Spektrometrische Bestimmung der NO2-Konzentration im Abgas von Lastkraftwagen mit Dieselmotor unter Verwendung eines elektrostatisch durchstimmbaren Fabry-Pérot-Filters zur Reduzierung des Kraftstoffverbrauches und der Schadstoffemissionen

Die Reduktion von Schadstoff-Emissionen und des Kraftstoffverbrauches sind für die Einhaltung von immer strenger werdenden Abgasgrenzwerten zum Schutz der menschlichen Gesundheit und der Vegetation von großer gesellschaftlicher Bedeutung. Ob Deutschland die innerstädtischen Immissionsgrenzwerte der Europäischen Union (EU) für Stickstoffdioxid (NO2) ab 2010 einhalten wird, ist fraglich. Vor allem Lastkraftwagen mit Dieselmotor emittieren einen Großteil dieses Schadstoffes, sodass man mit einer Senkung der NO2-Emissionen dem gesetzten Ziel der Einhaltung der von der EU festgelegten NO2-Immisionsgrenzwerte bereits erheblich näher kommen würde. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zu untersuchen, ob mit der Kenntnis der NO2-Konzentration im Abgas von Lastkraftwagen mit Dieselmotor mittels Spektroskopie eine Reduzierung der NO2-Emissionen und eine Senkung des Kraftstoffverbrauches erreicht werden kann. Hierzu muss sowohl die Bestimmung der NO2-Konzentration aus der spektralen Analyse des Abgases möglich sein, als auch die Herstellung eines mikromechanisch durchstimmbaren optischen Fabry-Pérot-Filters mit Bragg-Spiegeln, der die Voraussetzungen erfüllt, das für die spektrale Analyse benötigte Spektrum quantifizieren zu können. Zusätzlich soll mit Hilfe der aus den Spektren extrahierten Information eine in Echtzeit gemessene NO2-Konzentration im Abgas ableitbar sein. Damit sollen Kraftstoff eingespart und Schadstoff-Emissionen reduziert werden. Hierfür wird am Beispiel eines Lastkraftwagens mit typischer Abgasnachbehandlung aufgezeigt, wie über innermotorische Maßnahmen die Verbrennung optimierbar ist und wie die Eigenschaften der Abgasnachbehandlung verbesserbar sind, sodass die gewünschten Senkungen erreicht werden. Zusätzlich kann auf den Einbau eines Sperrkatalysators im Abgasstrang verzichtet werden. Ferner reduziert sich auch der Verbrauch des für die Abgasnachbehandlung benötigten Harnstoffs. Zur Klärung, ob die NO2-Konzentration aus der spektralen Analyse des Abgases bestimmt werden kann, wurden an einem Motorprüfstand Spektren für verschiedene NO2-Konzentrationen gemessen. Zusätzlich wurde das in dieser Arbeit behandelte Sensor-System mittels mathematischer Modellrechnung beschrieben, sodass dieses Modell anschließend auf die am Motorprüfstand gemessenen Spektren angewendet werden konnte. Die auf diese Weise berechneten Ergebnisse wurden mit den NO2-Messungen am Motorprüfstand verglichen und zeigen eine große Korrelation. In dem mathematischen Modell wird auch die spektrale Auflösung des Sensors berücksichtigt, die vom optischen Filter erreicht werden muss. Es wurde in dieser Arbeit untersucht, ob ein solches Filter realisiert werden kann. Hierzu wurde unter Anwendung der Transfer-Matrix-Methode (TMM) zur Berechnung optischer Eigenschaften von Dünnschichtsystemen eine Struktur entwickelt, die den optischen Anforderungen an das Filter genügt. Grundlage für dieses Design ist ein mikromechanisch durchstimmbares Fabry-Pérot-Filter mit Bragg-Spiegeln. Zur Herstellung dieses mikromechanisch durchstimmbaren, optischen Filters wurde eine Prozesskette entwickelt, mit der Filter mit einer Transmission von über 60 % hergestellt wurden. Die mit dieser Prozesskette hergestellten Strukturen wurden topografisch und optisch charakterisiert. Der Vergleich der gemessenen Ergebnisse mit theoretischen Modellrechnungen zeigt eine hohe Übereinstimmung, sodass mit der verwendeten Methodik gute Prognosen von Filtereigenschaften getroffen werden können. Es kann außerdem ein verbessertes Design präsentiert werden, welches eine um 10 % höhere Transmission und ein doppelt so großes Auflösungsvermögen gegenüber dem ursprünglichen Design aufweist. Verbesserungspotenziale in der Prozesskette können präsentiert werden, mit denen die optischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften zukünftiger Filter optimiert werden können. Es wird gezeigt, dass ein optisches Filter hergestellt werden kann, mit dem die NO2-Konzentration im Abgas von Lastkraftwagen mit Dieselmotoren spektroskopisch bestimmt werden kann, sodass der Kraftstoffverbrauch gesenkt und die Schadstoffemissionen reduziert werden können. In Abgasnormen sind einzuhaltende NOX-Grenzwerte festgelegt. Sollten in Zukunft auch NO2-Emissionsgrenzwerte in den Abgasnormen festgelegt werden, kann deren Einhaltung mit dem vorgestellten Sensor-Prinzip überwacht werden. Auf diese Weise wird die Chance auf Einhaltung der NO2-Immissionsgrenzwerte der EU maßgeblich erhöht.

