiro, S. S. Saatchi, B. W. Nelson, and N. Higuchi (2010), Widespread Amazon forest tree mortality from a single cross-basin squall line event, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L16701, doi:10.1029/2010GL043733.

Carbon allocation in north-western Amazon forests (Colombia)

Los estudios sobre la asignación del carbono en los ecosistemas forestales proporcionan información esencial para la comprensión de las diferencias espaciales y temporales en el ciclo del carbono de tal forma que pueden aportar información a los modelos y, así predecir las posibles respuestas de los bosques a los cambios en el clima. Dentro de este contexto, los bosques Amazónicos desempeñan un papel particularmente importante en el balance global del carbono; no obstante, existen grandes incertidumbres en cuanto a los controles abióticos en las tasas de la producción primaria neta (PPN), la asignación de los productos de la fotosíntesis a los diferentes componentes o compartimentos del ecosistema (aéreo y subterráneo) y, cómo estos componentes de la asignación del carbono responden a eventos climáticos extremos. El objetivo general de esta tesis es analizar los componentes de la asignación del carbono en bosques tropicales maduros sobre suelos contrastantes, que crecen bajo condiciones climáticas similares en dos sitios ubicados en la Amazonia noroccidental (Colombia): el Parque Natural Nacional Amacayacu y la Estación Biológica Zafire. Con este objetivo, realicé mediciones de los componentes de la asignación del carbono (biomasa, productividad primaria neta, y su fraccionamiento) a nivel ecosistémico y de la dinámica forestal (tasas anuales de mortalidad y reclutamiento), a lo largo de ocho años (20042012) en seis parcelas permanentes de 1 hectárea establecidas en cinco tipos de bosques sobre suelos diferentes (arcilloso, franco-arcilloso, franco-arcilloso-arenoso, franco-arenoso y arena-francosa). Toda esta información me permitió abordar preguntas específicas que detallo a continuación. En el Capítulo 2 evalúe la hipótesis de que a medida que aumenta la fertilidad del suelo disminuye la cantidad del carbono asignado a la producción subterránea (raíces finas con diámetro <2 mm). Y para esto, realicé mediciones de la masa y la producción de raíces finas usando dos métodos: (1) el de los cilindros de crecimiento y, (2) el de los cilindros de extracción secuencial. El monitoreo se realizó durante 2.2 años en los bosques con suelos más contrastantes: arcilla y arena-francosa. Encontré diferencias significativas en la masa de raíces finas y su producción entre los bosques y, también con respecto a la profundidad del suelo (010 y 1020 cm). El bosque sobre arena-francosa asignó más carbono a las raíces finas que el bosque sobre arcillas. La producción de raíces finas en el bosque sobre arena-francosa fue dos veces más alta (media ± error estándar = 2.98 ± 0.36 y 3.33 ± 0.69 Mg C ha1 año1, con el método 1 y 2, respectivamente), que para el bosque sobre arcillas, el suelo más fértil (1.51 ± 0.14, método 1, y desde 1.03 ± 0.31 a 1.36 ± 0.23 Mg C ha1 año1, método 2). Del mismo modo, el promedio de la masa de raíces finas fue tres veces mayor en el bosque sobre arena-francosa (5.47 ± 0.17 Mg C ha1) que en el suelo más fértil (de 1.52 ± 0.08 a 1.82 ± 0.09 Mg C ha1). La masa de las raíces finas también mostró un patrón temporal relacionado con la lluvia, mostrando que la producción de raíces finas disminuyó sustancialmente en el período seco del año 2005. Estos resultados sugieren que los recursos del suelo pueden desempeñar un papel importante en los patrones de la asignación del carbono entre los componentes aéreo y subterráneo de los bosques tropicales; y que el suelo no sólo influye en las diferencias en la masa de raíces finas y su producción, sino que también, en conjunto con la lluvia, sobre la estacionalidad de la producción. En el Capítulo 3 estimé y analicé los tres componentes de la asignación del carbono a nivel del ecosistema: la biomasa, la productividad primaria neta PPN, y su fraccionamiento, en los mismos bosques del Capítulo 2 (el bosque sobre arcillas y el bosque sobre arena-francosa). Encontré diferencias significativas en los patrones de la asignación del carbono entre los bosques; el bosque sobre arcillas presentó una mayor biomasa total y aérea, así como una PPN, que el bosque sobre arena-francosa. Sin embargo, la diferencia entre los dos bosques en términos de la productividad primaria neta total fue menor en comparación con las diferencias entre la biomasa total de los bosques, como consecuencia de las diferentes estrategias en la asignación del carbono a los componentes aéreo y subterráneo del bosque. La proporción o fracción de la PPN asignada a la nueva producción de follaje fue relativamente similar entre los dos bosques. Nuestros resultados de los incrementos de la biomasa aérea sugieren una posible compensación entre la asignación del carbono al crecimiento de las raíces finas versus el de la madera, a diferencia de la compensación comúnmente asumida entre la parte aérea y la subterránea en general. A pesar de estas diferencias entre los bosques en términos de los componentes de la asignación del carbono, el índice de área foliar fue relativamente similar entre ellos, lo que sugiere que el índice de área foliar es más un indicador de la PPN total que de la asignación de carbono entre componentes. En el Capítulo 4 evalué la variación espacial