Effects of soil management systems on soil microbial activity, bulk density and chemical properties

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of soil management systems on the bulk density, chemical soil properties, and on the soil microbial activity on a Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Oxisol). Soil samples were collected from plots under the following management conditions: a) natural dense "cerrado" vegetation (savanna); b) degraded Brachiaria decumbens pasture, 20 years old; c) no-tillage treatment with annual crop sequence (bean, corn, soybean and dark-oat in continuous rotation), 8 years old; d) conventional tillage treatment with crop residues added to the soil, and annual crop sequence, 10 years old. The continuous use of no-tillage system resulted in an increase in microbial biomass and decrease in soil basal respiration, therefore displaying evident long-term effects on the increase of soil C content. The no-tillage system also provided an improvement in bulk density and chemical properties of the soil. Hence, the no-tillage management system could be an alternative for the conservation and maintenance of physical and chemical conditions and the productive potential of "cerrado" soils.

Effects of soil management systems on soil microbial activity, bulk density and chemical properties

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos de diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo na densidade do solo nas suas propriedades químicas e na atividade microbiana em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Oxisol). As amostras de solo foram retiradas de parcelas dos seguintes tratamentos: cerrado denso preservado, pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens degradada (20 anos), plantio direto com rotação de culturas (8 anos) e sistema convencional com rotação de culturas anuais (10 anos). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dez repetições. O uso contínuo de plantio direto resultou em mais alta taxa de C-biomassa microbiana e menor perda relativa de carbono pela respiração basal, podendo determinar, desta forma, maior acúmulo de C no solo a longo prazo. Proporcionou, ainda, melhoria na densidade aparente e nas propriedades químicas do solo. Assim, o sistema plantio direto, com manejo de culturas, mostrou ser uma alternativa para a conservação e manutenção das condições físicas e do potencial produtivo de solos de cerrado.

Enhanced degradation of metalaxyl in agricultural soils of São Paulo State, Brazil

This work investigated the effect of repeated applications on enhanced degradation of metalaxyl in two different agricultural soils used for cultivation of orange and lemon from Casa Branca and Itapetininga districts of São Paulo State, Brazil. Soil samples were collected from areas repeatedly treated with commercial ridomil 50GR for six successive years, and from other areas never exposed to this fungicide. At the laboratory, soil samples received a 14C-metalaxyl solution and its degradation was studied through radiometric techniques to measure biomineralization and recovery of extractable- and soil-bound products. Enhanced degradation was verified only in one soil, although partial degradation and mineralization of the fungicide were detected in both soils. The different rates and patterns of metalaxyl degradation in the soils were probably due to their different physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.

Productores agropecuarios, pampa ondulada y problemáticas edáficas. Un estudio de caso en el noreste bonaerense

