83 resultados para tereftalato


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Industrial hazardous wastes must receive appropriate treatment to ensure a safe disposal to humans and environment. One of the techniques adopted for this purpose is the stabilization/solidification in polymer matrices. This paper evaluated the use of recycled polyethylene terephthalate as an incorporation matrix of incinerator ash. The polymer and the ash were submitted to an extrusion process in different percentages. The final product was evaluated through thermal and leaching tests and the leachate extracts constituents were determinated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed a reduction in the release of substances up to 99% by mass for the conditions used.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades de painéis fabricados com partículas de madeira, poliestireno (PS) e polietileno tereftalato (PET). Foram utilizadas três proporções, em relação à massa seca de madeira, de poliestireno (0, 25 e 50%) e duas proporções de PET/PS (5/20 e 10/40%), combinadas com 50, 75 ou 100% de partículas de madeira de Pinus elliottii. Os painéis foram produzidos com adesivos à base de uréia-formaldeído ou de fenol-formaldeído, em três teores (0, 4 ou 6%) e três níveis de solução de poliestireno em tolueno (0 , 4 e 6%), todos calculados em relação à massa seca total dos painéis. Foram produzidos painéis de aproximadamente 400 x 400 x 10 mm, em camada única, com densidade aproximada de 0,6 g/cm³. Determinou-se a resistência dos painéis à tração perpendicular à superfície, à flexão estática (módulos de ruptura (MOR) e elasticidade (MOE)), ao arrancamento de parafusos, bem como a absorção de água e o inchamento em espessura, após 24 horas de imersão. Todas as propriedades mecânicas dos painéis foram superiores às exigidas pela norma ANSI/A 208.1-1993. Contudo, todos os painéis absorveram água em valores superiores àqueles normalmente observados em painéis comerciais. Apesar disto, o inchamento em espessura foi compatível com o dos painéis de partículas de madeira existentes no mercado. Os painéis nos quais se aplicou a solução de poliestireno foram, de modo geral, os que apresentaram os melhores valores para todas as propriedades.

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No presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo da modificação química do polietileno linear de baixa densidade (PELBD) com anidrido maleico (MA) e metacrilato de glicidila (GMA), que, posteriormente, foram utilizados como agentes de compatibilização interfacial em blendas de PELBD com poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET). As funcionalizações foram realizadas em câmara de mistura e extrusora reativa, através de reações radicalares em estado fundido, utilizando peróxido de dicumila (DCP) como iniciador. Nos estudos de funcionalização do PELBD com MA foram utilizados planejamentos fatoriais com objetivo de otimizar o índice de incorporação do monômero, estabelecendo-se assim, as melhores condições de reação em câmara de mistura. As reações de modificação produziram extensão ou reticulação do polímero, verificando ser adequada a utilização de baixa velocidade de rotação e tempo reacional de 10 minutos. Foi observado um limite máximo de incorporação de MA às cadeias de polietileno Na funcionalização do PELBD com GMA obteve-se maiores teores de incorporação do que quando foi utilizado MA. Com MA a conversão média da reação foi de 25% enquanto os valores obtidos para GMA alcançaram 59%, sendo que neste caso pode ter ocorrido a homopolimerização . O uso do estireno como monômero auxiliar aumentou a incorporação do monômero (MA ou GMA) à cadeia de PELBD, reduzindo as reações de degradação. Os polímeros modificados com MA (PE-MA) ou GMA (PE-GMA) foram utilizados como compatibilizantes em blendas de PELBD/PET, na proporção de 5 e 10 %. Para um estudo comparativo, as blendas foram preparadas variando-se a concentração de PET e os teores de incorporação do PE-MA e do PE-GMA. As blendas foram caracterizadas por calorimetria diferencial de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise das propriedades mecânicas e dinâmico mecânicas. Verificou-se que a utilização dos agentes compatibilizantes reduziu significativamente o tamanho e a distribuição das partículas da fase dispersa de PET na matriz de PELBD. Os resultados indicaram que o PE-MA mostrou melhor efeito compatibilizante nos sistemas estudados.