y temporal de los componentes de la asignación del carbono y la dinámica forestal de cinco tipos e bosques amazónicos y sus respuestas a fluctuaciones en la precipitación, lo cual es completamente relevante en el ciclo global del carbono y los procesos biogeoquímicos en general. Estas variaciones son así mismo importantes para evaluar los efectos de la sequía o eventos extremos sobre la dinámica natural de los bosques amazónicos. Evalué la variación interanual y la estacionalidad de los componentes de la asignación del carbono y la dinámica forestal durante el periodo 2004−2012, en cinco bosques maduros sobre diferentes suelos (arcilloso, franco-arcilloso, franco-arcilloso-arenoso, franco-arenoso y arena-francosa), todos bajo el mismo régimen local de precipitación en la Amazonia noroccidental (Colombia). Quería examinar sí estos bosques responden de forma similar a las fluctuaciones en la precipitación, tal y como pronostican muchos modelos. Consideré las siguientes preguntas: (i) ¿Existe una correlación entre los componentes de la asignación del carbono y la dinámica forestal con la precipitación? (ii) ¿Existe correlación entre los bosques? (iii) ¿Es el índice de área foliar (LAI) un indicador de las variaciones en la producción aérea o es un reflejo de los cambios en los patrones de la asignación del carbono entre bosques?. En general, la correlación entre los componentes aéreo y subterráneo de la asignación del carbono con la precipitación sugiere que los suelos juegan un papel importante en las diferencias espaciales y temporales de las respuestas de estos bosques a las variaciones en la precipitación. Por un lado, la mayoría de los bosques mostraron que los componentes aéreos de la asignación del carbono son susceptibles a las fluctuaciones en la precipitación; sin embargo, el bosque sobre arena-francosa solamente presentó correlación con la lluvia con el componente subterráneo (raíces finas). Por otra parte, a pesar de que el noroeste Amazónico es considerado sin una estación seca propiamente (definida como <100 mm meses −1), la hojarasca y la masa de raíces finas mostraron una alta variabilidad y estacionalidad, especialmente marcada durante la sequía del 2005. Además, los bosques del grupo de suelos francos mostraron que la hojarasca responde a retrasos en la precipitación, al igual que la masa de raíces finas del bosque sobre arena-francosa. En cuanto a la dinámica forestal, sólo la tasa de mortalidad del bosque sobre arena-francosa estuvo correlacionada con la precipitación (ρ = 0.77, P <0.1). La variabilidad interanual en los incrementos en el tallo y la biomasa de los individuos resalta la importancia de la mortalidad en la variación de los incrementos en la biomasa aérea. Sin embargo, las tasas de mortalidad y las proporciones de individuos muertos por categoría de muerte (en pie, caído de raíz, partido y desaparecido), no mostraron tendencias claras relacionadas con la sequía. Curiosamente, la hojarasca, el incremento en la biomasa aérea y las tasas de reclutamiento mostraron una alta correlación entre los bosques, en particular dentro del grupo de los bosques con suelos francos. Sin embargo, el índice de área foliar estimado para los bosques con suelos más contrastantes (arcilla y arena-francosa), no presentó correlación significativa con la lluvia; no obstante, estuvo muy correlacionado entre bosques; índice de área foliar no reflejó las diferencias en la asignación de los componentes del carbono, y su respuesta a la precipitación en estos bosques. Por último, los bosques estudiados muestran que el noroeste amazónico es susceptible a fenómenos climáticos, contrario a lo propuesto anteriormente debido a la ausencia de una estación seca propiamente dicha. ABSTRACT Studies of carbon allocation in forests provide essential information for understanding spatial and temporal differences in carbon cycling that can inform models and predict possible responses to changes in climate. Amazon forests play a particularly significant role in the global carbon balance, but there are still large uncertainties regarding abiotic controls on the rates of net primary production (NPP) and the allocation of photosynthetic products to different ecosystem components; and how the carbon allocation components of Amazon forests respond to extreme climate events. The overall objective of this thesis is to examine the carbon allocation components in old-growth tropical forests on contrasting soils, and under similar climatic conditions in two sites at the Amacayacu National Natural Park and the Zafire Biological Station, located in the north-western Amazon (Colombia). Measurements of above- and below-ground carbon allocation components (biomass, net primary production, and its partitioning) at the ecosystem level, and dynamics of tree mortality and recruitment were done along eight years (20042012) in six 1-ha plots established in five Amazon forest types on different soils (clay, clay-loam, sandy-clay-loam, sandy-loam and loamy-sand) to address specific questions detailed in the next paragraphs. In Chapter 2, I evaluated the hypothesis that as soil fertility increases the amount of carbon allocated to below-ground production (fine-roots) should decrease. To address this hypothesis the standing crop mass and production of fine-roots (<2 mm) were estimated by two methods: (1) ingrowth cores and, (2) sequential soil coring, during 2.2 years in the most