Safety and acceptability of practice-nurse-managed care of depression in patients with diabetes or heart disease in the Australian TrueBlue study

Objectives:
To determine the safety and acceptability of the TrueBlue model of nurse-managed care in the primary healthcare setting.

Depression care for the old-old in a primary care setting

Objective. Although those age 75 and older are the fastest growing age group in the U.S., few studies focus on the course and treatment of depression in this age group. This study examines the differences between the young-old (age 60 to 74) and the old-old (age 75 and older) in regards to their response to a collaborative care model for depression in primary care. We hypothesized that old-old participants would have more severe depression and have a lower rate of treatment response compared to young-old participants. ^ Methods. The sample consisted of 906 participants (n = 606 young-old; n = 300 old-old) who were randomized to receive the intervention with a depression care manager in the IMPACT trial. This study compared young-old and old-old patients on process of care and outcome variables to identify potential differences between the two age groups. Process of care was determined by the type of treatment and level of stepped care received. Clinical outcomes included SCL-20 depression scores, treatment response (defined as a ≥50% decrease in SCL-20 score from baseline) and complete remission (defined as a SCL-20 score <0.5) at 3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up. ^ Results. The process of care variables did not differ between the two age groups. SCL-20 depression scores did not significantly differ between the two age groups at all follow-up intervals. Treatment response was significantly different between young-old and old-old participants at 6- and 12-months. Complete remission rates were significantly different between the two age-groups at 12-months follow-up. ^ Conclusions. Young-old and old-old patients have a similar clinical response to initial collaborative depression care in a primary care setting, but old-old patients may have lower rates long-term treatment response and complete remission. These findings will help guide future clinical and public health approaches to treat old-old patients with depression. ^

Options for rehabilitation in interlock programs

This report examines the effectiveness of national and international programs that treat and rehabilitate drivers with alcohol dependence and the criteria used to approve the removal of interlocks. The project recommends a stepped care model which requires all participants to attend education and screening and then requires participants who fail to change their behaviour to attend increasingly intensive rehabilitation programs. Failure to complete an interlock program could result in participants having their licence revoked. This project was designed to inform action 36(d) of the National Road Safety Strategy 2011-2020: Investigate the option of requiring demonstrated rehabilitation from alcohol dependence before removal of interlock conditions.

The effects of blood pressure lowering on development of cognitive impairment and dementia in patients without apparent prior cerebrovascular disease

BACKGROUND: Hypertension and cognitive impairment are prevalent in older people. It is known that hypertension is a direct risk factor for vascular dementia and recent studies have suggested hypertension also impacts upon prevalence of Alzheimer's disease. The question is therefore whether treatment of hypertension lowers the rate of cognitive decline. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of blood pressure lowering treatments for the prevention of dementia and cognitive decline in patients with hypertension but no history of cerebrovascular disease. SEARCH STRATEGY: The trials were identified through a search of CDCIG's Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL on 27 April 2005. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trials in which pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions to lower blood pressure were given for at least six months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two independent reviewers assessed trial quality and extracted data. The following outcomes were assessed: incidence of dementia, cognitive change from baseline, blood pressure level, incidence and severity of side effects and quality of life. MAIN RESULTS: Three trials including 12,091 hypertensive subjects were identified. Average age was 72.8 years. Participants were recruited from industrialised countries. Mean blood pressure at entry across the studies was 170/84 mmHg. All trials instituted a stepped care approach to hypertension treatment, starting with a calcium-channel blocker, a diuretic or an angiotensin receptor blocker. The combined result of the three trials reporting incidence of dementia indicated no significant difference between treatment and placebo (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.89, 95% CI 0.69, 1.16). Blood pressure reduction resulted in a 11% relative risk reduction of dementia in patients with no prior cerebrovascular disease but this effect was not statistically significant (p = 0.38) and there was considerable heterogeneity between the trials. The combined results from the two trials reporting change in Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) did not indicate a benefit from treatment (Weighted Mean Difference (WMD) = 0.10, 95% CI -0.03, 0.23). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were reduced significantly in the two trials assessing this outcome (WMD = -7.53, 95% CI -8.28, -6.77 for systolic blood pressure, WMD = -3.87, 95% CI -4.25, -3.50 for diastolic blood pressure).Two trials reported adverse effects requiring discontinuation of treatment and the combined results indicated a significant benefit from placebo (OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.06, 1.30). When analysed separately, however, more patients on placebo in SCOPE were likely to discontinue treatment due to side effects; the converse was true in SHEP 1991. Quality of life data could not be analysed in the three studies. There was difficulty with the control group in this review as many of the control subjects received antihypertensive treatment because their blood pressures exceeded pre-set values. In most cases the study became a comparison between the study drug against a usual antihypertensive regimen. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There was no convincing evidence from the trials identified that blood pressure lowering prevents the development of dementia or cognitive impairment in hypertensive patients with no apparent prior cerebrovascular disease. There were significant problems identified with analysing the data, however, due to the number of patients lost to follow-up and the number of placebo patients given active treatment. This introduced bias. More robust results may be obtained by analysing one year data to reduce differential drop-out or by conducting a meta-analysis using individual patient data.