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Neste trabalho foi feita uma avaliação da modificação de polipropileno (PP) com metacrilato de glicidila (GMA) e anidrido maleico (MA), e a aplicação destes compostos como agentes de compatibilização interfacial em blendas de polipropileno/poli (tereftalato de etileno). O PP foi modificado através de reações radicalares em estado fundido utilizando o peróxido de dicumila (DCP) como iniciador, em câmara de mistura e extrusora. O PP foi modificado com GMA em câmara de mistura, avaliando-se a influência da temperatura, da velocidade de rotação dos rotores e dos teores de monômero e iniciador na incorporação e no índice de fluidez dos produtos finais. Foi verificado que para se obter PP-GMA com máxima incorporação e com degradação de cadeia controlada, é adequado utilizar baixas velocidades de rotação, sem efeito significativo da temperatura. Podem ser utilizados diferentes teores de GMA e DCP conforme a necessidade da aplicação, mas concentrações muito altas podem favorecer a quebra de cadeia. As reações em extrusora permitiram obter PP modificado com GMA e MA, utilizando estireno como segundo monômero. Observou-se que o aumento dos teores de monômero e iniciador favoreceu a incorporação e provocou aumento do índice de fluidez. O uso do estireno como monômero auxiliar aumentou muito a incorporação do monômero principal à cadeia do PP, assim como reduziu as reações de degradação do polímero. Os polímeros modificados com GMA ou MA foram utilizados como compatibilizantes em blendas de PP/PET. Verificou-se que a utilização dos agentes de compatibilização interfacial reduziu significativamente o tamanho e a distribuição de tamanho das partículas da fase dispersa de PET na matriz de PP, aumentando a adesão interfacial. Apesar disso, não se observou alteração significativa nas propriedades mecânicas e dinâmico-mecânicas das blendas compatibilizadas. O PP-GMA foi mais efetivo como agente interfacial do que o PP-MA, provavelmente devido à sua estrutura química.

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Among the options for plastics modification more convenient, both from a technical-scientific and economic, is the development of polymer blends by processing in the molten state. This work was divide into two stages, with the aim to study the phase morphology of binary blend PMMA / PET blend and this compatibilized by the addition of the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) copolymer (MMA-GMA-EA). In the first stage is analyzed the morphology of the blend at a preliminary stage where we used the bottle-grade PET in a Haake torque rheometer and the effect of compatibilizer in this blend was evaluated. In the second stage the blend was processed using the recycled PET in a single screw extruder and subsequently injection molding in the shape of specimens for mechanical tests. In both stages we used a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the morphologies of the samples and an image analyzer to characterize them. In the second stage, as well as analysis by TEM, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed to correlate the morphology with the mechanical properties. The samples used in morphological analyzes were sliced by cryo-ultramicrotomy technique for the analysis by TEM and the analysis by SEM and AFM, we used the flat face of the block after cut cryogenic. It was found that the size of the dispersed phase decreased with the addition of MMA-GMA-EA in blends prepared in a Haake. In the tensile test, the values of maximum tensile strength and modulus of elasticity is maintained in a range between the value of pure PMMA the pure PET, while the elongation at break was influenced by the composition by weight of the PMMA mixture. The coupling agent corroborated the results presented in the blend PMMA / PETrec / MMA-GMA-EA (80/15/5 %w/w), obtained by TEM, AFM and SEM. It was concluded that the techniques used had a good morphologic correlation, and can be confirmed for final analysis of the morphological characteristics of the blends PMMA / PET

