Luottamus esimies-alaissuhteessa

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tutkia mikä on luottamuksen rooli ja vaikutus esimies-alaissuhteessa. Toiseksi työ tarkastelee sitä mitkä tekijät saavat luottamuksen horjumaan ja mihin horjuminen vaikuttaa, sekä vastaa kysymykseen mikä on luottamuksen dynamiikka konfliktitilanteissa. Kolmanneksi työ tarkastelee sitä miten menetettyä luottamusta voidaan korjata ja mitkä keinot ovat tehokkaimpia. Tämän laadullisen tutkimuksen teoreettinen osuus toteutettiin kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Tutkimuksen empiirisenä aineistona käytettiin narratiiveja, jotka olivat Lappeenrannan teknillisen ykiopiston Digi-opiskelijoilta koottuja luottamustarinoita. Toisena aineistona käytetiin opiskelijoiden fokus-ryhmäkeskusteluja. Tutkimuksen tuloksena voidaan todeta, että luottamus on perusedellytys toimivalle esimies-alaissuhteelle ja se rakentuu hyvin pitkälle vuorovaikutuksen kautta. Tärkeimmät luottamusta horjuttavat tekijät ovat huono tiedonkulku ja tiedottaminen, ja tärkeimmät keinot menetetyn luottamuksen korjaamiseen ovat keskustelu, kommunikaatio ja avoin vuorovaikutus.

Johtajan vuorovaikutusosaaminen suomalais-venäläisessä esimies-alaissuhteessa

The participants in the dynamic Finnish working environment are expected to display communication skills, which is emphasized when different cultures meet. The objective of this thesis was to study the required interpersonal communication competence of leaders in a Finnish-Russian superior-subordinate relationship. The leadership was approached from a communicational perspective where leadership emerges in a dyadic relationship between leader and subordinate. The research was conducted as a qualitative case study. The data was gathered from interviews in the target organization. Four superiors and five of their subordinates were interviewed. The qualitative data gathered from the interviews was analyzed by theory-driven content analysis. The representative data was organized and coded in order to establish the main categories, which form a basis of the conclusions of the thesis. Interpersonal communication competence has a significant role alongside substance in leadership. The superiors in the workplace perceive communication as contextual. The findings indicate that there are certain tensions in the relationship between the superiors and their subordinates. The tensions are described as distance, collectiveness and emotions, and verbal expression and understanding. Leadership communication competence is about finding a balance between the tensions based on cultural differences. From the interpersonal communication research tradition point of view, the efficient and appropriate communication competence in this context consists of the knowledge of tensions and challenges, as well as the ability to manage cultural tensions and the motivation to react positively to cultural differences.

Supervisor-subordinate age dissimilarity and performance ratings:the buffering effects of supervisory relationship practice

Using 394 pairs of employees and their immediate supervisors working in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector in three northern European countries, this study examined the effect of workplace moderators on the link between relational demography and supervisor ratings of performance. Directional age differences between superior and subordinate (i.e., status incongruence caused when the supervisor is older or younger than his/her subordinate) and non-directional age differences were used as predictors of supervisor ratings of occupational expertise. The quality of the supervisor-subordinate relationship and the existence of positive age-related supervisory practices were examined as moderators of this relationship. The results provide no support for a relationship between directional age differences and age-related stereotyping by supervisors in ratings of performance, neither for the effects of age-related supervisory practices. However, high quality supervisor-subordinate relationships did moderate the effects of age dissimilarity on supervisory ratings. The implications of these findings for performance appraisal methodologies and recommendations for further research are discussed.

Are guanxi-type supervisor-subordinate relationships culture-general? An eight-nation test of measurement invariance

Three dimensions of subordinate-supervisor relations (affective attachment, deference to supervisor, and personal-life inclusion) that had been found by Y. Chen, Friedman, Yu, Fang, and Lu to be characteristic of a guanxi relationship between subordinates and their supervisors in China were surveyed in Taiwan, Singapore, and six non-Chinese cultural contexts. The Affective Attachment and Deference subscales demonstrated full metric invariance whereas the Personal-Life Inclusion subscale was found to have partial metric invariance across all eight samples. Structural equation modeling revealed that the affective attachment dimension had a cross-nationally invariant positive relationship to affective organizational commitment and a negative relationship to turnover intention. The deference to the supervisor dimension had invariant positive relationships with both affective and normative organizational commitment. The personal-life inclusion dimension was unrelated to all outcomes. These results indicate the relevance of aspects of guanxi to superior-subordinate relations in non-Chinese cultures. Studies of indigenous concepts can contribute to a broader understanding of organizational behavior. © The Author(s) 2014.