contrasting forests: the clay-soil forest and the loamy-sand forest. We found that the standing crop fine-root mass and its production were significantly different between forests and also between soil depths (0–10 and 10–20 cm). The loamysand forest allocated more carbon to fine-roots than the clay-soil forest, with fine-root production in the loamy-sand forest twice (mean ± standard error = 2.98 ± 0.36 and 3.33 ± 0.69 Mg C ha −1 yr −1, method 1 and 2, respectively) as much as for the more fertile claysoil forest (1.51 ± 0.14, method 1, and from 1.03 ± 0.31 to 1.36 ± 0.23 Mg C ha −1 yr −1, method 2). Similarly, the average of standing crop fine-root mass was three times higher in the loamy-sand forest (5.47 ± 0.17 Mg C ha1) than in the more fertile soil (from 1.52 ± 0.08 a 1.82 ± 0.09 Mg C ha1). The standing crop fine-root mass also showed a temporal pattern related to rainfall, with the production of fine-roots decreasing substantially in the dry period of the year 2005. These results suggest that soil resources may play an important role in patterns of carbon allocation of below-ground components, not only driven the differences in the biomass and its production, but also in the time when it is produced. In Chapter 3, I assessed the three components of stand-level carbon allocation (biomass, NPP, and its partitioning) for the same forests evaluated in Chapter 2 (clay-soil forest and loamy-sand forest). We found differences in carbon allocation patterns between these two forests, showing that the forest on clay-soil had a higher aboveground and total biomass as well as a higher above-ground NPP than the loamy-sand forest. However, differences between the two types of forests in terms of stand-level NPP were smaller, as a consequence of different strategies in the carbon allocation of above- and below-ground components. The proportional allocation of NPP to new foliage production was relatively similar between the two forests. Our results of aboveground biomass increments and fine-root production suggest a possible trade-off between carbon allocation to fine-roots versus wood growth (as it has been reported by other authors), as opposed to the most commonly assumed trade-off between total above- and below-ground production. Despite these differences among forests in terms of carbon allocation components, the leaf area index showed differences between forests like total NPP, suggesting that the leaf area index is more indicative of total NPP than carbon allocation. In Chapter 4, I evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of carbon allocation components and forest dynamics of Amazon forests as well as their responses to climatic fluctuations. I evaluated the intra- and inter-annual variation of carbon allocation components and forest dynamics during the period 2004−2012 in five forests on different soils (clay, clay-loam, sandy-clay-loam, sandy-loam and loamy-sand), but growing under the same local precipitation regime in north-western Amazonia (Colombia). We were interested in examining if these forests respond similarly to rainfall fluctuations as many models predict, considering the following questions: (i) Is there a correlation in carbon allocation components and forest dynamics with precipitation? (ii) Is there a correlation among forests? (iii) Are temporal responses in leaf area index (LAI) indicative of variations of above-ground production or a reflection of changes in carbon allocation patterns among forests?. Overall, the correlation of above- and below-ground carbon allocation components with rainfall suggests that soils play an important role in the spatial and temporal differences of responses of these forests to rainfall fluctuations. On the one hand, most forests showed that the above-ground components are susceptible to rainfall fluctuations; however, there was a forest on loamy-sand that only showed a correlation with the below-ground component (fine-roots). On the other hand, despite the fact that north-western Amazonia is considered without a conspicuous dry season (defined as <100 mm month−1), litterfall and fine-root mass showed high seasonality and variability, particularly marked during the drought of 2005. Additionally, forests of the loam-soil group showed that litterfall respond to time-lags in rainfall as well as and the fine-root mass of the loamy-sand forest. With regard to forest dynamics, only the mortality rate of the loamy-sand forest was significantly correlated with rainfall (77%). The observed inter-annual variability of stem and biomass increments of individuals highlighted the importance of the mortality in the above-ground biomass increment. However, mortality rates and death type proportion did not show clear trends related to droughts. Interestingly, litterfall, above-ground biomass increment and recruitment rates of forests showed high correlation among forests, particularly within the loam-soil forests group. Nonetheless, LAI measured in the most contrasting forests (clay-soil and loamysand) was poorly correlated with rainfall but highly correlated between forests; LAI did not reflect the differences in the carbon allocation components, and their response to rainfall on these forests. Finally, the forests studied highlight that north-western Amazon forests are also susceptible to climate fluctuations, contrary to what has been proposed previously due to their lack of a pronounced dry season.

