Crimes financeiros e política criminal : estudo de acórdãos do TRF da 3ª Região sobre os crimes de gestão fraudulenta e gestão temerária no período de 2001 a 2010

Este trabalho visa produzir conhecimento sobre como o Tribunal Regional Federal da 3ª Região tem decidido sobre dois dos principais crimes afetos à administração das instituições financeiras: gestão fraudulenta e gestão temerária. Trata-se de delitos criticados pela doutrina em razão das falhas de definição dos tipos, desde a edição da Lei 7.492, em 1986. Além disso, a sua previsão legislativa possui características que os aproximam do paradigma do direito penal do risco, ou seja: são crimes de perigo abstrato, que tutelam bem jurídico supra-individual, praticados por administradores detentores do dever de probidade na condução das instituições frente aos riscos inerentes à dinâmica do sistema financeiro. A adoção desse paradigma é controversa na doutrina penal por implicar a flexibilização de garantias do Estado Democrático de Direito sob a perspectiva do paradigma do direito penal tradicional. Diante disso, adota-se a metodologia de análise de conteúdo de decisões para se responder a dois problemas de pesquisa: (1) Quais os critérios adotados pelo Tribunal para a configuração dos crimes? (2) As decisões aproximam-se de algum paradigma de direito penal? As hipóteses objeto de teste são: (1) que o Tribunal considera principalmente a prática da conduta sem analisar a sua potencialidade lesiva sob uma perspectiva ex ante; e, (2) que esse discurso de imputação de responsabilidade aproxima as decisões do paradigma do direito penal do risco, considerados, em contexto, outros elementos presentes nas decisões. Na primeira parte, é feita uma introdução metodológica; na segunda, estabelece-se o referencial teórico; na terceira e na quarta, realizam-se as análises dos resultados quantitativos e qualitativos obtidos com a sua discussão; por fim, procede-se à conclusão, levantando-se novo problema a ser investigado.

Poly (A)(+) Transcriptome Assessment of ERBB2-Induced Alterations in Breast Cell Lines

We report the first quantitative and qualitative analysis of the poly (A)(+) transcriptome of two human mammary cell lines, differentially expressing (human epidermal growth factor receptor) an oncogene over-expressed in approximately 25% of human breast tumors. Full-length cDNA populations from the two cell lines were digested enzymatically, individually tagged according to a customized method for library construction, and simultaneously sequenced by the use of the Titanium 454-Roche-platform. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis followed by experimental validation confirmed novel genes, splicing variants, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and gene fusions indicated by RNA-seq data from both samples. Moreover, comparative analysis showed enrichment in alternative events, especially in the exon usage category, in ERBB2 over-expressing cells, data indicating regulation of alternative splicing mediated by the oncogene. Alterations in expression levels of genes, such as LOX, ATP5L, GALNT3, and MME revealed by large-scale sequencing were confirmed between cell lines as well as in tumor specimens with different ERBB2 backgrounds. This approach was shown to be suitable for structural, quantitative, and qualitative assessment of complex transcriptomes and revealed new events mediated by ERBB2 overexpression, in addition to potential molecular targets for breast cancer that are driven by this oncogene.

Proteome analysis of schizophrenia patients Wernicke's area reveals an energy metabolism dysregulation

Background: Schizophrenia is likely to be a consequence of DNA alterations that, together with environmental factors, will lead to protein expression differences and the ultimate establishment of the illness. The superior temporal gyrus is implicated in schizophrenia and executes functions such as the processing of speech, language skills and sound processing. Methods: We performed an individual comparative proteome analysis using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of 9 schizophrenia and 6 healthy control patients' left posterior superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area - BA22p) identifying by mass spectrometry several protein expression alterations that could be related to the disease. Results: Our analysis revealed 11 downregulated and 14 upregulated proteins, most of them related to energy metabolism. Whereas many of the identified proteins have been previously implicated in schizophrenia, such as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C, creatine kinase and neuron-specific enolase, new putative disease markers were also identified such as dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, tropomyosin 3, breast cancer metastasis-suppressor 1, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins C1/C2 and phosphate carrier protein, mitochondrial precursor. Besides, the differential expression of peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were confirmed by western blot in schizophrenia prefrontal cortex. Conclusion: Our data supports a dysregulation of energy metabolism in schizophrenia as well as suggests new markers that may contribute to a better understanding of this complex disease.