Virtuaalisuus esimiesviestinnässä

Pro gradu tutkielman tavoitteena on kuvata virtuaalisten viestintätyökalujen käyttöä osana esimiesviestintää. Erityisesti työssä käsitellään esimiesviestintää tehostavia keinoja sekä kriteereitä, joiden mukaan virtuaalinen viestintätyökalu voidaan valita eri viestintätilannetta kohden. Tarkoituksena oli myös empiirisen tutkimuksen avulla kartoittaa suomalaisten esimiesten virtuaalisten viestintätyökalujen käyttöä osana heidän esimiestyötään. Tutkielman empiiristä osiota varten haastateltiin kymmentä esimiestä eri yrityksistä ja toimi-aloilta. Tutkimuksen analyysi tehtiin käyttäen kvalitatiivisia tutkimusmenetelmiä. Virtuaaliset viestintätyökalut nähtiin erittäin tärkeäksi osaksi esimiesten arkipäiväisiä toimia. Niiden valinnassa käytettiin erilaisia kriteereitä, joista tärkeimmät perustuivat rationaaliseen valintaan. Erilaisia esimiesviestinnällisiä keinoja viestinnän tehostamiseksi käytettiin vähän. Tutkimuksen perusteella voitiin myös tehdä johtopäätös, että virtuaalisten viestintätyökalujen luokittelussa oli ristiriitoja haastateltavien kokemuksiin peilattuna.

Luottamusta ja yhteistyötä työorganisaatioissa

Tuija Seppälän väitöskirja Trust building and cooperation in supervisor-subordinate relationship and work units (Helsingin yliopisto 2012).

Eye color as an indicator of social rank in the fish Nile tilapia

We investigated the association of eye color with the dominant-subordinate relationship in the fish Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Eye color pattern was also examined in relation to the intensity of attacks. We paired 20 size-matched fish (intruder: 73.69 ± 11.49 g; resident: 75.42 ± 8.83 g) and evaluated eye color and fights. These fish were isolated in individual aquaria for 10 days and then their eye color was measured 5 min before pairing (basal values). Twenty minutes after pairing, eye color and fights were quantified for 10 min. Clear establishment of social hierarchy was observed in 7 of 10 pairs of fish. Number of attacks ranged from 1 to 168 among pairs. The quartile was calculated for these data and the pairs were then divided into two classes: low-attack (1 to 111 attacks - 2 lower quartiles) or high-attack (112 to 168 attacks - 2 higher quartiles). Dominance decreased the eye-darkening patterns of the fish after pairing, while subordinance increased darkening compared to dominance. Subordinate fish in low-attack confrontations presented a darker eye compared to dominant fish and to the basal condition. We also observed a paler eye pattern in dominants that shared low-attack interactions after pairing compared to the subordinates and within the group. However, we found no differences in the darkening pattern between dominants and subordinates from the high-attack groups. We conclude that eye color is associated with social rank in this species. Moreover, the association between eye color and social rank in the low-attack pairs may function to reduce aggression.

Implicações gerenciais para o sentido do trabalho

O trabalho constitui elo de ligação entre indivíduo organização; ambos se buscam se escolhem para efetivação de uma realização prática, concreta. entre o indivíduo seu trabalho encontra-se figura do gerente. Grande parte do tempo pessoal dedicada vida profissional. Se tempo no trabalho aumenta, tempo que trabalho deve prover significado também aumenta. não se trata de uma relação meramente quantitativa. Sua renovação se faz necessária diariamente de forma qualitativa. fundamental que tempo no trabalho seja bem utilizado, tenha um propósito contribua para contínuo crescimento não para limitação do indivíduo ao longo do tempo. Se aumento da quantidade de produtos produzidos se constituía no principal desafio do início do século XX, hoje dirigentes passam ter como principal meta fazer com que os conhecimentos existentes na organização se tornem produtivos. tipo de produto que se almeja mais intelectual, de maior valor agregado, demanda maior envolvimento do empregado. Acreditamos que uma das formas para conseguir envolvimento seja através da capacidade do trabalho de prover significado. Gerentes não podem criar sentido para indivíduo, mas podem intervir na organização do trabalho quando necessário. estudo apresenta implicações gerenciais partir do grupo pesquisado: os sentidos os dessentidos do trabalho e as ações gerenciais para administração desta percepção. pesquisa de campo foi realizada através da utilização de questionário fechado efetuada com profissionais retirados de programas de pós-graduação com ênfase em Administração (MBAs). Após coleta dos dados no campo, os dados foram tabulados por meio de parâmetros estatísticos baseados na freqüência. Os indivíduos pesquisados anseiam por eficiência resultados e, partir da clareza das direções gerenciais, espera-se esclarecimento do objetivo de suas atividades. Percebe-se importância da qualidade da relação gerente-subordinado para sentido do trabalho. Há grande demanda pelas habilidades de comunicação do gerente (direções, utilidade do trabalho, feedback). desejo de segurança no trabalho inclui parte financeira mas não exclui emocional, que se manifesta pelo desejo do trabalho em equipe. preocupação da invasão do labor no mundo do trabalho, referenciando os conceitos propostos por Arendt, se manifesta pela rejeição rotinização das atividades e ausência de liberdade de criação. anseio pelo exercício da criatividade, em última instância, reflete necessidade primordial de um trabalho intrinsecamente satisfatório.