Impact of control strategies on bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) mortality, seedling recruitment, population dynamics, pasture yield and cost analysis

Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) is an invasive weed that has the potential to greatly reduce biodiversity and pasture productivity in northern Australia’s rangelands. This paper reports an approach to develop best practice options for controlling medium to dense infestations of bellyache bush using combinations of control methods. The efficacy of five single treatments including foliar spraying, slashing, stick raking, burning and do nothing (control) were compared against 15 combinations of these treatments over 4 successive years. Treatments were evaluated using several attributes, including plant mortality, changes in population demographics, seedling recruitment, pasture yield and cost of treatment. Foliar spraying once each year for 4 years proved the most cost-effective control strategy, with no bellyache bush plants recorded at the end of the study. Single applications of slashing, stick raking and to a lesser extent burning, when followed up with foliar spraying also led to significantly reduced densities of bellyache bush and changed the population from a growing one to a declining one. Total experimental cost estimates over 4 successive years for treatments where burning, stick raking, foliar spraying, and slashing were followed with foliar spraying were AU$408, AU$584, AU$802 and AU$789 ha–1, respectively. Maximum pasture yield of 5.4 t ha–1 occurred with repeated foliar spraying. This study recommends that treatment combinations using either foliar spraying alone or as a follow up with slashing, stick raking or burning are best practice options following consideration of the level of control, changes in pasture yield and cost effectiveness.

Relationship between annual rainfall and tree mortality in a tropical dry forest: Results of a 19-year study at Mudumalai, southern India