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The growing concern with the solid residues management, observed in the last decade, due to its huge amount and impact, has motivated the search for recycling processes, where these residues can be reprocessed to generate new products, enlarging the cycle of materials and energy which are present. Among the polymeric residues, there is poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET). PET is used in food packaging, preferably in the bottling of carbonated beverages. The reintegration of post-consumer PET in half can be considered a productive action mitigation of environmental impacts caused by these wastes and it is done through the preparation of several different products at the origin, i.e. food packaging, with recycling rates increasing to each year. This work focused on the development and characterization mechanical, thermal, thermo-mechanical, dynamic mechanical thermal and morphology of the pure recycled PET and recycled PET composites with glass flakes in the weight fraction of 5%, 10% and 20% processed in a single screw extruder, using the following analytical techniques: thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile, Izod impact, Rockwell hardness, Vicat softening temperature, melt flow rate, burn rate, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of thermal analysis and mechanical properties leading to a positive evaluation, because in the thermograms the addition of glass flakes showed increasing behavior in the initial temperatures of thermal decomposition and melting crystalline, Furthermore was observed growing behavior in the mechanical performance of polymer composites, whose morphological structure was observed by SEM, verifying a good distribution of glass flakes, showing difference orientation in the center and in the surface layer of test body of composites with 10 and 20% of glass flakes. The results of DMTA Tg values of the composites obtained from the peak of tan ä showed little reductions due to poor interfacial adhesion between PET and recycled glass flakes.

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Studies indicate that a variation in the degree of crystallinity of the components of a polymer blend influences the mechanical properties. This variation can be obtained by subjecting the blend to heat treatments that lead to changes in the spherulitic structure. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of different heat treatments on the variation of the degree of crystallinity and to establish a relationship between this variation and the mechanical behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled (PMMA / PETrec) with and without the use of compatibilizer agent poly(methyl methacrylate-al-glycidyl methacrylate-al-ethyl acrylate) (MMAGMA- EA). All compositions were subjected to two heat treatments. T1 heat treatment the samples were treated at 130 ° C for 30 minutes and cooled in air. In T2, the samples were treated at 230 ° C for 5 minutes and cooled to approximately -10 ° C. The variation of the degree of crystallinity was determined by the proportional relationship between crystallinity and density, with the density measured by pycnometry. The mechanical behavior was verified by tensile tests with and without the presence of notches and pre-cracks, and by method of fracture toughness in plane strain (KIC). We used the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the fracture surface of the samples. The compositions subjected to heat treatment T1, in general, showed an increase in the degree of crystallinity in tensile strength and a tendency to decrease in toughness, while compositions undergoing treatment T2 showed that the opposite behavior. Therefore, this work showed that heat treatment can give a polymer blend further diversity of its properties, this being caused by changes in the crystal structure

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This work studied the immiscible blend of elastomeric poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottle grade with and without the use of compatibilizer agent, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate - co-ethyl acrylate) (MGE). The characterizations of torque rheometry, melt flow index measurement (MFI), measuring the density and the degree of cristallinity by pycnometry, tensile testing, method of work essential fracture (EWF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed in pure polymer and blends PMMA/PET. The rheological results showed evidence of signs of chemical reaction between the epoxy group MGE with the end groups of the PET chains and also to the elastomeric phase of PMMA. The increase in the concentration of PET reduced torque and adding MGE increased the torque of the blend of PMMA/PET. The results of the MFI also show that elastomeric PMMA showed lower flow and thus higher viscosity than PET. In the results of picnometry observed that increasing the percentage of PET resulted in an increase in density and degree crystallinity of the blends PMMA/PET. The tensile test showed that increasing the percentage of PET resulted in an increase in ultimate strength and elastic modulus and decrease in elongation at break. However, in the phase inversion, where the blend showed evidence of a co-continuous morphology and also, with 30% PET dispersed phase and compatibilized with 5% MGE, there were significant results elongation at break compared to elastomeric PMMA. The applicability of the method of essential work of fracture was shown to be possible for most formulations. And it was observed that with increasing elastomeric PMMA in the formulations of the blends there was an improvement in specific amounts of essential work of fracture (We) and a decrease in the values of specific non-essential work of fracture (βWp)

