Study of population and immigration problems. Administrative presentations (III): Admission of aliens into the United States for temporary employment and "Commuter Workers"; presentations by the Dept. of Labor and the Dept. of Justice (Immigration and Naturalization Service) [to] Subcommittee No. 1.

"Special series no. 11."

Nontraditional employment: the careers of temporary workers

This chapter focuses upon the careers of temporary workers. Temporary employment for many workers presents a route to permanent employment. Other workers, however, get trapped into temporary employment or cycle between unstable jobs and spells of unemployment. Predictors of such transitions are multiple. We selected two broad categories, namely perceived employability from the area of career research and health and well-being from the area of occupational health and well-being research. The overall conclusion is that the association between temporary employment and both perceived employability and health and well-being is inconclusive. This suggests that there are boundary conditions that may make some temporary workers successful and others not. Risk factors include dynamics related to the dual labor market, including lower job quality, lower investments on the part of employers, and negative stereotyping of temporary workers as second-class citizens. On the positive side, many temporary workers have learned to manage their careers in the sense that they invest in training and in continuous job search.

A life jacket with holes- : a case study of 'temporary engagement' : a strategy used by Education Queensland to employ beginning secondary teachers

This research investigated the impact of Education Queensland's employment policy and practices for beginning secondary teachers appointed on temporary engagement. The context was the public secondary school sector within the state of Queensland, Australia. The study was set within a context of the changing nature of work from full-time permanent employment towards casual, fixed-term contracts, temporary and part-time employment, a trend reflected in the employment patterns for teachers within Australia. Two broad categories of literature relating to the research problem of this thesis were reviewed, namely the beginning teacher and permanency or tenure. The focus in the research literature on beginning teachers was the professional experiences of teachers within the classroom and school. There was a paucity of research that considered the working and industrial conditions of temporary employment for beginning teachers or the personal and professional implications of this form of employment. The review of the context and literature was conceptualised as a Beginning Temporary Teacher Theoretical Framework which served to inform the study. Using a qualitative case study methodology, the research techniques employed for the thesis were semi-structured interview and document analysis. A simultaneously conducted research project in which the researcher participated entitled 'Winning the Lottery? Beginning Teachers on Temporary Engagement' foregrounded this thesis in terms of refining the research question, contributing to the literature and in the selection of the participants. For this case study the perspectives of four distinct yet inter-related categories of professionals were sought. These included four beginning secondary teachers, three school administrators, a Senior Personnel Officer with Education Queensland, and a representative from the Queensland Teachers' Union. The research findings indicated that none of the beginning teachers or other professionals viewed starting a career in teaching on temporary engagement as the ideal. The negative features identified were the differential treatment received and the high level of uncertainty associated with temporary employment. Differential treatment tended to indicate 'less' entitlements, in terms of access to induction and professional development, recreational and sick leave, acceptance by and expectations of other colleagues, and avenues of redress in grievance cases. Moreover, interviews indicated a high level of uncertainty in terms of starting within the teaching profession, commencing at a new school, and a regular income. In addition, frequent changes in schools and/or cohorts of students exacerbated levels of uncertainty. The beginning teachers reported significantly decreased motivation, self-esteem and sense of belonging, and increased stress levels. There was an even more marked negative impact on those beginning teachers who had experienced a higher number of temporary engagements and schools in their first year of teaching. Conversely, strong staff support and a reasonable length of time in the one school improved the quality of the beginning teachers' experiences. The overall impact of being on temporary engagement resulted in delayed permanent position appointments, decreased commitment to particular schools and to Education Queensland as the employing authority, and for two of the beginning teachers, it produced a desire to seek alternative employment. The implementation of Education Queensland's policies relating to working conditions and entitlements for these temporary beginning teachers at the school level was revealed to be less than satisfactory. There was a tendency towards 'just-in- time' management of the beginning teacher on temporary engagement. The beginning teachers received 'less-than-messages' about access to and use of departmental documentation, support through induction and professional development, and their transition from temporary to permanent employment. To ensure a more systematic, supportive and inclusive process for managing the temporary beginning teacher, a conceptual framework entitled 'Continuums of Tension' was developed. The four continuums included permanent employment - temporary employment; system perspective - individual perspective; teaching as a profession - teaching as a job; and the permanent beginning teacher - university graduate. The general principles of the human resource policies of Education Queensland were based on a commitment to permanent employment, a system's perspective, viewing teaching as a profession and a homogeneous group of permanent beginning teachers. Contrasting with this, the beginning teacher on temporary engagement tended to operate from the position of temporary employment and a perspective that was individually based. Their priorities therefore included the 'occupational' aspects of being a temporary teacher striving to become permanent. Thus there existed a tension or contradiction between the general principles of human resource policies within Education Queensland and the employment experiences of beginning teachers on temporary engagement. The study proposed three actions for resolution to address the aforementioned tensions. The actions included: (a) the effective provision and targeted communication of information; (b) support, induction and professional development; and (c) a coordinated approach between Education Queensland, Queensland Teachers' Union, the Universities and the beginning teacher. These actions are fm1her refined to include: (a) an induction kit to suppm1 the individual through the pre-employment to permanent employee phases, (b) an extrapolation of the roles and responsibilities of Education Queensland personnel charged with supporting the beginning temporary teacher, and (c) a series of recommendations to effect a coordinated approach amongst the key stakeholders. The theoretical and conceptual frameworks have provided a means of addressing the identified needs of the beginning teacher on temporary engagement. As such, this study has contributed to the research literature on teacher employment and professionalism and aims to provide a beginning temporary teacher with managed professional and occupational support.