El carácter de la heterogeneidad social, económica y productiva de la agriculturización se evidencia en los diversos tipos de productores existentes en la pampa húmeda. La agriculturización se asocia a modificaciones en la calidad de las tierras, en la estructura socio-productiva, en las estrategias productivas aplicadas y en las formas de uso del suelo. Suele plantearse sin embargo que las problemáticas edáficas asociadas a dicha agriculturización, son consecuencia de la aplicación de paquetes tecnológicos relativamente homogéneos, independientemente de los diferentes tipos de productores que los llevan a cabo. Nuestra hipótesis consiste en cambio, en que el deterioro en Argiudoles típicos pampeanos es el resultado, dadas distintas posiciones del relieve, de complejas combinaciones de diversas estrategias productivas adoptadas por diferentes tipos de productores. En el partido de Luján tipificamos los productores tomando en consideración sus niveles de capitalización (capitalizados y no capitalizados) y su organización del trabajo (familiar y no familiar). Definimos cinco estrategias productivas (4 agrícolas -con uno o dos cultivos por año, con siembra directa o labranza convencional- y 1 ganadera) y dos ambientes (loma y bajo). A partir del catastro municipal aplicamos una encuesta a una muestra estratificada estadísticamente representativa, por ubicación y tamaño de lotes. Sobre la misma realizamos el muestreo que nos permitió analizar los siguientes parámetros: profundidad del horizonte, densidad aparente, materia orgánica, acidez, nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio. Calculamos el contenido de materia orgánica y de nitrógeno por hectárea, y el deterioro relativo. Realizamos test de hipótesis de comparación de medias, prueba F y prueba t; y, calculamos finalmente los deterioros relativos. Utilizamos como indicador el contenido de materia orgánica por hectárea, dada su mayor sensibilidad a los cambios en las condiciones del suelo. Dos de nuestros principales hallazgos nos indican, en primer lugar, que al cultivar en lomas y con siembra directa, todos los tipos de productores presentaron los valores más bajos de deterioro relativo, excepto los familiares no capitalizados que obtienen los menores deterioros relativos con labranza convencional, aún en los bajos. Estos productores utilizan la ganadería en rotación con los cultivos como táctica de cuidado del suelo. Los empresarios capitalizados presentan los mayores valores de deterioro relativo en los bajos. Los familiares presentan menores pérdidas, cuando son capitalizados logran las mejores situaciones relativas al aplicar siembra directa en los bajos. En segundo lugar, ninguna dimensión -tipo de productor, estrategias productivas, ambientes- analizada aisladamente determina el deterioro relativo de los suelos. Pero, al mismo tiempo, ninguno puede ser descartado sino que debería ser incluido en una combinación que integre las condiciones de ambiente y las estrategias productivas de los diferentes tipos de productores que manejan los suelos.

Productores agropecuarios, pampa ondulada y problemáticas edáficas. Un estudio de caso en el noreste bonaerense

El carácter de la heterogeneidad social, económica y productiva de la agriculturización se evidencia en los diversos tipos de productores existentes en la pampa húmeda. La agriculturización se asocia a modificaciones en la calidad de las tierras, en la estructura socio-productiva, en las estrategias productivas aplicadas y en las formas de uso del suelo. Suele plantearse sin embargo que las problemáticas edáficas asociadas a dicha agriculturización, son consecuencia de la aplicación de paquetes tecnológicos relativamente homogéneos, independientemente de los diferentes tipos de productores que los llevan a cabo. Nuestra hipótesis consiste en cambio, en que el deterioro en Argiudoles típicos pampeanos es el resultado, dadas distintas posiciones del relieve, de complejas combinaciones de diversas estrategias productivas adoptadas por diferentes tipos de productores. En el partido de Luján tipificamos los productores tomando en consideración sus niveles de capitalización (capitalizados y no capitalizados) y su organización del trabajo (familiar y no familiar). Definimos cinco estrategias productivas (4 agrícolas -con uno o dos cultivos por año, con siembra directa o labranza convencional- y 1 ganadera) y dos ambientes (loma y bajo). A partir del catastro municipal aplicamos una encuesta a una muestra estratificada estadísticamente representativa, por ubicación y tamaño de lotes. Sobre la misma realizamos el muestreo que nos permitió analizar los siguientes parámetros: profundidad del horizonte, densidad aparente, materia orgánica, acidez, nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio. Calculamos el contenido de materia orgánica y de nitrógeno por hectárea, y el deterioro relativo. Realizamos test de hipótesis de comparación de medias, prueba F y prueba t; y, calculamos finalmente los deterioros relativos. Utilizamos como indicador el contenido de materia orgánica por hectárea, dada su mayor sensibilidad a los cambios en las condiciones del suelo. Dos de nuestros principales hallazgos nos indican, en primer lugar, que al cultivar en lomas y con siembra directa, todos los tipos de productores presentaron los valores más bajos de deterioro relativo, excepto los familiares no capitalizados que obtienen los menores deterioros relativos con labranza convencional, aún en los bajos. Estos productores utilizan la ganadería en rotación con los cultivos como táctica de cuidado del suelo. Los empresarios capitalizados presentan los mayores valores de deterioro relativo en los bajos. Los familiares presentan menores pérdidas, cuando son capitalizados logran las mejores situaciones relativas al aplicar siembra directa en los bajos. En segundo lugar, ninguna dimensión -tipo de productor, estrategias productivas, ambientes- analizada aisladamente determina el deterioro relativo de los suelos. Pero, al mismo tiempo, ninguno puede ser descartado sino que debería ser incluido en una combinación que integre las condiciones de ambiente y las estrategias productivas de los diferentes tipos de productores que manejan los suelos.