Eye color as an indicator of social rank in the fish Nile tilapia

We investigated the association of eye color with the dominant-subordinate relationship in the fish Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Eye color pattern was also examined in relation to the intensity of attacks. We paired 20 size-matched fish (intruder: 73.69 ± 11.49 g; resident: 75.42 ± 8.83 g) and evaluated eye color and fights. These fish were isolated in individual aquaria for 10 days and then their eye color was measured 5 min before pairing (basal values). Twenty minutes after pairing, eye color and fights were quantified for 10 min. Clear establishment of social hierarchy was observed in 7 of 10 pairs of fish. Number of attacks ranged from 1 to 168 among pairs. The quartile was calculated for these data and the pairs were then divided into two classes: low-attack (1 to 111 attacks - 2 lower quartiles) or high-attack (112 to 168 attacks - 2 higher quartiles). Dominance decreased the eye-darkening patterns of the fish after pairing, while subordinance increased darkening compared to dominance. Subordinate fish in low-attack confrontations presented a darker eye compared to dominant fish and to the basal condition. We also observed a paler eye pattern in dominants that shared low-attack interactions after pairing compared to the subordinates and within the group. However, we found no differences in the darkening pattern between dominants and subordinates from the high-attack groups. We conclude that eye color is associated with social rank in this species. Moreover, the association between eye color and social rank in the low-attack pairs may function to reduce aggression.

Raúl Prebisch and the dilemma of development in the globalised world

Includes bibliography

The impact of national cultures and interpersonal factors on managerial communication

This study was undertaken for two primary purposes. The first was to discover whether or not two of the four cultural dimensions depicted by Hof-stede (1980), namely Power Distance and Uncertainty Avoidance, could be repeated using samples from seven organizations operating in three distinct cultural settings. The second was to assess the degree to which these dimensions affect superior-subordinate communication across the culturally-different groups. Also, the impact of the three interpersonal factors: Trust in Superior, Upward Influence and Mobility Aspirations was investigated cross-culturally. Participants were 291 managers from seven organizations; four Sudanese, two white British and an organization in Britain run by a group of British citizens of Pakistani extraction. It was hypothesized that the Power Distance and Uncertainty Avoidance of the three groups would replicate Hof-stede's. Specific implications of these dimensions for organizational communication and in particular for superior-subordinate communication were also hypothesized. Multiple regression analyses were performed with items of the two cultural dimensions and the three interpersonal factors (each in turn) forming the independent variables, while the organizational communication aspects formed the dependent variables. T-tests between means were also used to compare and contrast issues such as directionality of information flow across organizations operating in these settings. Work-related values of each of the three cultural groups provided support for Hofstede's model. However, only tentative support was given to the hypothesized relationships between the cultural dimensions and organizational communication. Similarly, weak associations were found between the three interpersonal factors and superior-subordinate communication behaviour. Some practical and theoretical implications are offered. An evaluation of the study and recommendation for further research are also given.

Echocardiographic identification of the oblique vein of the left atrium: its relationship to the persistent left superior caval vein

Thus far, little has been written concerning echocarchographic identification of the oblique of the left atrium, or Marshall`s vein. There is much discussion, nonetheless, on the potential significance of the vein, or its ligamentous remnant, as an arrhythmic substrate. We describe here four patients in whom transthoracic echocardiography revealed a venous structure protruding within the cavity of the left atrium. We discuss the possibility that these structures represent Marshall`s vein, albeit probably as part of a persistent left superior caval vein.

The Changing Relationship between Supervisors and Subordinates: How Managing This Relationship Evolves over Time

Understanding how the relationship between a subordinate and manager develops over time has been a critical matter both for academics and for business. In both academic journals and industry publications, some writers have argued that the relationship is driven by perceptions of fairness and treatment, and that developing the relationship can lead to better performance. Others have argued that higher performers get better treatment and resources, which results in superior relationships with their managers. There is really no clear answer of what comes first—perceptions of fairness, satisfaction with the supervisor, or job performance—and which leads to which.

Relationship between the southern annular mode and southern hemisphere atmospheric systems

Seasonal relationship between the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the spatial distribution of the cyclone systems over Southern Hemisphere is investigated for the period 1980 to 1999. In addition, seasonal frontogenesis and rainfall distribution over South America and South Atlantic Ocean during different SAM phases were also analyzed. It is observed that during negative SAM phases the cyclone trajectories move northward when compared to the positive one, and in the South America and South Atlantic sector there is intense frontogenetic activity and positive anomaly precipitation over the Southeast of the South America. In general, SAM positive phase shows opposite signals.