Desodorización de la base proteica de pescado (BPP) con ácido fosfórico

Se evaluó el efecto del ácido fosfórico en la desodorización de la base proteica de pescado (BPP). La carne de pescado (Macrodon ancylodon) fue homogeneizada en un multiprocesador doméstico y sometida a la extracción de compuestos nitrogenados. Fueron experimentadas las relaciones de solución:disolvente en la proporción 1:3 y 1:2 por tres ciclos de extracciones, por dos minutos. El disolvente experimentado fue H3PO4 0,05% comparativamente a agua destilada. Los parámetros utilizados en la observación fueron nitrógeno total (Kjeldhal), nitrógeno no proteico y nitrógeno proteico, proteinas solubles evaluadas según la reacción del biureto y la evaluación sensorial referida en un test de ordenación. En las condiciones experimentales los resultados permiten concluir que las relaciones solución:disolvente utilizadas presentan diferencia en cuanto a la eficiencia de extracción; el ácido fosfórico en la concentración evaluada demostró mayor eficiencia de extracción en relación al agua destilada y la evaluación sensorial indica que no es necesario más que dos ciclos de lavado para eliminar el olor a pescado.

Confección de perfiles aptitudinales en estudiantes universitarios.

Encontrar las relaciones consistentes entre variables aptitudinales o psicológicas y criterios de rendimiento académico, con la intención de pronosticar éstos, teniendo en cuenta las citadas variables. No representativa compuesta de 140 alumnos pertenecientes a la Escuela de Ingenieros de Caminos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Facultad de Ciencias Físicas de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Para comprobar si ciertas variables individuales tienen incidencia en el rendimiento académico, se escogieron las siguientes variables independientes: de tipo aptitudinal, razonamiento abstracto, verbal, numérico. Las variables dependientes fueron las notas de los alumnos (rendimiento académico). Test de Raven : potencial de aprendizaje, test BLS, test de desarrrollo de superficies. De nueva creación: test de conceptualización (CONC), test de aptitud lógica (LOG), test de nivel operativo matemático, test perceptivo espacial, pruebas verbales (test PV5, PV4 y test de ordenación de frases). Medias, desviación típica y coeficientes de variación de los resultados de pruebas aptitudinales, así como de las notas de asignaturas. Análisis factorial de las variables aptitudinales y criterios notas : matriz de correlación, factorial no rotada, matriz factorial rotada. Correlación canónica para estudiar la relación más apropiada entre grupos de variables. Estadística de Bartlett para comprobar la significación de las correlaciones canónicas. Por falta de significación en las correlaciones canónicas de las pruebas pasadas a los alumnos de Caminos y Químicas, tan solo se afirma que en los alumnos de Física, el grupo de asignaturas, Electricidad, Topografía y Ecuaciones Diferenciales se pueden predecir sus notas a partir de las pruebas de razonamiento abstracto y nivel operativo matemático. Las aptitudes tienen mayor incidencia sobre el rendimiento académico que los rasgos de la personalidad. Para mayor y mejor acercamiento a las metas propuestas en la presente investigación sería necesario trabajar con mayor profundidad y extensión así como la utilización de una muestra mayor.

La ordenación de secuencias temporales según Piaget, aplicado a niños débiles mentales.

Aportar datos sobre la ordenación y verbalización de secuencias temporales representadas en imágenes para la adquisición de nociones temporales en niños deficientes mentales. 9 sujetos (5 niños y 4 niñas) débiles mentales de edades cronológicas comprendidas entre 10 y 13 años del Centro de Educación Especial Jeroni de Moragas de Ripollet (Barcelona). Realiza una revisión del marco teórico profundizando en las teorías y experiencias científicas de Piaget (ordenación de secuencias temporales, estadio de la conservación, etc.). En la parte experimental aplica las pruebas seleccionadas teniendo como variables independientes: edada cronológica, edad mental, coeficiente intelectual, estadio de la conservación. Y como variables dependientes: ordenación de secuencias temporales, tiempo empleado en la ordenación, utilización de términos temporales. Test de inteligencia para niños de C. W. Valentine, pruebas de conservación de número, de sustancia, de peso, de volumen, pruebas de ordenación y verbalización de secuencias temporales. Correlación entre variables, medias, tablas de frecuencias, etc. En los 5 y 6 años, los sujetos solo son capaces de ordenar historias de tres imágienes. A partir de los 6 años los sujetos son capaces de ordenar historias de 4,5 o 6 imágenes. A mayor edad mental mayor número de relatos correctamente ordenados y ordenación correcta de historias de mayor número de imágenes. De los 9 sujetos que han pasado esta experiencia dos constituyen una excepción a estas afirmaciones, siendo en ambos casos los resultados inferiores a los que cabria esperar dado su edad mental. La experiencia del niño, en función de su edad cronológica más que de su edad mental, influye en la ordenación de unas historias que de alguna manera representan el entorno más o menos cotidiano en el que se desenvuelve el niño. Si las historias representaran hechos más alejados de este entorno, los resultados y las conclusiones serían diferentes. El trabajo contribuye a un mayor conocimiento del deficiente mental, en cuanto a sus limitaciones y sus posibilidades de desarrollo.