Working at night and work ability among nursing personnel: when precarious employment makes the difference

To test the association between night work and work ability, and verify whether the type of contractual employment has any influence over this association. Permanent workers (N = 642) and workers with precarious jobs (temporary contract or outsourced; N = 552) were interviewed and filled out questionnaires concerning work hours and work ability index. They were classified into: never worked at night, ex-night workers, currently working up to five nights, and currently working at least six nights/2-week span. After adjusting for socio-demography and work variables, current night work was significantly associated with inadequate WAI (vs. day work with no experience in night work) only for precarious workers (OR 2.00, CI 1.01-3.95 and OR 1.85, CI 1.09-3.13 for those working up to five nights and those working at least six nights in 2 weeks, respectively). Unequal opportunities at work and little experience in night work among precarious workers may explain their higher susceptibility to night work.

Federal employees : OPM data do not identify if temporary employees work for extended periods : report to Congressional Requesters /

"GAO-02-296."

Employability and job status as moderators of the effects of job insecurity on work outcomes

Despite greater use of temporary employment contracts, little is known about how employees react to job length uncertainty. Individual careers within the safety of one or two primary organisations are no longer the norm. This study investigates the effects of job insecurity and employment status (temporary/permanent) on work outcomes. Three hundred and ninety-one employees (122 temporary and 269 permanent) in low to medium level non-academic positions from two Australian universities completed a survey. The results show that a belief that comparable employment is easily available did not alleviate the negative effects of job insecurity. Work attitudes for temporaries and permanents though were differentially influenced by employee perceptions of their own employability.

Successes and stresses : A case study on relations between international higher degree students in Australia and their universities.

The paper examines the situation of postgraduate international students studying in Australia, mostly at doctoral level; a group widely seen as sought-after by Australian universities and employers, though also exposed to difficulties in aspects like learning culture, language and temporary employment. The investigation follows a novel path, as an exercise in practice-led research on issues involved in Higher Degree supervision. It is in fact an exercise within an advanced program of professional development for HD research supervisors. It begins by deploying a journalistic method, to obtain and present information. This has entailed the publishing of two feature articles about the lives of scholars for Subtropic, a campus based online magazine in Brisbane, www.subtropic.com.au. The next step is a review of a set of supervisions, citing issues raised in individual cases. Parallels can be seen between the two information-getting and analytical processes, with scope for contradictions. An exegetical statement deals with supervisory issues that have been exposed, and implications for learning, with recommendations for developing the quality of the experience of these students.