Productores agropecuarios, pampa ondulada y problemáticas edáficas. Un estudio de caso en el noreste bonaerense

El carácter de la heterogeneidad social, económica y productiva de la agriculturización se evidencia en los diversos tipos de productores existentes en la pampa húmeda. La agriculturización se asocia a modificaciones en la calidad de las tierras, en la estructura socio-productiva, en las estrategias productivas aplicadas y en las formas de uso del suelo. Suele plantearse sin embargo que las problemáticas edáficas asociadas a dicha agriculturización, son consecuencia de la aplicación de paquetes tecnológicos relativamente homogéneos, independientemente de los diferentes tipos de productores que los llevan a cabo. Nuestra hipótesis consiste en cambio, en que el deterioro en Argiudoles típicos pampeanos es el resultado, dadas distintas posiciones del relieve, de complejas combinaciones de diversas estrategias productivas adoptadas por diferentes tipos de productores. En el partido de Luján tipificamos los productores tomando en consideración sus niveles de capitalización (capitalizados y no capitalizados) y su organización del trabajo (familiar y no familiar). Definimos cinco estrategias productivas (4 agrícolas -con uno o dos cultivos por año, con siembra directa o labranza convencional- y 1 ganadera) y dos ambientes (loma y bajo). A partir del catastro municipal aplicamos una encuesta a una muestra estratificada estadísticamente representativa, por ubicación y tamaño de lotes. Sobre la misma realizamos el muestreo que nos permitió analizar los siguientes parámetros: profundidad del horizonte, densidad aparente, materia orgánica, acidez, nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio. Calculamos el contenido de materia orgánica y de nitrógeno por hectárea, y el deterioro relativo. Realizamos test de hipótesis de comparación de medias, prueba F y prueba t; y, calculamos finalmente los deterioros relativos. Utilizamos como indicador el contenido de materia orgánica por hectárea, dada su mayor sensibilidad a los cambios en las condiciones del suelo. Dos de nuestros principales hallazgos nos indican, en primer lugar, que al cultivar en lomas y con siembra directa, todos los tipos de productores presentaron los valores más bajos de deterioro relativo, excepto los familiares no capitalizados que obtienen los menores deterioros relativos con labranza convencional, aún en los bajos. Estos productores utilizan la ganadería en rotación con los cultivos como táctica de cuidado del suelo. Los empresarios capitalizados presentan los mayores valores de deterioro relativo en los bajos. Los familiares presentan menores pérdidas, cuando son capitalizados logran las mejores situaciones relativas al aplicar siembra directa en los bajos. En segundo lugar, ninguna dimensión -tipo de productor, estrategias productivas, ambientes- analizada aisladamente determina el deterioro relativo de los suelos. Pero, al mismo tiempo, ninguno puede ser descartado sino que debería ser incluido en una combinación que integre las condiciones de ambiente y las estrategias productivas de los diferentes tipos de productores que manejan los suelos.

Mathematical model to estimate of the deterioration of wooden poles in contact with soil used in rural areas

In São Paulo State, mainly in rural areas, the utilization of wooden poles is observed for different purposes. In this context, wood in contact with the ground presents faster deterioration, which is generally associated to environmental factors and, especially to the presence of fungi and insects. With the use of mathematical models, the useful life of wooden structures can be predicted by obtaining "climatic indexes" to indicate, comparatively among the areas studied, which have more or less tendency to fungi and insects attacks. In this work, by using climatological data of several cities at São Paulo State, a simplified mathematical model was obtained to measure the aggressiveness of the wood in contact with the soil.

The non-deterioration of the soil : being an essay to explain the continued local uniformity in depth, text and chemical constitution of the soil in the natural state, or when uniformly cultivated, whether without or with manure /

Mode of access: Internet.