An assessment of population structure in eight breeds of cattle using a whole genome SNP panel

Background: Analyses of population structure and breed diversity have provided insight into the origin and evolution of cattle. Previously, these studies have used a low density of microsatellite markers, however, with the large number of single nucleotide polymorphism markers that are now available, it is possible to perform genome wide population genetic analyses in cattle. In this study, we used a high-density panel of SNP markers to examine population structure and diversity among eight cattle breeds sampled from Bos indicus and Bos taurus. Results: Two thousand six hundred and forty one single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) spanning all of the bovine autosomal genome were genotyped in Angus, Brahman, Charolais, Dutch Black and White Dairy, Holstein, Japanese Black, Limousin and Nelore cattle. Population structure was examined using the linkage model in the program STRUCTURE and Fst estimates were used to construct a neighbor-joining tree to represent the phylogenetic relationship among these breeds. Conclusion: The whole-genome SNP panel identified several levels of population substructure in the set of examined cattle breeds. The greatest level of genetic differentiation was detected between the Bos taurus and Bos indicus breeds. When the Bos indicus breeds were excluded from the analysis, genetic differences among beef versus dairy and European versus Asian breeds were detected among the Bos taurus breeds. Exploration of the number of SNP loci required to differentiate between breeds showed that for 100 SNP loci, individuals could only be correctly clustered into breeds 50% of the time, thus a large number of SNP markers are required to replace the 30 microsatellite markers that are currently commonly used in genetic diversity studies.

Renal hypothermia: Experience in pigs and clinical trial

Purpose: This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of two methods of inducing renal hypothermia through laparoscopy in pigs and humans. Materials and Methods: Twelve pigs were divided into four groups of three animals each. Both kidneys of the animals in Groups A, B, and C were submitted to pelvic irrigation with cold saline (4 degrees C) for 20 minutes, with flow rates of 5 mL/min, 10 mL/min, and 15 mL/min, respectively. In Group D renal hypothermia was induced by intracorporeal ice slush applied to the surface for 20 minutes. All maneuvers were performed laparoscopically and renal cortex temperature was measured by a thermocouple needle. Five human patients also underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy due to renal cell carcinoma. In one case renoprotection was induced by retrograde endoscopic cold saline perfusion at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. In the remaining four patients we induced renal hypothermia via laparoscopic application of ice slush. The renal temperature of the human patients was also monitored using a thermocouple needle. Results: In the pigs, at 20 minutes of renal pelvis perfusion the mean renal temperature, the temperature drop, and saline flow per gram of kidney were: Group A, -29.5 degrees C +/- 1.1 (-6.3 degrees C; 0.10 mL); Group B, -22.8 degrees C +/- 1.1 (-13.1 degrees C; 0.22 mL); and Group C, -21.1 degrees C +/- 0.9 (-14.9 degrees C; 0.31 mL). In Group D the mean renal cortex temperature at 20 minutes was 13.6 degrees C +/- 1.2, a drop of -22.5 degrees C. There were striking differences among the groups (P < 0.0001). The laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was uneventful in all five human patients. The lowest renal cortex temperature was 32.5 degrees C, seen in the patient who submitted to pelvic irrigation with cold saline, and the mean temperature drop was 19.1 degrees C +/- 2.5 degrees C in the patients who submitted to ice slush-induced renal hypothermia. Conclusions: Induction of renal hypothermia using intracorporeal ice slush confers lower kidney temperatures than endoscopically-induced cold saline perfusion.