Generating vegetation-spectra as a basis for global monitoring of annual vegetation cycles using DOAS satellite observations

Vegetation-cycles are of general interest for many applications. Be it for harvest-predictions, global monitoring of climate-change or as input to atmospheric models.rnrnCommon Vegetation Indices use the fact that for vegetation the difference between Red and Near Infrared reflection is higher than in any other material on Earth’s surface. This gives a very high degree of confidence for vegetation-detection.rnrnThe spectrally resolving data from the GOME and SCIAMACHY satellite-instrumentsrnprovide the chance to analyse finer spectral features throughout the Red and Near Infrared spectrum using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS). Although originally developed to retrieve information on atmospheric trace gases, we use it to gain information on vegetation. Another advantage is that this method automatically corrects for changes in the atmosphere. This renders the vegetation-information easily comparable over long time-spans.rnThe first results using previously available reference spectra were encouraging, but also indicated substantial limitations of the available reflectance spectra of vegetation. This was the motivation to create new and more suitable vegetation reference spectra within this thesis.rnThe set of reference spectra obtained is unique in its extent and also with respect to its spectral resolution and the quality of the spectral calibration. For the first time, this allowed a comprehensive investigation of the high-frequency spectral structures of vegetation reflectance and of their dependence on the viewing geometry.rnrnThe results indicate that high-frequency reflectance from vegetation is very complex and highly variable. While this is an interesting finding in itself, it also complicates the application of the obtained reference spectra to the spectral analysis of satellite observations.rnrnThe new set of vegetation reference spectra created in this thesis opens new perspectives for research. Besides refined satellite analyses, these spectra might also be used for applications on other platforms such as aircraft. First promising studies have been presented in this thesis, but the full potential for the remote sensing of vegetation from satellite (or aircraft) could bernfurther exploited in future studies.

Verhaltensphysiologische Analyse des Farbensehens bei einem männlichen Vogel Strauss (struthio camelus australis)

In dieser Arbeit wurde das Farbensehen bei einem männlichenVogel Strauss verhaltensphysiologisch untersucht. Anhand vonDressurexperimenten wurden die spektrale Empfindlichkeit unddie Wellenlängenunterscheidungsfähigkeit analysiert und mitden mikrospektrophotometrisch ermittelten Eigenschaften derZapfen (nach Wright und Bowmaker, 2001) verglichen. DerVogel Strauss besitzt vier Zapfentypen mit unterschiedlichgefärbten Öltröpfchen (Typ Y, R, C, T). Öltröpfchen wirkenals Kantenfilter, in dem sie im UV-Bereich und bei kurzenWellenlängen kein Licht hindurchlassen. Die Maxima dereffektiven Zapfenempfindlichkeit verschieben sich dadurch zulängeren Wellenlängen. Die in den Dressurexperimenten ermittelten Maxima derspektralen Empfindlichkeit liegen bei 404nm, 495nm, 544nmund 602,7nm und entsprechen gut der Umhüllenden dermikrospektrophotometrisch ermittelten effektivenZapfenempfindlichkeitsfunktion. Die Wellenlängenunterscheidung beim Vogel Strauss zeigt sichin einer Delta-Lambda-Funktion mit stark ausgeprägten Maxima(bei 474nm und zwischen 529,5nm und 540nm) und Minima(zwischen 402,5nm und 452nm, bei ca. 500nm und 596,5nm) undweist auf ein tetrachromatisches Farbensehen hin. Die Delta-Lambda-Funktion des Strauss und der Schildkröte,die ebenfalls über Öltröpfchen verfügt, sind ähnlich. Sostimmen die Stellen bester Unterscheidung bei ca. 400nm,500nm und 600nm überein. Abweichungen zeigen sich imkurzwelligen Bereich, in dem der Strauss über bessereUnterscheidbarkeit verfügt als die Schildkröte. Im Gegensatzzu anderen untersuchten Vogelarten (Kolibri und Taube) zeigtsich die Wirkung der Öltröpfchen beim Vogel Strauss in derUnterscheidungsfähigkeit für Wellenlängen sehr deutlich.