Variability in rainfall is known to be a major influence on the dynamics of tropical forests, especially rates and patterns of tree mortality. In tropical dry forests a number of contributing factors to tree mortality, including dry season fire and herbivory by large herbivorous mammals, could be related to rainfall patterns, while loss of water potential in trees during the dry season or a wet season drought could also result in enhanced rates of death. While tree mortality as influenced by severe drought has been examined in tropical wet forests there is insufficient understanding of this process in tropical dry forests. We examined these causal factors in relation to inter-annual differences in rainfall in causing tree mortality within a 50-ha Forest Dynamics Plot located in the tropical dry deciduous forests of Mudumalai, southern India, that has been monitored annually since 1988. Over a 19-year period (1988-2007) mean annual mortality rate of all stems >1 cm dbh was 6.9 +/- 4.6% (range = 1.5-17.5%); mortality rates broadly declined from the smaller to the larger size classes with the rates in stems >30 cm dbh being among the lowest recorded in tropical forest globally. Fire was the main agent of mortality in stems 1-5 cm dbh, elephant-herbivory in stems 5-10 cm dbh, and other natural causes in stems > 10 cm dbh. Elephant-related mortality did not show any relationship to rainfall. On the other hand, fire-related mortality was significantly negatively correlated to quantity of rainfall during the preceding year. Mortality due to other causes in the larger stem sizes was significantly negatively correlated to rainfall with a 2-3-year lag, suggesting that water deficit from mild or prolonged drought enhanced the risk of death but only with a time lag that was greater than similar lags in tree mortality observed in other forest types. In this respect, tropical dry forests growing in regions of high rainfall variability may have evolved greater resistance to rainfall deficit as compared to tropical moist or temperate forests but are still vulnerable to drought-related mortality.

Tree mortality, fire scar formation and regeneration 8 years after low-intensity fire in managed Pinus sylvestris stands

Fire is an important driver of the boreal forest ecosystem, and a useful tool for the restoration of degraded forests. However, we lack knowledge on the ecological processes initiated by prescribed fires, and whether they bring about the desired restoration effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of low-intensity experimental prescribed fires on four ecological processes in young commercial Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands eight years after the burning. The processes of interest were tree mortality, dead wood creation, regeneration and fire scar formation. These were inventoried in twelve study plots, which were 30 m x 30 m in size. The plots belonged to two different stand age classes: 30-35 years or 45 years old at the time of burning. The study was partly a follow-up of study plots researched by Sidoroff et al. (2007) one year after burning in 2003. Tree mortality increased from 183 stems ha-1 in 2003 to 259 stems ha-1 in 2010, corresponding to 15 % and 21 % of stem number respectively. Most mortality was experienced in the stands of the younger age class, in smaller diameter classes and among species other than Scots pine. By 2010, the average mortality of Scots pine per plot was 18%, but varied greatly ranging from 0% to 63% of stem number. Delayed mortality, i.e. mortality that occurred between 2 and 8 years after fire, seemed to become more important with increasing diameter. The input of dead wood also varied greatly between plots, from none to 72 m3 ha-1, averaging at 12 m3 ha-1. The amount of fire scarred trees per plot ranged from none to 20 %. Four out of twelve plots (43 %) did not have any fire scars. Scars were on average small: 95% of scars were less than 4 cm in width, and 75% less than 40 cm in length. Owing to the light nature of the fire, the remaining overstorey and thick organic layer, regeneration was poor overall. The abundance of pine and other seedlings indicated a viable seed source existed, but the seedlings failed to establish under dense canopy. The number of saplings ranged from 0 to 12 333 stems ha-1. The results of this study indicate that a low intensity fire does not necessarily initiate the ecological processes of tree mortality, dead wood creation and regeneration in the desired scale. Fire scars, which form the basis of fire dating in fire history studies, did not form in all cases.

Estimates of growth, mortality, recruitment pattern and MSY of important resources from the Maharashtra coast

Based on the data collected from the year 1987-1991 the growth, mortality and recruitment pattern of eighteen species of fish, two species of cephalopods and four species of penaeid prawns have been presented in the present communication. The total mortality coefficient, (Z) varied from lowest of 1.20 for O. cuvieri to a highest of 10.78 for P. stylifera. The natural mortality coefficient, (M) varied from 0.52 for T. thalassinus to 3.44 for S. crassicornis. The average annual yield of eighteen species of fish, four species of prawns and two species of cephalopods are 65.083, 38.404 and 11.373 tons as against the MSY of 83.023, 72.460 and 10.475 tons respectively. The MSY estimated for the total fish stock is 1.77.753 tons whereas the present yield is 1.14.859 tons. This indicates that higher yield can be obtained by increasing the effort.

