Algarve, da Urbanização Turística à Metropolização Sazonal - 1960/2013

A turistificação do Algarve ocorreu num plano político, institucional e urbanístico em que assistimos transformações em duas escalas. Na escala nacional, assistimos a uma clara reorientação produtiva ao continente europeu por parte das elites nacionais, abandonado o comércio de natureza colonial e concentrando a sua intervenção na banca e setor imobiliário. Na conjuntura regional presenciamos a substituição da agricultura, pesca e indústria tradicionais, pelas ocupações funcionais associadas ao turismo. Ocupado temporariamente por turistas (maioritariamente portugueses e britânicos) e utilizadores de segundas residências, o território e as populações algarvias foram moldados pelo impacto em redor do fenómeno turístico e imobiliário, implicando uma forte dependência económica e sazonalidade associada ao lazer balnear. Num contexto de forte dinamização da iniciativa privada, dá-se um incremento particular do investimento financeiro nestes territórios; tanto nas suas vertentes de alta rentabilidade (resorts e grandes projetos imobiliários), como na compra de casas de segunda habitação por parte de alguns estratos das classes médias. A procura de lazer comporta um processo social, económico e cultural marcado pelo contexto de receção de turistas, na adequação da região destes, na transformação do espaço no sentido de um território que se quer adequado ao prazer, promovendo possíveis fenómenos de dependência económica de uma região. A Sociologia tratava o consumo de bens não primários como “um assunto pouco sério da vida social” (Fortuna, 1995). A integração deste campo na academia dá-se com a progressiva integração da importância do fenómeno turístico nas mentes dos agentes os melhores tempos das nossas vidas, assim como do alargamento a classes sociais mais modestas, que agora podem aceder ao lazer e ao uso do tempo livre; tornando o fenómeno um elemento central das sociedades contemporâneas. Na produção das cidades e nas suas margens urbanas está presente a criação de um espaço físico e social de trocas, e particularmente nos contextos turísticos, de essência simbólica e económica entre residentes e visitantes, elementos fundamentais destas formas de urbanização. Nesta investigação foram escolhidos um conjunto de espaços urbanos, de relações produtivas/ laborais e práticas de lazer, que pelo seu interesse sociológico significativo poderão ajudar na compreensão do processo de Urbanização Turística no Algarve. Como resultado desta análise criámos o conceito de Metropolização Sazonal, através da análise de três dimensões particulares: espaço, produção/trabalho e lazer. Da análise desenvolvida foi necessário criar uma tipologia conceptual que permitisse compreender as particularidades do processo de urbanização turística algarvia. Essa tipologia materializa-se num novo conceito, de Metropolização Sazonal, com a sua particularidade temporal, não permanente.

Urbanização turística em ponta negra: relações de força e processos sociais no período de 1979-2009

This master thesis aimed to investigate how the power relations operating in the tourism social processes, have shaped the urbanization of Ponta Negra district, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte - RN. The study assumes that the production of space is the result of global phenomena individualized by local forces a process of glocalization. The method used was the case study. It used primary and secondary data and information were treated using the technique of content analysis. The urbanization of Ponta Negra is inserted in the context of global process triggered in the 1970s. The Park of Dunas and Costeira Highway (PD/VC) urbanization project marks the beginning of the Tourisms since 1979. The period in focus was 1979 to 2009. The tourism was dived into four major sections time: tourism in Natal before the Coastal Highway (1939-1979); Project Parque das Dunas / Coastal Highway to the first boom in domestic tourism (1979 - 1990); the internationalization of tourism (1991-2000) and, of first "boom" to "decline" of international tourism (2001-2009). Based on the historical evolution of the tourism were elected three different social processes, able to demonstrate how relations of social forces brought in space act on them and help shape the process of urbanization of the neighborhood in question: The removal of beach hut , the soccer field Botafogo Football Club and the skyscrapers . Finally, it should summarize the research identified interests and conflicts among the actors that form the thrust of spatial transformations: cultural conflicts resulting from the imposition of social practices that differ from the taste of native; clashes between different groups that reflect the duality between use value and exchange value; and interests in land values. In addition, demonstrated that the social relations that involve the production of the area are stimulated by deep-seated societal processes historically and camouflaged by market relations and a modern facade that the city has acquired in recent times; revealed that the actors are linked in networks to increase their influence and that this influence varies mainly according to economic and political power that they or their associates hold

Epidemiological study on leishmaniasis in an area of environmental tourism and ecotourism, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, 2006-2007