Hacia la construcción de un test de personalidad : basado en las teorías de H. Remplein.

Elaborar un instrumento de diagnóstico de la personalidad. Explica las tareas de una psicología de la personalidad, analiza la peculiaridad de dicha personalidad y examina el temperamento y el carácter mediante la elaboración de cuestionarios correspondientes a las cualidades básicas y secundarias más importantes de la personalidad. 1) La peculiaridad individual de la personalidad debe ser iluminada desde diversos puntos. Hay que crear un sistema de conceptos de cualidades que, aplicados a un individuo nos dé la posibilidad de enjuiciarlo. Estos conceptos fundamentales son vitalidad, temperamento, carácter y aptitudes. Para esto hay que tratar de la peculiaridad típica de la personalidad, 2) La vitalidad está sometida a enormes diferencias interindividuales, cuyos polos se fijan entre una vitalidad fuerte y una débil. La cantidad de fuerza vital que posee un individuo es bastante constante. Por este motivo se presenta la vitalidad como la constante relativa de la fuerza vital personal. 3) Como la vitalidad, el temperamento es dado también en la disposición. Se explica así que pueda ser difícil a la educabilidad. Nadie puede adquirir más temperamento o desprenderse del que le sobra. Lo más accesible a una configuración es el modo de reacción y movimiento. Está naturalmente sometido a la ley de desarrollo y experimenta variaciones en el curso de la vida. 4) El constitutivo específico de la acción de un individuo como personalidad es la responsabilidad. Lo que quiere decir que no transcurre obligadamente según leyes naturales sino que por la decisión libre se realiza una ordenación intelectual de los valores. Cuando consideramos esta faceta responsable de la acción humana, hablamos de carácter, es decir, la actitud valorativa de una personalidad que procede directamente de su aspirar y sentir psíquicos y es aceptada voluntariamente por el querer intencional. Según Remplein, el carácter de una persona se manifiesta en lo que percibe y desea como valioso, pensando que valioso no sólo se denomina a valores de carácter ético, sino toda clase de valores de convivencia, de utilidad, estéticos, sociales, teóricos y religiosos. Ahora bien, si el carácter se estrecha de este modo al aspirar, sentir y querer valores, relativamente constantes, de un ser humano, ya no coincide con la personalidad global, sino que constituye sólo una de sus esferas parciales. Por ello, el autor distingue como zonas libres de valores, la vitalidad, el temperamento y las aptitudes; y a la disciplina que trata de todos ellos la llama psicología de la personalidad.

Adapting The Sniffin' Sticks Olfactory Test To Diagnose Parkinson's Disease In Estonia.

The aim of the study was to develop a culturally adapted translation of the 12-item smell identification test from Sniffin' Sticks (SS-12) for the Estonian population in order to help diagnose Parkinson's disease (PD). A standard translation of the SS-12 was created and 150 healthy Estonians were questioned about the smells used as response options in the test. Unfamiliar smells were replaced by culturally familiar options. The adapted SS-12 was applied to 70 controls in all age groups, and thereafter to 50 PD patients and 50 age- and sex-matched controls. 14 response options from 48 used in the SS-12 were replaced with familiar smells in an adapted version, in which the mean rate of correct response was 87% (range 73-99) compared to 83% with the literal translation (range 50-98). In PD patients, the average adapted SS-12 score (5.4/12) was significantly lower than in controls (average score 8.9/12), p < 0.0001. A multiple linear regression using the score in the SS-12 as the outcome measure showed that diagnosis and age independently influenced the result of the SS-12. A logistic regression using the SS-12 and age as covariates showed that the SS-12 (but not age) correctly classified 79.0% of subjects into the PD and control category, using a cut-off of <7 gave a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 86% for the diagnosis of PD. The developed SS-12 cultural adaption is appropriate for testing olfaction in Estonia for the purpose of PD diagnosis.