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The development of new materials to fill the demand of technological advances is a challenge for many researchers around the world. Strategies such as making blends and composites are promising alternatives to produce materials with different properties from those found in conventional polymers. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of adding the copolymer poly(ethylene methyl acrylate) (EMA) and cotton linter fibers (LB) on the properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETrec) by the development of PETrec/EMA blend and PETrec/EMA/LB blend composite. In order to improve the properties of these materials were added as compatibilizers: Ethylene - methyl acrylate - glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EMA-GMA) and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MA). The samples were produced using a single screw extruder and then injection molded. The obtained materials were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), melt flow index (MFI) mensurements, torque rheometry, pycnometry to determinate the density, tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The rheological results showed that the addition of the EMA copolymer increased the viscosity of the blend and LB reduces the viscosity of the blend composite. SEM analysis of the binary blend showed poor interfacial adhesion between the PETrec matrix and the EMA dispersed phase, as well as the blend composite of PETrec/EMA/LB also observed low adhesion with the LB fiber. The tensile tests showed that the increase of EMA percentage decreased the tensile strength and the Young s modulus, also lower EMA percentage samples had increased the elongation at break. The blend composite showed an increase in the tensile strength and in the Young`s modulus, and a decrease in the elongation at break. The blend formulations with lower EMA percentages showed better mechanical properties that agree with the particle size analysis which showed that these formulations presented a smaller diameter of the dispersed phase. The blend composite mechanical tests showed that this material is stronger and stiffer than the blend PETrec/EMA, whose properties have been reduced due to the presence of EMA rubbery phase. The use of EMA-GMA was effective in reducing the particle size of the EMA dispersed phase in the PETrec/EMA blend and PE-g-MA showed evidences of reaction with LB and physical mixture with the EMA

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O mercado de embalagens de poli(tereftalato de etileno) -PET- para acondicionamento de refrigerantes, água mineral, sucos concentrados e óleos comestíveis apresenta polímeros de diferentes tipos, que foram desenvolvidos para personalizar o atendimento a clientes desejosos de propriedades melhores e mais específicas, principalmente em termos de massa molar. No caso do PET, assim como na indústria da reciclagem do polímero, o ensaio de viscosidade intrínseca é muito usado para determinar a massa molar. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de viscosidade intrínseca de PET advindo de embalagens de várias marcas de refrigerantes, sucos e óleos de soja. Amostras de cada embalagem foram dissolvidas em solução de fenol-tetracloroetano (60:40 em peso) e o fluxo das mesmas em um viscosímetro Cannon-Fenske a 30 °C para medir a viscosidade relativa, que foi convertido para viscosidade intrínseca. Os resultados mostraram uma variação no valor da propriedade conforme se variava o volume, tipo e a marca do produto envasado. Para as 21 amostras analisadas, os resultados variaram de 0,70 a 0,79 dL/g. Portanto, uma melhor seleção das embalagens pode ajudar os recicladores na obtenção de produtos melhores, com menor variação na massa molar. Os valores de densidade obtidos apresentaram uma pequena variação, que torna-se maior quando transformados em cristalinidade.

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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Among the options for plastics modification more convenient, both from a technical-scientific and economic, is the development of polymer blends by processing in the molten state. This work was divide into two stages, with the aim to study the phase morphology of binary blend PMMA / PET blend and this compatibilized by the addition of the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) copolymer (MMA-GMA-EA). In the first stage is analyzed the morphology of the blend at a preliminary stage where we used the bottle-grade PET in a Haake torque rheometer and the effect of compatibilizer in this blend was evaluated. In the second stage the blend was processed using the recycled PET in a single screw extruder and subsequently injection molding in the shape of specimens for mechanical tests. In both stages we used a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the morphologies of the samples and an image analyzer to characterize them. In the second stage, as well as analysis by TEM, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed to correlate the morphology with the mechanical properties. The samples used in morphological analyzes were sliced by cryo-ultramicrotomy technique for the analysis by TEM and the analysis by SEM and AFM, we used the flat face of the block after cut cryogenic. It was found that the size of the dispersed phase decreased with the addition of MMA-GMA-EA in blends prepared in a Haake. In the tensile test, the values of maximum tensile strength and modulus of elasticity is maintained in a range between the value of pure PMMA the pure PET, while the elongation at break was influenced by the composition by weight of the PMMA mixture. The coupling agent corroborated the results presented in the blend PMMA / PETrec / MMA-GMA-EA (80/15/5 %w/w), obtained by TEM, AFM and SEM. It was concluded that the techniques used had a good morphologic correlation, and can be confirmed for final analysis of the morphological characteristics of the blends PMMA / PET