Comparing international television news : the case of violence presentation in Germany, Great Britain and Russia -- [in German : Gewalt in internationalen Fernsehnachrichten - eine komparative Analyse medialer Gewaltpräsentation in Deutschland, Großbritannien und Russland]

This is an important book that ought to launch a debate about how we research our understanding of the world, it is an innovative intervention in a vital public issue, and it is an elegant and scholarly hard look at what is actually happening. Jean Seaton, Prof of Media History, U of Westminster, UK & Official Historian of the BBC -- Summary: This book investigates the question of how comparative studies of international TV news (here: on violence presentation) can best be conceptualized in a way that allows for crossnational, comparative conclusions on an empirically validated basis. This book shows that such a conceptualization is necessary in order to overcome existing restrictions in the comparability of international analysis on violence presentation. Investigated examples include the most watched news bulletins in Great Britain (10o'clock news on the BBC), Germany (Tagesschau on ARD) and Russia (Vremja on Channel 1). This book highlights a substantial cross-national violence news flow as well as a cross-national visual violence flow (key visuals) as distinct transnational components. In addition, event-related textual analysis reveals how the historical rootedness of nations and its symbols of power are still manifested in televisual mediations of violence. In conclusion, this study lobbies for a conscientious use of comparative data/analysis both in journalism research and practice in order to understand what it may convey in the different arenas of today’s newsmaking.

Calculations of capacitive couplings in induction generators to analyse shaft voltage

This paper deals with the analysis of the parameters which are effective in shaft voltage generation of induction generators. It focuses on different parasitic capacitive couplings by mathematical equations, finite element simulations and experiments. The effects of different design parameters have been studied on proposed capacitances and resultant shaft voltage. Some parameters can change proposed capacitive coupling such as: stator slot tooth, the gap between slot tooth and winding, and the height of the slot tooth, as well as the air gap between the rotor and the stator. This analysis can be used in a primary stage of a generator design to reduce motor shaft voltage and avoid additional costs of resultant bearing current mitigation.

Using honeypots to analyse anomalous Internet activities

Monitoring Internet traffic is critical in order to acquire a good understanding of threats to computer and network security and in designing efficient computer security systems. Researchers and network administrators have applied several approaches to monitoring traffic for malicious content. These techniques include monitoring network components, aggregating IDS alerts, and monitoring unused IP address spaces. Another method for monitoring and analyzing malicious traffic, which has been widely tried and accepted, is the use of honeypots. Honeypots are very valuable security resources for gathering artefacts associated with a variety of Internet attack activities. As honeypots run no production services, any contact with them is considered potentially malicious or suspicious by definition. This unique characteristic of the honeypot reduces the amount of collected traffic and makes it a more valuable source of information than other existing techniques. Currently, there is insufficient research in the honeypot data analysis field. To date, most of the work on honeypots has been devoted to the design of new honeypots or optimizing the current ones. Approaches for analyzing data collected from honeypots, especially low-interaction honeypots, are presently immature, while analysis techniques are manual and focus mainly on identifying existing attacks. This research addresses the need for developing more advanced techniques for analyzing Internet traffic data collected from low-interaction honeypots. We believe that characterizing honeypot traffic will improve the security of networks and, if the honeypot data is handled in time, give early signs of new vulnerabilities or breakouts of new automated malicious codes, such as worms. The outcomes of this research include: • Identification of repeated use of attack tools and attack processes through grouping activities that exhibit similar packet inter-arrival time distributions using the cliquing algorithm; • Application of principal component analysis to detect the structure of attackers’ activities present in low-interaction honeypots and to visualize attackers’ behaviors; • Detection of new attacks in low-interaction honeypot traffic through the use of the principal component’s residual space and the square prediction error statistic; • Real-time detection of new attacks using recursive principal component analysis; • A proof of concept implementation for honeypot traffic analysis and real time monitoring.