A precarização do trabalho docente da eduação superior: um estudo sobre a contratação temporária de docentes no Universidade do Estado do Pará

A contratação temporária de docentes, na Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), caracteriza-se pela sua ampla dimensão política e econômica evidenciada nas transformações do mundo do trabalho e na significação das categorias trabalho e trabalho docente. No caso da universidade, isso tem relação com as mudanças estruturais da Educação Superior brasileira, com as crises do capitalismo global, com as estratégias realizadas pelos governos neoliberais e com as medidas que vêm sendo tomadas pela administração superior da UEPA. A contratação temporária potencializada na flexibilização e na desvalorização de salários, direitos trabalhistas, condições de trabalho e o isolamento desses trabalhadores na participação direta na produção do trabalho material e imaterial dos conhecimentos acadêmicos, científicos e tecnológicos, precariza ainda mais o trabalho docente e possibilita o não fortalecimento da UEPA como uma instituição de referência no Estado do Pará no ensino superior público, gratuito e de qualidade socialmente referenciada. O objetivo geral foi analisar a contratação temporária de docentes na UEPA, considerando os diferentes cursos e a sua localização por campus e núcleos, sob os diferentes tipos de contratação que precarizam o trabalho docente. Os objetivos específicos foram identificar as mudanças ocorridas no papel do Estado e as suas influências no trabalho docente por meio das reformas do Estado e da Educação Superior; descrever o sentido da categoria trabalho docente; apresentar as posições dos docentes e do movimento docente quanto às reais condições do trabalho pela via do contrato temporário na UEPA. O estudo de caso discursivo e analítico com abordagem qualitativa caracteriza o percurso metodológico escolhido. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de revisão da literatura, aplicação de questionários, realização de entrevistas e análise documental. Constatou-se que existe o reconhecimento dos docentes temporários da UEPA e da direção do SINDUEPA de que a contratação temporária é uma forma perversa de precarização porque restringe, divide e compromete a qualidade do trabalho acadêmico e dificulta a mobilização, a organização e a luta da categoria; que intensifica a produção do trabalho e dificulta que os sujeitos entendam a precarização como resultado das ações políticas dos governos, Estados e instituições que adotam medidas neoliberais e ocasionam diminuição das responsabilidades institucionais que geram perda de direitos trabalhistas, desemprego/subemprego estrutural e a flexibilização de serviços.

Contrato de trabalho temporário do assistente social nos centros de referência de assistência social - CRAS's de Belém/PA e sua repercussão na operacionalização da política de assistência social

Este trabalho tem por objetivo refletir e analisar sobre o contrato de trabalho temporário do assistente social e suas repercussões na operacionalização da Política de Assistência Social nos Centros de Referências de Assistência Social (CRAS) no município de Belém do Pará. Para tal foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo nos referidos CRA's, a qual teve como sujeito os assistentes sociais que possui contrato temporário nesses espaços sócio-ocupacionais nos últimos dois anos. Na pesquisa procurou-se conhecer os determinantes políticos organizacionais dessa forma de trabalho, as condições objetivas e subjetivas do trabalho das mencionadas profissionais e sua relação com as transformações no mundo do trabalho que vêm ocorrendo nos últimos anos. Teve como aporte teórico-metodológico a teoria marxista por entender que a mesma propicia uma leitura crítica da realidade social como todo, não fragmentado-a de maneira desconexa de um contexto político, econômico e social de determinada sociedade. Optou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados o formulário que fora constituído de questões abertas e fechadas. Assim, este estudo está estruturado em três partes, além da introdução e da conclusão. A primeira parte tenta efetuar uma abordagem sobre as transformações que vem ocorrendo no mundo do trabalho nas últimas décadas objetivando desvendar as determinantes dos contratos temporários do assistente social no CRA's do município; a segunda parte trata do neoliberalismo e da reforma do Estado no Brasil; na terceira foi efetuada uma análise sobre as condições do trabalho do assistente social nos CRA's, para então poder entender as repercussões dos contratos de trabalho temporário desses profissionais na operacionalização da Política de Assistência Social. Finalmente, foram efetuadas as considerações gerais sobre o resultado da referida pesquisa de campo.

