Fertility in Curitiba, Brazil: levels, trends and differentials

Objectives: To identify levels, tendency and recent differentials in fertility in Curitiba, Brazil. Methods: It is a quantitative and temporal series study, in which the birth rates, general and total fertility indicators, for the period of 1995-2007, were calculated and analyzed in Curitiba, Brazil, as well as the proportion of women with high fertility in 2005-2007, compared to the state of Parana. In order to evaluate inner regional differences in the city of Curitiba the same rates were calculated for each one of the administrative districts in the capital. Results: It was noticed a tendency of decline in fertility rates in Curitiba. The total fertility rate in 2007 was 1.49 children per woman and 1.66 in Parana state. The proportion of women with high fertility in the interior of Parana was 1.8 times higher than in the capital. The analysis of fertility rates by districts in Curitiba pointed out important differences: only 10 out of 75 districts had total fertility rates higher than 2.1 children per woman, and 9 districts concentrated 59.6% of women with high fertility. Conclusions: Curitiba showed a quick and sharp reduction in fertility rates. However, the inner regional differences in the city suggests the need to devise actions of reproductive health and social measures, directed to specific groups of population.

Age-Specific Fertility Dynamics: Sub-Saharan African Fertility in a Global Context

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

TAX YEAR 2013 ESTIMATED AVERAGE TOTAL MILLAGE RATE BY COUNTY

This is a 2013 estimate of average total millage rate broken down by county, millage, percent relative to statewide average and relative to the statewide average.

Vidas arriscadas: uma reflexão sobre a relação entre o número de gestações e mortalidade materna

Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar o risco e os fatores associados à mortalidade materna de multigestas (cinco ou mais gestações). Descreve a tendência da Taxa de Fecundidade Total (TFT) e da Razão de Mortalidade Materna (RMM) de 1998 a 2004 no Paraná. Apresenta uma análise dos 822 óbitos maternos deste período, o cálculo da Razão de Mortalidade Materna Específica, o Risco Relativo, a freqüência e o Odds Ratio para algumas variáveis segundo número de gestações. Analisa também as causas e a evitabilidade dos óbitos maternos. Os resultados apontaram TFT baixa (1,8 filhos por mulher) e a RMM elevada (69,7/100.000 nascidos vivos) no Paraná em 2004. Um quarto dos 822 óbitos maternos (206) era de multigestas (cinco ou mais gestações), o risco relativo de morte materna foi seis vezes superior do que para as mulheres com até duas gestações, e os perfis sociodemográfico e o reprodutivo foram mais desfavoráveis para aquele grupo de mulheres. A baixa escolaridade, a idade igual ou acima de 30 anos e o pré-natal com menos de quatro consultas apresentaram associação com o maior número de gestações. A proporção de mortes por causas obstétricas indiretas, hemorragias e aborto, foi maior entre as multigestas, e cerca de 90% dos óbitos deste grupo foi considerado evitável. Concluiu-se que o monitoramento das multigestas com idade avançada e em desvantagem social, bem como ações efetivas de planejamento familiar, e serviços obstétricos qualificados para gestação de alto risco são medidas que podem contribuir para a redução da mortalidade materna

La fécondité des groupes linguistiques au Québec de 1984 à 2006

L’histoire identitaire du Québec a constamment été marquée par des enjeux d’ordre «linguistique». En effet, de par l’isolement de cette province majoritairement francophone, entourée de provinces et d’un pays anglophones, nous avons été témoins de plusieurs débats passionnés sur l’avenir du français au Québec. Mais qu’en est-il réellement de la situation linguistique et plus particulièrement de la fécondité au Québec? Avec le constat que le Québec, tout comme la plupart des pays occidentaux, n’assure plus le remplacement de ses générations par son accroissement naturel, l’immigration devient la seule alternative. Certains se sont alors interrogés sur la représentativité future des francophones au sein de leur province. Axée essentiellement sur la langue d’usage, nous avons effectué plusieurs analyses comparatives de l’indice synthétique de fécondité (ISF) selon les groupes linguistiques, mais également selon les régions. Trois facteurs importaient : déterminer les différences de fécondité entre les groupes linguistiques; déterminer les différences de fécondité entre l’ensemble du Québec, l’île de Montréal et le reste du Québec; et déterminer quel jeu d’hypothèses de construction de l’ISF se rapproche le plus de la réalité. C’est à l’aide de six combinaisons d’hypothèses que nous avons effectué l’analyse de la fécondité des groupes linguistiques, soit trois hypothèses de redistribution des naissances dont la langue d’usage de la mère est inconnue, et deux hypothèses de distribution des effectifs, soit la population féminine âgée de 15 à 49 ans. L’analyse annuelle de la fécondité des groupes linguistiques au Québec nous a permis d’observer des variations pour le moins importantes au cours des deux dernières décennies, ce que des analyses de la fécondité limitées aux années censitaires seulement ont en quelque sorte atténué. Bien que les allophones aient des ISF plus «instables» que les deux autres groupes linguistiques, à cause de leurs faibles effectifs, il appert que leur ISF est en-deçà du seuil de remplacement depuis 1996, pour progressivement se rapprocher de celui des deux autres groupes linguistiques.