An assessment of riparian restoration outcomes in two rural catchments in south-western Victoria: Focusing on tree and shrub species richness, structure and recruitment characteristics

Riparian ecosystems are among the most degraded systems in the landscape,and there has been substantial investment in their restoration. Consequently, monitoring restoration interventions offers opportunities to further develop the science of riparian restoration, particularly how to move from small-scale implementation to a broader landscape scale. Here, we report on a broad range of riparian revegetation projects in two regions of south-western Victoria, the Corangamite and Glenelg-Hopkins Catchment Management Areas. The objectives of restoration interventions in these regions have been stated quite broadly, for example, to reinstate terrestrial habitat and biodiversity, control erosion and improve water quality. This study reports on tree and shrub composition, structure and recruitment after restoration works compared with remnant vegetation found regionally. Within each catchment, a total of 57 sites from six subcatchments were identified, representing three age-classes: <4, 4–8 and >8–12 years after treatment, as well as untreated (control) sites. Treatments comprised fencing to exclude stock, spraying or slashing to reduce weed cover, followed by planting with tube stock. Across the six subcatchments, 12 reference (remnant) sites were used to provide a benchmark for species richness, structural and recruitment characteristics and to aid interpretation of the effects of the restoration intervention. Vegetation structure was well developed in the treated sites by 4–8 years after treatment. However, structural complexity was higher at remnant sites than at treated or untreated sites due to a higher richness of small shrubs. Tree and shrub recruitment occurred in all remnant sites and at 64% of sites treated >4 years ago. Most seedling recruitment at treatment sites was by Acacia spp. This assessment provides data on species richness, structure and recruitment characteristics following restoration interventions. Data from this study will contribute to longitudinal studies of vegetation processes in riparian landscapes of south-western Victoria.

Tree size and fecundity influence ballistic seed dispersal of two dominant mast-fruiting species in a tropical rain forest

Seed production, seed dispersal, and seedling recruitment are integral to forest dynamics, especially in masting species. Often these are studied separately, yet scarcely ever for species with ballistic dispersal even though this mode of dispersal is common in legume trees of tropical African rain forests. Here, we studied two dominant main-canopy tree species, Microberlinia bisulcata and Tetraberlinia bifoliolata (Caesalpinioideae), in 25 ha of primary rain forest at Korup, Cameroon, during two successive masting events (2007/2010). In the vicinity of c. 100 and 130 trees of each species, 476/580 traps caught dispersed seeds and beneath their crowns c. 57,000 pod valves per species were inspected to estimate tree-level fecundity. Seed production of trees increased non-linearly and asymptotically with increasing stem diameters. It was unequal within the two species’ populations, and differed strongly between years to foster both spatial and temporal patchiness in seed rain. The M. bisulcata trees could begin seeding at 42–44 cm diameter: at a much larger size than could T. bifoliolata (25 cm). Nevertheless, per capita life-time reproductive capacity was c. five times greater in M. bisulcata than T. bifoliolata owing to former’s larger adult stature, lower mortality rate (despite a shorter life-time) and smaller seed mass. The two species displayed strong differences in their dispersal capabilities. Inverse modelling (IM) revealed that dispersal of M. bisulcata was best described by a lognormal kernel. Most seeds landed at 10–15 m from stems, with 1% of them going beyond 80 m (<100 m). The direct estimates of fecundity significantly improved the models fitted. The lognormal also described well the seedling recruitment distribution of this species in 121 ground plots. By contrast, the lower intensity of masting and more limited dispersal of the heavier-seeded T. bifoliolata prevented reliable IM. For this species, seed density as function of distance to traps suggested a maximum dispersal distance of 40–50 m, and a correspondingly more aggregated seedling recruitment pattern ensued than for M. bisulcata. From this integrated field study, we conclude that the reproductive traits of M. bisulcata give it a considerable advantage over T. bifoliolata by better dispersing more seeds per capita to reach more suitable establishment sites, and combined with other key traits they explain its local dominance in the forest. Understanding the linkages between size at onset of maturity, individual fecundity, and dispersal capability can better inform the life-history strategies, and hence management, of co-occurring tree species in tropical forests.