How Do Trainees Rate the Impact of a Short Cognitive Behavioural Training Programme on their Knowledge and Skills?

Background: A strong evidence base for cognitive behavioural therapy has led to CBT models becoming available within mainstream mental health services. As the concept of stepped care develops, new less intensive mental health interventions such as guided self-help are emerging, delivered by staff not trained to the level of accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapists. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine how mental health staff evaluated the usefulness of a short training programme in CBT concepts, models and techniques for routine clinical practice.
Method: A cohort of mental health staff (n = 102) completed pre- and posttraining self-report questionnaires measuring trainee perceptions of the impact of a short training programme on knowledge and skills. Mentors and managers were also asked to comment on perceived impact of the training.
Results: Trainees and mentors reported perceived gains in knowledge and skills posttraining and at 1-year follow-up. Managers and trainees reported perceived improvements in skills and practice. Conclusion: A short Cognitive Behavioural skills programme can enable mental health staff to integrate basic CB knowledge and skills into routine clinical practice.

Facteurs contextuels influençant l’implantation d’un modèle de hiérarchisation des soins en santé mentale : une étude de cas en milieu montréalais

Cette étude de cas vise à comparer le modèle de soins implanté sur le territoire d’un centre de santé et des services sociaux (CSSS) de la région de Montréal aux modèles de soins en étapes et à examiner l’influence de facteurs contextuels sur l’implantation de ce modèle. Au total, 13 cliniciens et gestionnaires travaillant à l’interface entre la première et la deuxième ligne ont participé à une entrevue semi-structurée. Les résultats montrent que le modèle de soins hiérarchisés implanté se compare en plusieurs points aux modèles de soins en étapes. Cependant, certains éléments de ces derniers sont à intégrer afin d’améliorer l’efficience et la qualité des soins, notamment l’introduction de critères d’évaluation objectifs et la spécification des interventions démontrées efficaces à privilégier. Aussi, plusieurs facteurs influençant l’implantation d’un modèle de soins hiérarchisés sont dégagés. Parmi ceux-ci, la présence de concertation et de lieux d’apprentissage représente un élément clé. Néanmoins, certains éléments sont à considérer pour favoriser sa réussite dont l’uniformisation des critères et des mécanismes de référence, la clarification des rôles du guichet d’accès en santé mentale et l’adhésion des omnipraticiens au modèle de soins hiérarchisés. En somme, l’utilisation des cadres de référence et d’analyse peut guider les gestionnaires sur les enjeux à considérer pour favoriser l’implantation d’un modèle de soins basé sur les données probantes, ce qui, à long terme, devrait améliorer l’efficience des services offerts et leur adéquation avec les besoins populationnels.