Temporal changes of an alfalfa succession and related soil physical properties on the Loess Plateau, China

The objective of this work was to investigate the relationship between changes in the plant community and changes in soil physical properties and water availability, during a succession from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to natural vegetation on the Loess Plateau, China. Data from a succession sere spanning 32 years were collated, and vegetative indexes were compared to changes related to soil bulk density and soil water storage. The alfalfa yield increased for approximately 7 years, then it declined and the alfalfa was replaced by a natural community dominated by Stipa bungeana that began to thrive about 10 years after alfalfa seeding. Soil bulk density increased over time, but the deterioration of the alfalfa was mainly ascribed to a severe reduction in soil water storage, which was lowest around the time when degradation commenced. The results indicated that water consumption by alfalfa could be reduced by reducing plant density. The analysis of the data also suggested that soil water recharge could be facilitated by rotating the alfalfa with other crops, natural vegetation, or bare soil.

Procedures for evaluating the tolerance of cassava genotypes to postharvest physiological deterioration

Abstract: The objective of this work was to define procedures to assess the tolerance of cassava genotypes to postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) and to microbial deterioration (MD). Roots of six cassava genotypes were evaluated in two experiments, during storage under different environmental conditions: high temperature and low soil moisture; or low temperature and high soil moisture. Roots were treated or not with fungicide (carbendazim) before storage. Genotype reactions to MD and PPD were evaluated at 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 days after harvest (DAH), in the proximal, medial, and distal parts of the roots. A diagrammatic scale was proposed to evaluate nonperipheral symptoms of PPD. Fungicide treatment and root position did not influence PPD expression; however, all factors had significant effect on MD severity. Genotypes differed as to their tolerance to PPD and MD. Both deterioration types were more pronounced during periods of higher humidity and lower temperatures. The fungicide treatment increased root shelf life by reducing MD severity up to 10 DAH. Whole roots showed low MD severity and high PPD expression up to 10 DAH, which enabled the assessment of PPD without significant interference of MD symptoms during this period.