DNA polymorphisms as tools for spinal cord injury research

Study Design: Data mining of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene pathways related to spinal cord injury (SCI). Objectives: To identify gene polymorphisms putatively implicated with neuronal damage evolution pathways, potentially useful to SCI study. Setting: Departments of Psychiatry and Orthopedics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Genes involved with processes related to SCI, such as apoptosis, inflammatory response, axonogenesis, peripheral nervous system development and axon ensheathment, were determined by evaluating the `Biological Process` annotation of Gene Ontology (GO). Each gene of these pathways was mapped using MapViewer, and gene coordinates were used to identify their polymorphisms in the SNP database. As a proof of concept, the frequency of subset of SNPs, located in four genes (ALOX12, APOE, BDNF and NINJ1) was evaluated in the DNA of a group of 28 SCI patients and 38 individuals with no SC lesions. Results: We could identify a total of 95 276 SNPs in a set of 588 genes associated with the selected GO terms, including 3912 nucleotide alterations located in coding regions of genes. The five non-synonymous SNPs genotyped in our small group of patients, showed a significant frequency, reinforcing their potential use for the investigation of SCI evolution. Conclusion: Despite the importance of SNPs in many aspects of gene expression and protein activity, these gene alterations have not been explored in SCI research. Here we describe a set of potentially useful SNPs, some of which could underlie the genetic mechanisms involved in the post trauma spinal cord damage.

Suscetibilidade aos agentes quimioterápicos de isolados de Schistosoma mansoni oriundos de pacientes tratados com oxamniquine e praziquantel e não curados

Foram estudados dez isolados de Schistosoma mansoni provenientes de pacientes residentes em Itaquara, Bahia, Brasil, tratados com oxamniquine eposteriormente com praziquantel, e ainda assim não curados. Caramujos (Biomphalaria glabrataj foram expostos a miracídios provenientes das fezes dos pacientes. Cercãrías eliminadas por estes caramujos e por moluscos coletados no peridomicílio dos pacientes foram utilizadas para infecção experimental de camundongos albinos. Os animais infectados foram tratados em dose única, via oral, com oxamniquine (25, 50 e 100 mg/kg) ou praziquantel (100, 200 e 400mg/kg). Foram realizados estudos de análise e comparação de DNA de cercãrías de S. mansoni eliminadas pelos caramujos e de vermes adultos recolhidos de camundongos infectados experimentalmente com os isolados dos 10 pacientes e ainda de cercãrías de S. mansoni eliminadas por moluscos naturalmente infectados coletados em Itaquara. A cepa LE (mantida rotineiramente no laboratório) foi usada como padrão de comparação da resposta aos agentes esquistossomicidas administrados. As respostas terapêuticas foram significativamente diferentes entre alguns dos isolados embora não fosse possível caracterizar nenhum como resistente. A análise dos perfis de amplificação de DNA nas cercãrías e nos vermes adultos dos isolados de S. mansoni demonstrou baixo grau de variabilidade indicando que estes são geneticamente próximos e revelando a ausência de rearranjos globais dentro dos genomas.

Heparina e K3EDTA como anticoagulantes para tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1816)

Este estudo avaliou a eficácia da heparina sódica e do EDTA tripotássico como anticoagulantes e seus efeitos sobre os parâmetros hematológicos de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Foram utilizados dez indivíduos de tambaqui com médias de 384,9 ± 85,71 g de peso e 27,90 ± 2,10 cm de comprimento total para avaliação da heparina 5.000 UI e 100 UI, bem como do K3EDTA 10%. Foram analisados a inibição da coagulação por 10 h, eritrograma e teste de fragilidade osmótica dos eritrócitos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P < 0,05). Heparina 5000 UI, heparina 100 UI e K3EDTA 10% foram eficazes na prevenção da coagulação por mais de 10 h, no entanto o EDTA tripotássico causou hemólise desde os primeiros momentos. No eritrograma não foi observada diferença (P > 0,05) na contagem de eritrócitos, hematócrito, taxa de hemoglobina e CHCM, no entanto, houve aumento do VCM (P < 0,05) nas amostras acondicionados com K3EDTA 10%. Este anticoagulante causou incremento (P < 0,01) na fragilidade osmótica dos eritrócitos quando comparado com a heparina pura, heparina diluída, e grupo controle. A utilização da heparina como anticoagulante é mais apropriada para tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), visto que foi eficiente na prevenção da coagulação por mais de 10 h, sem ocasionar hemólise, ou alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos e na fragilidade osmótica dos eritrócitos.