Enhancing recovery rates: lessons from year one of IAPT

BACKGROUND: The English Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) initiative aims to make evidence-based psychological therapies for depression and anxiety disorder more widely available in the National Health Service (NHS). 32 IAPT services based on a stepped care model were established in the first year of the programme. We report on the reliable recovery rates achieved by patients treated in the services and identify predictors of recovery at patient level, service level, and as a function of compliance with National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Treatment Guidelines. METHOD: Data from 19,395 patients who were clinical cases at intake, attended at least two sessions, had at least two outcomes scores and had completed their treatment during the period were analysed. Outcome was assessed with the patient health questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-9) and the anxiety scale (GAD-7). RESULTS: Data completeness was high for a routine cohort study. Over 91% of treated patients had paired (pre-post) outcome scores. Overall, 40.3% of patients were reliably recovered at post-treatment, 63.7% showed reliable improvement and 6.6% showed reliable deterioration. Most patients received treatments that were recommended by NICE. When a treatment not recommended by NICE was provided, recovery rates were reduced. Service characteristics that predicted higher reliable recovery rates were: high average number of therapy sessions; higher step-up rates among individuals who started with low intensity treatment; larger services; and a larger proportion of experienced staff. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with the IAPT clinical model is associated with enhanced rates of reliable recovery.

Obsessive Compulsive Treatment Efficacy Trial (OCTET) comparing the clinical and cost effectiveness of self-managed therapies: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Background: UK National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) specify recommendations for the treatment and management of OCD using a stepped care approach. Steps three to six of this model recommend treatment options for people with OCD that range from low-intensity guided self-help (GSH) to more intensive psychological and pharmacological interventions. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), including exposure and response prevention, is the recommended psychological treatment. However, whilst there is some preliminary evidence that self-managed therapy packages for OCD can be effective, a more robust evidence base of their clinical and cost effectiveness and acceptability is required. Methods/Design: Our proposed study will test two different self-help treatments for OCD: 1) computerised CBT (cCBT) using OCFighter, an internet-delivered OCD treatment package; and 2) GSH using a book. Both treatments will be accompanied by email or telephone support from a mental health professional. We will evaluate the effectiveness, cost and patient and health professional acceptability of the treatments. Discussion: This study will provide more robust evidence of efficacy, cost effectiveness and acceptability of self-help treatments for OCD. If cCBT and/or GSH prove effective, it will provide additional, more accessible treatment options for people with OCD.

Health service systems and comorbidity: stepping up to the mark

Clients with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders are not well served in traditional health care systems where specialist services offer segregated interventions and the client is left to negotiate required treatment across both systems. In recent years, policy change guiding the treatment of dual diagnosis in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and elsewhere has triggered the development of diverse models of treatment, each of which function at different points on a continuum from serial to fully integrated care. This paper outlines key models and provides examples, while considering their potential for appropriately addressing the needs of this client group. Consideration is given to the benefits of an interaction between stepped care and the chosen model, as a means of enhancing care efficiency while retaining the focus on positive outcomes.

Development of guidelines for caregivers of people with bipolar disorder : a Delphi expert consensus study

Objectives: Close family and friends are often a primary source of support for a person with bipolar disorder. However, there is a lack of
information for caregivers about ways to provide helpful support and take care of themselves. Rates of caregiver burden are high and increase the risk of caregiver depression and health problems. This study aimed to develop guidelines to assist caregivers of adults with bipolar disorder to be informed about bipolar disorder and to support the person without neglecting their own wellbeing.
Methods: The Delphi method was used to assess consensus between international expert panels of 45 caregivers, 47 consumers, and 51 clinicians about what information to include in the caregiver guidelines. Initial online survey items were based on the existing literature. Subsequent surveys included new or reworded items suggested by panel members and items that needed re-rating. Items endorsed by at least 80% of all three panels formed the content of the guidelines.
Results: Nearly 86% of the 626 survey items were endorsed. The items covered information on the illness, treatment, and suggestions on ways caregivers can provide support and take care of themselves in the different phases of illness and wellness, and information on dealing with specific real-life challenges. Although consensus rates were high, meaningful areas of difference between panels were found (e.g., collaboration issues).
Conclusions: The guidelines provide comprehensive introductory information, suggestions, and resources for caregivers. Access to relevant information may help caregivers to cope constructively with the person’s bipolar disorder and their caregiving situation. The content of the guidelines could be used to help formulate a stepped-care approach to supporting caregivers, ranging from basic information and pamphlets to brief training courses and specialized family or caregiver interventions based on need and accessibility.