Mineralized human primary osteoblast matrices as a model system to analyse interactions of prostate cancer cells with the bone microenvironment

Prostate cancer metastasis is reliant on the reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and the bone niche/micro-environment. The production of suitable matrices to study metastasis, carcinogenesis and in particular prostate cancer/bone micro-environment interaction has been limited to specific protein matrices or matrix secreted by immortalised cell lines that may have undergone transformation processes altering signaling pathways and modifying gene or receptor expression. We hypothesize that matrices produced by primary human osteoblasts are a suitable means to develop an in vitro model system for bone metastasis research mimicking in vivo conditions. We have used a decellularized matrix secreted from primary human osteoblasts as a model for prostate cancer function in the bone micro-environment. We show that this collagen I rich matrix is of fibrillar appearance, highly mineralized, and contains proteins, such as osteocalcin, osteonectin and osteopontin, and growth factors characteristic of bone extracellular matrix (ECM). LNCaP and PC3 cells grown on this matrix, adhere strongly, proliferate, and express markers consistent with a loss of epithelial phenotype. Moreover, growth of these cells on the matrix is accompanied by the induction of genes associated with attachment, migration, increased invasive potential, Ca2+ signaling and osteolysis. In summary, we show that growth of prostate cancer cells on matrices produced by primary human osteoblasts mimics key features of prostate cancer bone metastases and thus is a suitable model system to study the tumor/bone micro-environment interaction in this disease.

Three-dimensional geological modelling and multivariate statistical analysis of water chemistry data to analyse and visualise aquifer structure and groundwater composition in the Wairau Plain, Marlborough District, New Zealand

Concerns regarding groundwater contamination with nitrate and the long-term sustainability of groundwater resources have prompted the development of a multi-layered three dimensional (3D) geological model to characterise the aquifer geometry of the Wairau Plain, Marlborough District, New Zealand. The 3D geological model which consists of eight litho-stratigraphic units has been subsequently used to synthesise hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical data for different aquifers in an approach that aims to demonstrate how integration of water chemistry data within the physical framework of a 3D geological model can help to better understand and conceptualise groundwater systems in complex geological settings. Multivariate statistical techniques(e.g. Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) were applied to groundwater chemistry data to identify hydrochemical facies which are characteristic of distinct evolutionary pathways and a common hydrologic history of groundwaters. Principal Component Analysis on hydrochemical data demonstrated that natural water-rock interactions, redox potential and human agricultural impact are the key controls of groundwater quality in the Wairau Plain. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis revealed distinct hydrochemical water quality groups in the Wairau Plain groundwater system. Visualisation of the results of the multivariate statistical analyses and distribution of groundwater nitrate concentrations in the context of aquifer lithology highlighted the link between groundwater chemistry and the lithology of host aquifers. The methodology followed in this study can be applied in a variety of hydrogeological settings to synthesise geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical data and present them in a format readily understood by a wide range of stakeholders. This enables a more efficient communication of the results of scientific studies to the wider community.