Equity and women's health services for contraception, abortion and childbirth in Brazil

This paper addresses equity in health and health care in Brazil, examining unjust disparities between women and men, and between women from different social strata, with a focus on services for contraception, abortion and pregnancy. In 2010 women's life expectancy was 77.6 years, men's was 69.7 years. Women are two-thirds of public hospital services users and assess their health status less positively than men. The total fertility rate was 1.8 in 2011, and contraceptive prevalence has been high among women at all income levels. The proportion of sterilizations has decreased; lower-income women are more frequently sterilized. Abortions are mostly illegal; women with more money have better access to safe abortions in private clinics. Poorer women generally self-induce abortion with misoprostol, seeking treatment of complications from public clinics. Institutional violence on the part of health professionals is reported by half of women receiving abortion care and a quarter of women during childbirth. Maternity care is virtually universal. The public sector has fewer caesarean sections, fewer low birth weight babies, and more rooming-in, but excessive episiotomies and inductions. Privacy, continuity of care and companionship during birth are more common in the private sector. To achieve equity, the health system must go beyond universal, unregulated access to technology, and move towards safe, effective and transparent care. (C) 2012 Reproductive Health Matters

Influence of Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Viability and Fertility of Equine Semen

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Fecundidad = Fertility

Incluye CD-ROM

Growth parameters and mortality rate of the Scomber japonicus peruanus (Jordán & Hubb, 1925) along the Peruvian coast, South Pacific

The growth parameters and the mortality rates of the Scomber japonicus peruanus (Chub mackerel) were studied based on monthly data of frequency of fork length classes obtained from commercial landings off the Peruvian coast from 1996 to 1998. The asymptotic body length and growth rate values obtained by the ELEFAN I (Electronic Length Frequency Analysis) ranged from 40.20 cm to 42.20 cm and from 0.38 to 0.39, respectively. The oscillation amplitude was 0.60; the Winter point values varied from 0.50 to 0.60 and the performance index from 2.79 to 2.84. The total mortality rate of the Chub mackerel obtained by the linearized catch curve oscillated between 1.68 and 3.35. The rate of fishing mortality varied from 1.16 to 2.78 and the exploitation rate from 0.68 to 0.84. The annual rate of natural mortality estimated by the Pauly's method ranged from 0.52 to 0.53. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the longevity of the Chub mackerel was slightly over seven years.

Italy's Path to Very Low Fertility : The Adequacy of Economic and Second Demographic Transition Theories

The deep drop of the fertility rate in Italy to among the lowest in the world challenges contemporary theories of childbearing and family building. Among high-income countries, Italy was presumed to have characteristics of family values and female labor force participation that would favor higher fertility than its European neighbors to the north. We test competing economic and cultural explanations, drawing on new nationally representative, longitudinal data to examine first union, first birth, and second birth. Our event history analysis finds some support for economic determinants of family formation and fertility, but the clear importance of regional differences and of secularization suggests that such an explanation is at best incomplete and that cultural and ideational factors must be considered.

Biology and management of the masked chafer Cyclocephala distincta Burmeister (Melolonthidae, Dynastinae, Cyclocephalini)

Adults of Cyclocephala distincta are flower visitors of Neotropical palms (Arecaceae) and commonly found in the Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco, Brazil. Males and females were collected in the wild and subjected to captive rearing and breeding. The egg hatching rate, the life cycle, longevity of immatures and adults, and oviposition parameters in captivity were analyzed. The average duration of the life cycle of C. distinctawas 108.2 days (n = 45). The egg stage lasted on average 10.9 days, and the egg-hatching rate was 73.9%. The immature stage lasted on average 93.4 days. The larvae stage exhibited negative phototaxis, and the size of their head capsules increased at a constant rate of 1.6 between instars, following Dyar's rule. The average duration of the first instar was 24.8 days (n = 88), whereas the second and third instars lasted for 17.2 (n = 76) and 40.4 (n = 74) days respectively, and survival rates were 21.6%, 86.4% and 97.4%. The pre-pupal stage was recorded, and pupal chambers were built before pupation. The average number of eggs laid per female was 15.5, the total reproductive period lasted for 3.3 days, and the total fertility was 81.2%. Adults that emerged in captivity exhibited an average longevity of 18.9 days. Adult C. distincta exhibited thanatosis behavior upon manipulation, a strategy observed for the first time in Cyclocephala.