Effect Of Exercise Test On Pulmonary Function Of Obese Adolescents.

to investigate the pulmonary response to exercise of non-morbidly obese adolescents, considering the gender. a prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with 92 adolescents (47 obese and 45 eutrophic), divided in four groups according to obesity and gender. Anthropometric parameters, pulmonary function (spirometry and oxygen saturation [SatO2]), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), and respiratory muscle strength were measured. Pulmonary function parameters were measured before, during, and after the exercise test. BP and HR were higher in obese individuals during the exercise test (p = 0.0001). SatO2 values decreased during exercise in obese adolescents (p = 0.0001). Obese males had higher levels of maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures (p = 0.0002) when compared to obese and eutrophic females. Obese males showed lower values of maximum voluntary ventilation, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in the first second when compared to eutrophic males, before and after exercise (p = 0.0005). Obese females had greater inspiratory capacity compared to eutrophic females (p = 0.0001). Expiratory reserve volume was lower in obese subjects when compared to controls (p ≤ 0,05). obese adolescents presented changes in pulmonary function at rest and these changes remained present during exercise. The spirometric and cardiorespiratory values were different in the four study groups. The present data demonstrated that, in spite of differences in lung growth, the model of fat distribution alters pulmonary function differently in obese female and male adolescents.

The Lea Grating Test In Assessing Detection Grating Acuity In Normal Infants Less Than 4 Months Of Age.

To assess binocular detection grating acuity using the LEA GRATINGS test to establish age-related norms in healthy infants during their first 3 months of life. In this prospective, longitudinal study of healthy infants with clear red reflex at birth, responses to gratings were measured at 1, 2, and 3 months of age using LEA gratings at a distance of 28 cm. The results were recorded as detection grating acuity values, which were arranged in frequency tables and converted to a one-octave scale for statistical analysis. For the repeated measurements, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the detection grating acuity results between ages. A total of 133 infants were included. The binocular responses to gratings showed development toward higher mean values and spatial frequencies, ranging from 0.55 ± 0.70 cycles per degree (cpd), or 1.74 ± 0.21 logMAR, in month 1 to 3.11 ± 0.54 cpd, or 0.98 ± 0.16 logMAR, in month 3. Repeated ANOVA indicated differences among grating acuity values in the three age groups. The LEA GRATINGS test allowed assessment of detection grating acuity and its development in a cohort of healthy infants during their first 3 months of life.

The Geometric Curvature Of The Spine Of Runners During Maximal Incremental Effort Test.

This study sought to analyse the behaviour of the average spinal posture using a novel investigative procedure in a maximal incremental effort test performed on a treadmill. Spine motion was collected via stereo-photogrammetric analysis in thirteen amateur athletes. At each time percentage of the gait cycle, the reconstructed spine points were projected onto the sagittal and frontal planes of the trunk. On each plane, a polynomial was fitted to the data, and the two-dimensional geometric curvature along the longitudinal axis of the trunk was calculated to quantify the geometric shape of the spine. The average posture presented at the gait cycle defined the spine Neutral Curve. This method enabled the lateral deviations, lordosis, and kyphosis of the spine to be quantified noninvasively and in detail. The similarity between each two volunteers was a maximum of 19% on the sagittal plane and 13% on the frontal (p<0.01). The data collected in this study can be considered preliminary evidence that there are subject-specific characteristics in spinal curvatures during running. Changes induced by increases in speed were not sufficient for the Neutral Curve to lose its individual characteristics, instead behaving like a postural signature. The data showed the descriptive capability of a new method to analyse spinal postures during locomotion; however, additional studies, and with larger sample sizes, are necessary for extracting more general information from this novel methodology.

Twin-twin Transfusion Syndrome: Neurodevelopmental Screening Test.

Objective To assess the neurodevelopmental functions (cognition, language and motor function) of survivors of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Method Observational cross-sectional study of a total of 67 monochorionic diamniotic twins who underwent fetoscopic laser coagulation (FLC) for treatment of TTTS. The study was conducted at the Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Ages ranged from one month and four days to two years four months. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Screening Test-III, were used for evaluation. Results Most children reached the competent category and were classified as having appropriate performance. The preterm children scored worse than term infants for gross motor subtest (p = 0.036). Conclusion The majority of children reached the expected development according to their age. Despite the good neurodevelopment, children classified at risk should be monitored for development throughout childhood.

Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of water from the River Paraíba do Sul, in Brazil, with the Allium cepa L. test

This work investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of water from the River Paraíba do Sul (Brazil) using Allium cepa roots. An anatomo-morphological parameter (root length), mitotic indices, and frequency of micronuclei were analysed. Eight bulbs were chosen at random for treatment for 24 to 120 hours with the River water collected in the years of 2005 and 2006 from sites in the cities of Tremembé and Aparecida (São Paulo state, Brazil). Daily measurements of the length of the roots grown from each bulb were carried out throughout the experiment. Mitotic index (MI) and frequency of micronuclei (MN) were determined for 2000 cells per root, using 3-5 root tips from other bulbs (7-10). Only in the roots treated with samples of the River water collected in 2005 in Tremembé city was there a decrease in the root length growth compared to the respective control. However, a reduction in MI values was verified for both sites analysed for that year. Considering the data involving root length growth and especially MI values, a cytotoxic potential is suggested for the water of the River Paraíba do Sul at Tremembé and Aparecida, in the year of 2005. On the other hand, since in this year the MN frequency was not affected with the river water treatments, genotoxicity is not assumed for the river water sampled at the aforementioned places.