Os servidores do sistema penitenciário e a luta pela saúde no contexto das instituições prisionais no Pará

A Saúde do trabalhador pode ser entendida como uma condição concreta e dinâmica da qual o trabalhador dispõe para traçar e perseguir seus objetivos em direção ao bem-estar físico, psíquico e social, sendo influenciada pelas condições e organização do trabalho no contexto ao qual está inserido. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar e analisar o processo de trabalho no sistema Prisional e de que forma podem estar influenciando nos modos de subjetivação dos trabalhadores prisionais do Pará, possibilitando a ocorrência de sofrimento psíquico. Constitui-se em um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa que teve como instrumento de pesquisa a observação participante ou direta com entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os servidores prisionais selecionados. A análise do processo de trabalho e as formas que podem influenciar nos modos de subjetivação do servidor prisional para que este se mantenha saudável ou doente, foram baseados na interpretação dos resultados, que foram consubstanciados nos dados coletados na entrevista e na observação participante, na escuta e na interpretação das falas dos trabalhadores do Centro de Recuperação de Castanhal de acordo com a abordagem da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, por ser uma clínica que busca desenvolver o campo da saúde mental e trabalho. Os principais resultados foram: (I) que o estabelecimento penal apresentou condições de infra-estrutura inadequadas e precárias, necessitando de reformas constantes, falta de equipamentos para desenvolver o trabalho, o número insuficiente de recursos humanos e a convivência com a superlotação prisional, que não difere do restante das prisões brasileiras. (II) o processo de trabalho observado é exaustivo, pelo número insuficiente de recursos humanos, carga horária exaustiva e cobrança para desenvolver um bom trabalho mesmo diante das condições encontradas. (III) servidores penitenciários vulneráveis e expostos ao sofrimento psíquico pela condição do trabalho; pelo tipo de vínculo trabalhista temporário que a grande maioria se encontra; pelo estigma e desvalorização neste tipo de trabalho. Onde estes para manterem-se saudáveis diante das ameaças do meio utilizam-se de estratégias defensivas, como o afastamento subjetivo, em que o servidor deixa de pensar e falar sobre o trabalho. (IV) Diante do exposto sobre a condição e dinâmica do trabalho vejo um otimismo por parte dos servidores, quanto à possibilidade de construir-se um processo de saúde do trabalhador no sistema carcerário brasileiro, acreditando na implementação de políticas públicas viáveis, para o sistema penitenciário, proporcionando ao trabalhador melhores condições de saúde.

Trabalho docente em escolas estaduais paulistas: o desafio do professor da categoria O

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Mercato del lavoro e riforma della vigilanza pubblica

After having covered the international regulation in the labour market and in the control mechanisms fighting the irregular and the concealed labour, the Author concentrates on the Italian system’s answers to the requests coming from the European Union. Starting from the White Book on the labour market in Italy, the problems originated by the Legislative Decree 124/2004 and, moreover, those which have affected the fight against the concealed labour are dealt with. The aim study is to verify that the juridical regulation adopted by the national lawmaker has contributed to solve the problems connected to the labour flexibility and the consequent temporary employment. The analysis of the problems has led to the conclusion that, regardless the lawmaker’s good intentions, the basic principles of the national juridical system do not allow the achievement of a full realization of the objectives. This is mainly because the lack of effective systems to protect the flexible employees often treated as temporary employees, and because of the difficulties to introduce the legal culture on which the whole system should stand.