A study on the performance of flexible pavements on mature soil subgrades

The country has witnessed tremendous increase in the vehicle population and increased axle loading pattern during the last decade, leaving its road network overstressed and leading to premature failure. The type of deterioration present in the pavement should be considered for determining whether it has a functional or structural deficiency, so that appropriate overlay type and design can be developed. Structural failure arises from the conditions that adversely affect the load carrying capability of the pavement structure. Inadequate thickness, cracking, distortion and disintegration cause structural deficiency. Functional deficiency arises when the pavement does not provide a smooth riding surface and comfort to the user. This can be due to poor surface friction and texture, hydro planning and splash from wheel path, rutting and excess surface distortion such as potholes, corrugation, faulting, blow up, settlement, heaves etc. Functional condition determines the level of service provided by the facility to its users at a particular time and also the Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC), thus influencing the national economy. Prediction of the pavement deterioration is helpful to assess the remaining effective service life (RSL) of the pavement structure on the basis of reduction in performance levels, and apply various alternative designs and rehabilitation strategies with a long range funding requirement for pavement preservation. In addition, they can predict the impact of treatment on the condition of the sections. The infrastructure prediction models can thus be classified into four groups, namely primary response models, structural performance models, functional performance models and damage models. The factors affecting the deterioration of the roads are very complex in nature and vary from place to place. Hence there is need to have a thorough study of the deterioration mechanism under varied climatic zones and soil conditions before arriving at a definite strategy of road improvement. Realizing the need for a detailed study involving all types of roads in the state with varying traffic and soil conditions, the present study has been attempted. This study attempts to identify the parameters that affect the performance of roads and to develop performance models suitable to Kerala conditions. A critical review of the various factors that contribute to the pavement performance has been presented based on the data collected from selected road stretches and also from five corporations of Kerala. These roads represent the urban conditions as well as National Highways, State Highways and Major District Roads in the sub urban and rural conditions. This research work is a pursuit towards a study of the road condition of Kerala with respect to varying soil, traffic and climatic conditions, periodic performance evaluation of selected roads of representative types and development of distress prediction models for roads of Kerala. In order to achieve this aim, the study is focused into 2 parts. The first part deals with the study of the pavement condition and subgrade soil properties of urban roads distributed in 5 Corporations of Kerala; namely Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Thrissur and Kozhikode. From selected 44 roads, 68 homogeneous sections were studied. The data collected on the functional and structural condition of the surface include pavement distress in terms of cracks, potholes, rutting, raveling and pothole patching. The structural strength of the pavement was measured as rebound deflection using Benkelman Beam deflection studies. In order to collect the details of the pavement layers and find out the subgrade soil properties, trial pits were dug and the in-situ field density was found using the Sand Replacement Method. Laboratory investigations were carried out to find out the subgrade soil properties, soil classification, Atterberg limits, Optimum Moisture Content, Field Moisture Content and 4 days soaked CBR. The relative compaction in the field was also determined. The traffic details were also collected by conducting traffic volume count survey and axle load survey. From the data thus collected, the strength of the pavement was calculated which is a function of the layer coefficient and thickness and is represented as Structural Number (SN). This was further related to the CBR value of the soil and the Modified Structural Number (MSN) was found out. The condition of the pavement was represented in terms of the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) which is a function of the distress of the surface at the time of the investigation and calculated in the present study using deduct value method developed by U S Army Corps of Engineers. The influence of subgrade soil type and pavement condition on the relationship between MSN and rebound deflection was studied using appropriate plots for predominant types of soil and for classified value of Pavement Condition Index. The relationship will be helpful for practicing engineers to design the overlay thickness required for the pavement, without conducting the BBD test. Regression analysis using SPSS was done with various trials to find out the best fit relationship between the rebound deflection and CBR, and other soil properties for Gravel, Sand, Silt & Clay fractions. The second part of the study deals with periodic performance evaluation of selected road stretches representing National Highway (NH), State Highway (SH) and Major District Road (MDR), located in different geographical conditions and with varying traffic. 8 road sections divided into 15 homogeneous sections were selected for the study and 6 sets of continuous periodic data were collected. The periodic data collected include the functional and structural condition in terms of distress (pothole, pothole patch, cracks, rutting and raveling), skid resistance using a portable skid resistance pendulum, surface unevenness using Bump Integrator, texture depth using sand patch method and rebound deflection using Benkelman Beam. Baseline data of the study stretches were collected as one time data. Pavement history was obtained as secondary data. Pavement drainage characteristics were collected in terms of camber or cross slope using camber board (slope meter) for the carriage way and shoulders, availability of longitudinal side drain, presence of valley, terrain condition, soil moisture content, water table data, High Flood Level, rainfall data, land use and cross slope of the adjoining land. These data were used for finding out the drainage condition of the study stretches. Traffic studies were conducted, including classified volume count and axle load studies. From the field data thus collected, the progression of each parameter was plotted for all the study roads; and validated for their accuracy. Structural Number (SN) and Modified Structural Number (MSN) were calculated for the study stretches. Progression of the deflection, distress, unevenness, skid resistance and macro texture of the study roads were evaluated. Since the deterioration of the pavement is a complex phenomena contributed by all the above factors, pavement deterioration models were developed as non linear regression models, using SPSS with the periodic data collected for all the above road stretches. General models were developed for cracking progression, raveling progression, pothole progression and roughness progression using SPSS. A model for construction quality was also developed. Calibration of HDM–4 pavement deterioration models for local conditions was done using the data for Cracking, Raveling, Pothole and Roughness. Validation was done using the data collected in 2013. The application of HDM-4 to compare different maintenance and rehabilitation options were studied considering the deterioration parameters like cracking, pothole and raveling. The alternatives considered for analysis were base alternative with crack sealing and patching, overlay with 40 mm BC using ordinary bitumen, overlay with 40 mm BC using Natural Rubber Modified Bitumen and an overlay of Ultra Thin White Topping. Economic analysis of these options was done considering the Life Cycle Cost (LCC). The average speed that can be obtained by applying these options were also compared. The results were in favour of Ultra Thin White Topping over flexible pavements. Hence, Design Charts were also plotted for estimation of maximum wheel load stresses for different slab thickness under different soil conditions. The design charts showed the maximum stress for a particular slab thickness and different soil conditions incorporating different k values. These charts can be handy for a design engineer. Fuzzy rule based models developed for site specific conditions were compared with regression models developed using SPSS. The Riding Comfort Index (RCI) was calculated and correlated with unevenness to develop a relationship. Relationships were developed between Skid Number and Macro Texture of the pavement. The effort made through this research work will be helpful to highway engineers in understanding the behaviour of flexible pavements in Kerala conditions and for arriving at suitable maintenance and rehabilitation strategies. Key Words: Flexible Pavements – Performance Evaluation – Urban Roads – NH – SH and other roads – Performance Models – Deflection – Riding Comfort Index – Skid Resistance – Texture Depth – Unevenness – Ultra Thin White Topping