e-Mental health for mood and anxiety disorders in general practice

Background Australia is a world leader in the development of internetdelivered programs for the prevention and management of mood and anxiety disorders. Despite a strong evidence base of time- and cost-effectiveness, as well as clinical efficacy, the uptake of these programs in general practice remains low. Objective To familiarise general practitioners (GPs) with the range of online programs in Australia that have demonstrated efficacy and are currently available for use by patients with mental health problems. Discussion E-mental health programs provide an efficacious and accessible form of mental healthcare and have the potential to fill the gap for those for whom such care is inaccessible, unaffordable or unacceptable. Clinicians can also use it in a stepped-care manner to augment existing healthcare services. There are a number of online resources currently available to Australians who have mood or anxiety disorders. These resources have strong evidence to support their effectiveness. Online portals facilitate access to these programs. Recently the Australian Federal Government has funded an education program (eMHPrac) for GPs and mental health professionals, to outline what is available, indicate situations where recommending such resources is appropriate, and suggest ways in which they can be incorporated into general practice.

Treatment issues in spontaneous cervicocephalic artery dissections

The management of cervicocephalic arterial dissections raises many unsolved issues such as: how to best acutely treat patients who present with ischemic stroke or occasionally with sub-arachnoid hemorrhage? How to best prevent ischemic stroke in patients who present with purely local signs such as headache, painful Horner Syndrome or neck pain? How long and how should patients be treated after cervicocephalic arterial dissections? Can patients resume their sports activities and when? The consensus is that, given the well-established initial thromboembolic risk, an urgent antithrombotic treatment is required in patients with a recent nonhemorrhagic cervicocephalic arterial dissection, but the type of antithrombotic treatment - anticoagulants or aspirin - as well as the indication for a local arterial treatment such as angioplasty/stenting remain debated. Evidence from a randomized clinical trial would be welcome but such a trial raises major issues of methodology, feasibility and funding. Meanwhile, cervicocephalic arterial dissection remains a situation when a bedside clinician should use, on a case-by-case basis, best clinical judgment and adopt a stepped care approach in the minority of patients who deteriorate despite initial treatment.

Fasting blood glucose and 8-year mortality in the hypertension detection follow-up program population

This study analyzed the relationship between fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 8-year mortality in the Hypertension Detection Follow-up Program (HDFP) population. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was examined both as a continuous variable and by specified FBG strata: Normal (FBG 60–100 mg/dL), Impaired (FBG ≥100 and ≤125 mg/dL), and Diabetic (FBG>125 mg/dL or pre-existing diabetes) subgroups. The relationship between type 2 diabetes was examined with all-cause mortality. This thesis described and compared the characteristics of fasting blood glucose strata by recognized glucose cut-points; described the mortality rates in the various fasting blood glucose strata using Kaplan-Meier mortality curves, and compared the mortality risk of various strata using Cox Regression analysis. Overall, mortality was significantly greater among Referred Care (RC) participants compared to Stepped Care (SC) {HR = 1.17; 95% CI (1.052,1.309); p-value = 0.004}, as reported by the HDFP investigators in 1979. Compared with SC participants, the RC mortality rate was significantly higher for the Normal FBG group {HR = 1.18; 95% CI (1.029,1.363); p-value = 0.019} and the Impaired FBG group, {HR = 1.34; 95% CI (1.036,1.734); p-value = 0.026,}. However, for the diabetic group, 8-year mortality did not differ significantly between the RC and SC groups after adjusting for race, gender, age, smoking status among Diabetic individuals {HR = 1.03; 95% CI (0.816,1.303); p-value = 0.798}. This latter finding is possibly due to a lack of a treatment difference of hypertension among Diabetic participants in both RC and SC groups. The largest difference in mortality between RC and SC was in the Impaired subgroup, suggesting that hypertensive patients with FBG between 100 and 125 mg/dL would benefit from aggressive antihypertensive therapy.^

The Effects of Systematic Self-Monitoring, Feedback, and Collaborative Assessment on Stress Reduction

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08