The aims of this study were to carry out a serological survey of canine leishmaniasis and identify the phlebotomine fauna in the urban area of Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul. The serological survey was conducted on a sample of 303 dogs, by means of the indirect immunofluorescence test. Phlebotomines were captured using automated light traps. The serological survey found that 30% of the dogs were seropositive, both from the center and from all districts of the town. A total of 2,772 specimens of phlebotomines were caught and the species most found was Lutzomyia longipalpis (90.4%), which corroborated its role as the vector of for canine visceral leishmaniasis in the region. Phlebotomines of the species Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (the main vector for Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis) and Nyssomyia whitmani (the vector for Leishmania (Viannia) brasiliensis) were also caught. The findings indicate the need for continuous epidemiological surveillance, with attention towards diminishing the vector breeding sites and the transmission of these diseases in that region.

The development of social tourism in Brazil

This article reflects on the origins and development of social tourism in Brazil, with particular reference to the socio-economic conditions in the country. It discusses the theoretical conceptualisation of social tourism and its implementations in the non-European context. The case study presented here is based on a secondary bibliographical research of existing definitions and an in-depth analysis of the political conditions that have framed its development. More particularly, this article will discuss public initiatives since the Labour Party gained power in Brazil in 2003. Apart from public sector involvement in social tourism, this article also examines the role of the third sector in provision. The example of Social Service of Commerce will be presented. This article will conclude by evaluating the phenomenon of social tourism in Brazil, highlighting where progress has been made and which are the key challenges that need to be overcome.

Concepts and tools for comprehensive sustainability assessments for tourism destinations: a comparative review

This paper reviews a wide range of tools for comprehensive sustainability assessments at whole tourism destinations, covering socio-cultural, economic and environmental issues. It considers their strengths, weaknesses and site specific applicability. It is intended to facilitate their selection (and combination where necessary). Tools covered include Sustainability Indicators, Environmental Impact Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment, Environmental Audits, Ecological Footprints, Multi-Criteria Analysis and Adaptive Environmental Assessment. Guidelines for evaluating their suitability for specific sites and situations are given as well as examples of their use.

The Learning Tourism Destination: The potential of a learning organisation approach for improving the sustainability of tourism destinations

Globalisation, increasing complexity, and the need to address triple-bottom line sustainability has seen the proliferation of Learning Organisations (LO) who, by definition, have the capacity to anticipate environmental changes and economic opportunities and adapt accordingly. Such organisations use system dynamics modelling (SDM) for both strategic planning and the promotion of organisational learning. Although SDM has been applied in the context of tourism destination management for predictive reasons, the current literature does not analyse or recognise how this could be used as a foundation for an LO. This study introduces the concept of the Learning Tourism Destinations (LTD) and discusses, on the basis of a review of 6 case studies, the potential of SDM as a tool for the implementation and enhancement of collective learning processes. The results reveal that SDM is capable of promoting communication between stakeholders and stimulating organisational learning. It is suggested that the LTD approach be further utilised and explored.

Economics, wildlife tourism and conservation: Three case studies

This report presents the results of an economics component of the National Interdisciplinary Project (NIP) on wildlife tourism in Australia. The main objectives of the study were to outline and assess the role that economics can play in the valuation and management of wildlife-based tourism, undertake appropriate case studies to highlight the value of economics and its limits in assessing wildlife tourism in each case, take into account relevant environmental issues involved in wildlife tourism, and make future recommendations.

Nature-based tourism and the valuation of its environmental resources: Economic and other aspects

Nature-based tourism has grown in importance in recent decades, and strong links have been established between it and ecotourism. This reflects rising incomes, greater levels of educational attainment and changing values, especially in the Western world. Nature-based tourism is quite varied. Different types of such tourism are identified and their consequences for sustainability of their resource-base are briefly considered. The development and management of nature-based tourism involves many economic aspects, several of which are discussed. For example, one must consider the economics of reserving or protecting land for this type of tourism. What economic factors should be taken into account? Economists stress the importance of taking into account the opportunity costs involved in such a decision. This concept is explained. However, determining the net economic value of an area used for tourism is not straightforward. Techniques for doing this, such as the travel cost method and stated value methods, are introduced. Natural areas reserved for tourism may have economic value not only for tourism but also jointly for other purposes, such as conserving wildlife, maintaining hydrological cycles and so on. These other purposes, should be taken into account when considering the use of land for nature-based tourism. According to one economic point of view, land should be used in a way that maximises its total economic value. While this approach has its merits, it does not take into account the distribution of benefits from land use and its local impacts on income and employment. These can be quite important politically and for nature conservation, and are discussed. Finally, there is some discussion of whether fees charged to tourists for access to environmental resources should discriminate between domestic tourists and foreigners.