Educational attainment and timing of fertility decisions

This paper focuses on timing of fertility decisions, conditional on the level of educational attainment of parents. Timing of fertility and educational attainment of parents rationalize the negative relationship observed in the data between hourly wages and childbearing. It is shown how the recent evolution in total fertility rates observed in developed countries could be in part the result of a transition from an early childbearing regime to a late childbearing regime. I develop a general equilibrium overlapping generations model in order to understand the joint determination of timing of childbearing decisions together with other household economic decisions in a life cycle framework. I show how idiosyncratic uncertainty might have asymmetric efects on completed fertility depending on timing of childbearing, generating the diferences in completed fertility observed between households that difer in their level of educational attainment.

Educational attainment and timing of fertility decisions

This paper focuses on timing of fertility decisions, conditional on the level of educational attainment of parents. Timing of fertility and educational attainment of parents rationalize the negative relationship observed in the data between hourly wages and childbearing. It is shown how the recent evolution in total fertility rates observed in developed countries could be in part the result of a transition from an early childbearing regime to a late childbearing regime. I develop a general equilibrium overlapping generations model in order to understand the joint determination of timing of childbearing decisions together with other household economic decisions in a life cycle framework. I show how idiosyncratic uncertainty might have asymmetric efects on completed fertility depending on timing of childbearing, generating the diferences in completed fertility observed between households that difer in their level of educational attainment.

2001 Iowa Termination of Pregnancy Report, March 3 2003

The total number of pregnancy terminations decreased from 7,602 in 2000 to 6,845 in 2001. This represents a 10% decrease. Induced termination decreased from 6,059 to 5,722 (a 6% decrease) and spontaneous termination decreased from 1,541 to 1,119 (a 27% decrease). Pregnancy terminations by maternal and child health regions (MCH) • The fertility rate for the state as a whole increased from 62.3 per 1,000 to 62.6 per 1,000, from 2000 to 2001. In 2000, 15 MCH regions had a higher rate than the statewide fertility rate, while in 2001, the number of MCH regions with a higher rate than the statewide fertility rate dropped to 12. Region 7 continued to have the highest fertility rate and region 12 continued to have the lowest rate. • The pregnancy rate decreased from 74.6 per 1,000 to 74.1 per 1,000. Region 16 continued to have the lowest pregnancy rate. However, region 23 had the highest pregnancy rate in 2001, compared to region 7 in 2000. • The induced termination rate decreased 0.6 per 1,000 and down to 9.4 per 1,000 in 2001. Compared to 2000 reports, two fewer regions had a higher rate than the statewide induced termination rate in 2001 (8 regions in 2000 vs. 6 regions in 2001). • The spontaneous termination rate for the state dropped to 1.8 per 1,000 from 2.5 per 1,000. The number of regions with a higher spontaneous termination rate decreased from 9 to 7. Region 14 had the highest rate, and region 20 had the lowest. • The statewide induced termination ratio increased from 145.7 per 1,000 to 149.6 per 1,000. Region 12 had the highest ratio for both years, and region 22 had the lowest ratio. • The statewide spontaneous termination ratio decreased from 39.7 per 1,000 to 29.3 per 1,000. One less region was higher, compared to 2000 data (9 regions in 2000 vs. 8 regions in 2001). In summary, the geographic distribution of the 2001 data showed a pattern similar to that seen in 2000. Generally, the frequency for both induced and spontaneous terminations decreased by month of occurrence, gestational age, marital status, and education level and mother’s age

Fertility of male adult rats submitted to forced swimming stress

We investigated whether stress interferes with fertility during adulthood. Male Wistar rats (weighing 220 g in the beginning of the experiment) were forced to swim for 3 min in water at 32ºC daily for 15 days. Stress was assessed by the hot-plate test after the last stressing session. To assess fertility, control and stressed males (N = 15 per group) were mated with sexually mature normal females. Males were sacrificed after copulation. Stress caused by forced swimming was demonstrated by a significant increase in the latency of the pain response in the hot-plate test (14.6 ± 1.25 s for control males vs 26.0 ± 1.53 s for stressed males, P = 0.0004). No changes were observed in body weight, testicular weight, seminal vesicle weight, ventral prostate weight or gross histological features of the testes of stressed males. Similarly, no changes were observed in fertility rate, measured by counting live fetuses in the uterus of normal females mated with control and stressed males; no dead or incompletely developed fetuses were observed in the uterus of either group. In contrast, there was a statistically significant decrease in spermatid production demonstrated by histometric evaluation (154.96 ± 5.41 vs 127.02 ± 3.95 spermatids per tubular section for control and stressed rats, respectively, P = 0.001). These data demonstrate that 15 days of forced swimming stress applied to adult male rats did not impair fertility, but significantly decreased spermatid production. This suggests that the effect of stress on fertility should not be assessed before at least the time required for one cycle of spermatogenesis.