Dot-dye-immunoassay for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni

A new serological assay dot-dye-immunoassay (dot-DIA) was evaluated for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni. This method consist of four steps: (a) biding of antigens to a nitrocellulose membrane (NC); (b) blocking of free sites of the NC; (c) incubation in specific primary antibody; (d) detection of primary antibody reactivity by color development using second antibody coupled to textile dyes. Sera from 82 individuals, 61 with Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the stool and 21 stool negative were tested by ELISA, dot-ELISA, and dotDIA. A high level of agreement between the methods tested was observed for all sera tested: ELISA x dot-ELISA: 95.1%, ELISA x dot-DIA: 92.7% and dot-ELISA x dot-DIA: 97.6%. In this study, dot-DIA proved to be a feasible, sensitive, rapid and practical test for the diagnosis of shcistosomiasis.

DNA polymorphism of schistosomes and their snail hosts

Analysis of the genomes of schistosomes and one of their intermediate hosts, Biomphalaria glabrata, using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) demonstrated that intraspecific genetic polymorphism in the parasite is limited but in the snail is highly pronounced. This suggests an important role for the snail in the determination of the epidemiology of the disease. In addition to their intraspecific stability, schistosome derived RAPDs exhibit a high level of interspecific polymorphism and are thus ideal for the construction of phylogenetic trees. For the detection of intraspecific polymorphisms extensive variation in the mitochondrial DNA is being exploited for the development of a PCR based test for Schistosoma mansoni. Gene level polymorphisms are being analyzed by Low Stringency Single Specific Primer PCR.

A low stringency polymerase chain reaction approach to the identification of Biomphalaria glabrata and B. tenagophila, intermediate snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil

The low stringency-polymerase chain reaction (LS-PCR) with a pair of specific primers for the amplification of the 18S rRNA gene was evaluated as a means of differentiating between the two Schistosoma mansoni intermediate host species in Brazil: Biomphalaria glabrata and B. tenagophila. Individual snails obtained from different states of Brazil were used and the amplification patterns obtained showed a high degree of genetic variability in these species. Nevertheless, 4 and 3 clearly defined specific diagnostic bands was observed in individuals from B. glabrata and B. tenagophila respectively. The detection of snail specific diagnostic bands suggests the possibility of reliable species differentiation at the DNA level using LS-PCR.

Genetic variability and identification of the intermediate snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni

Studies based on shell or reproductive organ morphology and genetic considerations suggest extensive intraspecific variation in Biomphalaria snails. The high variability at the morphological and genetic levels, as well as the small size of some specimens and similarities between species complicate the correct identification of these snails. Here we review our work using methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for analysis of genetic variation and identification of Biomphalaria snails from Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. Arbitrarily primed-PCR revealed that the genome of B. glabrata exihibits a remarkable degree of intraespecific polymorphism. Low stringency-PCR using primers for 18S rRNA permited the identification of B. glabrata, B. tenagophila and B. occidentalis. The study of individuals obtained from geographically distinct populations exhibits significant intraspecific DNA polymorphism, however specimens from the same species, exhibit some species specific LSPs. We also showed that PCR-restriction fragment of length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer region of Biomphalaria rDNA, using DdeI permits the differentiation of the three intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. The molecular biological techniques used in our studies are very useful for the generation of new knowledge concerning the systematics and population genetics of Biomphalaria snails.