Design of an experimental apparatus to analyse bagasse behaviour in a chute

Pressure feeder chutes are pieces of equipment used in sugar cane crushing to increase the amount of cane that can be put through a mill. The continuous pressure feeder was developed with the objective to provide a constant feed of bagasse under pressure to the mouth of the crushing mills. The pressure feeder chute is used in a sugarcane milling unit to transfer bagasse from one set of crushing rolls to a second set of crushing rolls. There have been many pressure feeder chute failures in the past. The pressure feeder chute is quite vulnerable and if the bagasse throughput is blocked at the mill rollers, the pressure build-up in the chute can be enormous, which can ultimately result in failure. The result is substantial damage to the rollers, mill and chute construction, and downtimes of up to 48 hours can be experienced. Part of the problem is that the bagasse behaviour in the pressure feeder chute is not understood well. If the pressure feeder chute behaviour was understood, then the chute geometry design could be modified in order to minimise risk of failure. There are possible avenues for changing pressure feeder chute design and operations with a view to producing more reliable pressure feeder chutes in the future. There have been previous attempts to conduct experimental work to determine the causes of pressure feeder chute failures. There are certain guidelines available, however pressure feeder chute failures continue. Pressure feeder chute behaviour still remains poorly understood. This thesis contains the work carried out between April 14th 2009 and October 10th 2012 that focuses on the design of an experimental apparatus to measure forces and visually observe bagasse behaviour in an attempt to understand bagasse behaviour in pressure feeder chutes and minimise the risk of failure.

The use of penumbrae to define and analyse non-standard fields

Aim A new method of penumbral analysis is implemented which allows an unambiguous determination of field size and penumbra size and quality for small fields and other non-standard fields. Both source occlusion and lateral electronic disequilibrium will affect the size and shape of cross-axis profile penumbrae; each is examined in detail. Method A new method of penumbral analysis is implemented where the square of the derivative of the cross-axis profile is plotted. The resultant graph displays two peaks in the place of the two penumbrae. This allows a strong visualisation of the quality of a field penumbra, as well as a mathematically consistent method of determining field size (distance between the two peak’s maxima), and penumbra (full-widthtenth-maximum of peak). Cross-axis profiles were simulated in a water phantom at a depth of 5 cm using Monte Carlo modelling, for field sizes between 5 and 30 mm. The field size and penumbra size of each field was calculated using the method above, as well as traditional definitions set out in IEC976. The effect of source occlusion and lateral electronic disequilibrium on the penumbrae was isolated by repeating the simulations removing electron transport and using an electron spot size of 0 mm, respectively. Results All field sizes calculated using the traditional and proposed methods agreed within 0.2 mm. The penumbra size measured using the proposed method was systematically 1.8 mm larger than the traditional method at all field sizes. The size of the source had a larger effect on the size of the penumbra than did lateral electronic disequilibrium, particularly at very small field sizes. Conclusion Traditional methods of calculating field size and penumbra are proved to be mathematically adequate for small fields. However, the field size definition proposed in this study would be more robust amongst other nonstandard fields, such as flattening filter free. Source occlusion plays a bigger role than lateral electronic disequilibrium in small field penumbra size.

Emerging methods in using GIS to analyse Barmah Forest virus disease in Queensland, Australia

Barmah Forest virus (BFV) disease is an emerging mosquito-borne disease in Australia. We aimed to outline some recent methods in using GIS for the analysis of BFV disease in Queensland, Australia. A large database of geocoded BFV cases has been established in conjunction with population data. The database has been used in recently published studies conducted by the authors to determine spatio-temporal BFV disease hotspots and spatial patterns using spatial autocorrelation and semi-variogram analysis in conjunction with the development of interpolated BFV disease standardised incidence maps. This paper briefly outlines spatial analysis methodologies using GIS tools used in those studies. This paper summarises methods and results from previous studies by the authors, and presents a GIS methodology to be used in future spatial analytical studies in attempt to enhance the understanding of BFV disease in Queensland. The methodology developed is useful in improving the analysis of BFV disease data and will enhance the understanding of the BFV disease distribution in Queensland, Australia.

Exploring the usefulness of structural–functional approaches to analyse governance of planning systems

Existing planning theories tend to be limited in their analytical scope and often fail to account for the impact of many interactions between the multitudes of stakeholders involved in strategic planning processes. Although many theorists rejected structural–functional approaches from the 1970s, this article argues that many of structural–functional concepts remain relevant and useful to planning practitioners. In fact, structural–functional approaches are highly useful and practical when used as a foundation for systemic analysis of real-world, multi-layered, complex planning systems to support evidence-based governance reform. Such approaches provide a logical and systematic approach to the analysis of the wider governance of strategic planning systems that is grounded in systems theory and complementary to existing theories of complexity and planning. While we do not propose its use as a grand theory of planning, this article discusses how structural–functional concepts and approaches might be applied to underpin a practical analysis of the complex decision-making arrangements that drive planning practice, and to provide the evidence needed to target reform of poorly performing arrangements.