Different responses in bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity to soil deformation by logging machinery on a Ferralsol under native forest

Ferralsols have high structural stability, although structural degradation has been observed to result from forest to tillage or pasture conversion. An experimental series of forest skidder passes in an east Amazonian natural forest was performed for testing the effects of mechanical stress during selective logging operations on a clay-rich Ferralsol under both dry and wet soil conditions. Distinct ruts formed up to 25 cm depth only under wet conditions. After nine passes the initially very low surface bulk density of between 0.69 and 0.80 g cm(-3) increased to 1.05 g cm(-3) in the wet soil and 0.92 g cm(-3) in the dry soil. Saturated hydraulic conductivities, initially > 250 mm h(-1), declined to a minimum of around 10 mm h(-1) in the wet soil after the first pass, and in the dry soil more gradually after nine passes. The contrasting response of bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity is explained by exposure of subsoil material at the base of the ruts where macrostructure rapidly deteriorated under wet conditions. We attribute the resultant moderately high hydraulic conductivities to the formation of stable microaggregates with fine sand to coarse silt textures. We conclude that the topsoil macrostructure of Ferralsols is subject to similar deterioration to that of Luvisols in temperate zones. The stable microstructure prevents marked compaction and decrease in hydraulic conductivity under wetter and more plastic soil conditions. However, typical tropical storms may regularly exceed the infiltration capacity of the deformed soils. In the deeper ruts water may concentrate and cause surface run-off, even in gently sloping areas. To avoid soil erosion, logging operations in sloping areas should therefore be restricted to dry soil conditions when rut formation is minimal.

Avaliação da erosão hídrica e transporte de sedimentos através do modelo hidrossedimentológico SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Treeline Fluctuations Recorded for 12,500 Years by Soil Profiles, Pollen, and Plant Macrofossils in the Central Swiss Alps

Past treelines can rarely be recorded by pollen percentages alone, but pollen concentration, pollen influx, and plant macrofossils (including stomata of conifers) are more reliable indicators. In addition, ancient forest soils above today's treeline may trace the maximum upper expansion of the forest since the last glaciation. Charcoal in such soil profiles may be radiocarbon dated. Our example from the Central Swiss Alps at the Alpe d'Essertse consists of a plant-macrofossil diagram and pollen diagrams of the pond Gouille Rion at 2343 m a.s.l. and a sequence of soil profiles from 1780 m to 2600 m a.s.l. The area around the pond was forested with LariJc decidua and Pinus cembra between 9500 and 3600 BP. After 4700 BP the forest became more open and Juniperus nana and Alnus viridis expanded (together with Picea abies in the subalpine forest). Between 1700 and 900 BP the Juniperus nana and Alnus viridis scrubs declined while meadows and pastures took over, so that the pond Gouille Rion was definitively above timber­ line. The highest Holocene treeline was at 2400 to 2450 m a.s.l. (i.e. 50 to 100 m higher than the uppermost single specimen of Pinus cembra today) between 9000 and 4700 BP, but it is not yet dated in more detail. The highest charcoal of Pinus cembra at 2380 m a.s.l. has a radiocarbon date of 6010 ± 70 BP. Around 6900 BP a strong climatic deterioration caused an opening of timberline forest. First indicators of anthropogenic influence occurred at 4700 BP, when the forest limit started to move down. The lowering of timberline after 4700 BP was probably due to combined effects of human and climatic impact.