Comparison between the 1% and 2% ibopamine provocative test in primary open-angle glaucoma patients: sensitivity, specificity and tolerability

PURPOSE: To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) rise in normal individuals and primary open-angle glaucoma patients and the safety and efficacy of ibopamine eye drops in different concentrations as a provocative test for glaucoma. METHODS: Glaucoma patients underwent (same eye) the ibopamine provocative test with two concentrations, 1% and 2%, in a random sequence at least 3 weeks apart, but not more than 3 months. The normal individuals were randomly submitted to one of the concentrations of ibopamine (1% and 2%). The test was considered positive if there was an IOP rise greater than 3 or 4 mmHg at 30 or 45 minutes to test which subset of the test has the best sensitivity (Se)/specificity (Sp). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in any of the IOP measurements, comparing 1% with 2% ibopamine. The IOP was significantly higher at 30 and 45 minutes with both concentrations (p<0.001). The best sensitivity/specificity ratio was achieved with the cutoff point set as greater than 3 mmHg at 45 minutes with 2% ibopamine (area under the ROC curve: 0.864, Se: 84.6%; Sp:73.3%). All patients described a slight burning after ibopamine's instillation. CONCLUSION: 2% ibopamine is recommended as a provocative test for glaucoma. Because both concentrations have similar ability to rise IOP, 1% ibopamine may be used to treat ocular hypotony.

Applying a new version of the Brazilian-Portuguese UPSIT smell test in Brazil

Standardized olfactory tests are now available to quantitatively assess disorders of olfaction. A Brazilian-Portuguese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) is currently being developed specifically for the Brazilian population. The most recent Brazilian-Portuguese version of the UPSIT (UPSIT-Br2) was administered to 88 Brazilian subjects who had no history of neurological or otorhinolaryngological disease. UPSIT-Br2 scores decreased with age, were lower in men than in women, and were lower in subjects with lower income. The degree to which the poorer performance of subjects with lower socio-economic status reflects lack of familiarity with test items is not known. Although this version of the UPSIT provides a sensitive and useful test of smell function for the Brazilian population, a revision of some test items is needed to achieve comparable norms to those found using the North American UPSIT in the United States.

Pathogenicity of different rabies virus isolates and protection test in vaccinated mice

This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the pathogenicity of rabies virus isolated from bats and dogs, and to verify the efficacy of a commercial rabies vaccine against these isolates. For evaluation of pathogenicity, mice were inoculated by the intramuscular route (IM) with 500MICLD50/0.03mL of the viruses. The cross-protection test was performed by vaccinating groups of mice by the subcutaneous route and challenged through the intracerebral (IC) route. Isolates were fully pathogenic when inoculated by the IC route. When inoculated intramuscularly, the pathogenicity observed showed different death rates: 60.0% for the Desmodus rotundus isolate; 50.0% for dog and Nyctinomops laticaudatus isolates; 40.0% for Artibeus lituratus isolate; 9.5% Molossus molossus isolate; and 5.2% for the Eptesicus furinalis isolate. Mice receiving two doses of the vaccine and challenged by the IC route with the isolates were fully protected. Mice receiving only one dose of vaccine were partially protected against the dog isolate. The isolates from bats were pathogenic by the IC route in mice. However, when inoculated through the intramuscular route, the same isolates were found with different degrees of pathogenicity. The results of this work suggest that a commercial vaccine protects mice from infection with bat rabies virus isolates, in addition to a canine rabies virus isolate.

The ability of the BANA test to detect different levels of P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the BANA Test to detect different levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia or their combinations in subgingival samples at the initial diagnosis and after periodontal therapy. Periodontal sites with probing depths between 5-7 mm and clinical attachment level between 5-10 mm, from 53 subjects with chronic periodontitis, were sampled in four periods: initial diagnosis (T0), immediately (T1), 45 (T2) and 60 days (T3) after scaling and root planing. BANA Test and Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization identified red complex species in the subgingival biofilm. In all experimental periods, the highest frequencies of score 2 (Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization) for P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia were observed when strong enzymatic activity (BANA) was present (p < 0.01). The best agreement was observed at initial diagnosis. The BANA Test sensitivity was 95.54% (T0), 65.18% (T1), 65.22% (T2) and 50.26% (T3). The specificity values were 12.24% (T0), 57.38% (T1), 46.27% (T2) and 53.48% (T3). The BANA Test is more effective for the detection of red complex pathogens when the bacterial levels are high, i.e. in the initial diagnosis of chronic periodontitis.