Sodium santalbate-dimethyl sulfate inclusion complex

A molecular inclusion complex has been obtained from the major acetylenic acid, santalbic acid (octadec-11-en-9-ynoic acid ortrans-11-octadecen-9-ynoic acid) of the seed oil ofSantalum album L. by a simple treatment of its sodium salt with dimethyl sulfate. Aqueous solutions (0.5–1%) of the complex produce good lather and have efficient cleansing (detergent) action on grease and dirt particles.

Sodium santalbate-dimethyl sulfate inclusion complex

A molecular inclusion complex has been obtained from the major acetylenic acid, santalbic acid (octadec-11-en-9-ynoic acid ortrans-11-octadecen-9-ynoic acid) of the seed oil ofSantalum album L. by a simple treatment of its sodium salt with dimethyl sulfate. Aqueous solutions (0.5–1%) of the complex produce good lather and have efficient cleansing (detergent) action on grease and dirt particles.

Are Alkyl Sulfate-Based Protic and Aprotic Ionic Liquids Stable with Water and Alcohols? A Thermodynamic Approach

The knowledge of the chemical stability as a function of the temperature of ionic liquids (ILs) in the presence of other molecules such as water is crucial prior to developing any no GO industrial application and process involving these novel materials. Fluid phase equilibria and density over a large range of temperature and composition can give basic information on IL purity and chemical stability. The IL scientific community requires accurate measurements accessed from reference data. In this work, the stability of different alkyl sulfate-based ILs in the presence of water and various alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-butanol, and 1-octanol) was investigated to understand their stability as a function of temperature up to 423.15 K over the hydrolysis and transesterification reactions, respectively. From this investigation, it was clear that methyl sulfate- and ethyl sulfate-based ILs are not stable in the presence of water, since hydrolysis of the methyl sulfate or ethyl sulfate anions to methanol or ethanol and hydrogenate anion is undoubtedly observed. Such observations could help to explain the differences observed for the physical properties published in the literature by various groups. Furthermore, it appears that a thermodynamic equilibrium process drives these hydrolysis reactions. In other words, these hydrolysis reactions are in fact reversible, providing the possibility to re-form the desired alkyl sulfate anions by a simple transesterification reaction between hydrogen sulfate-based ILs and the corresponding alcohol (methanol or ethanol). Additionally, butyl sulfate- and octyl sulfate-based ILs appear to follow this pattern but under more drastic conditions. In these systems, hydrolysis is observed in both cases after several months for temperatures up to 423 K in the presence of water. Therein, the partial miscibility of hydrogen sulfate-based ILs with long chain alcohols (1-butanol and 1-octanol) can help to explain the enhanced hydrolytic stability of the butyl sulfate- and octyl sulfate-based ILs compared with the methyl or ethyl sulfate systems. Additionally, rapid transesterification reactions are observed during liquid-liquid equilibrium studies as a function of temperature for binary systems of (hydrogen sulfate-based ionic liquids + 1-butanol) and of (hydrogen sulfate-based ionic liquids + 1-octanol). Finally, this atom-efficient catalyst-free transesterification reaction between hydrogen sulfate-based ILs and alcohol was then tested to provide a novel way to synthesize new ILs with various anion structures containing the alkyl sulfate group.

Agrégation de tensioactifs anioniques à une interface solide-aqueux induite par l'oxydation d'une monocouche auto-assemblée de ferrocenylalkanethiolates

L'oxydoréduction des monocouches auto-assemblées («Self-assembled monolayers ou SAMs) de ferrocenyldodecanethiolates sur une surface d'or (Fc(CH2)12SAu) dans des solutions aqueuses de n-alkyle sulfate de sodium (6, 8, 10 et 12 atomes de carbone) est étudiée par spectroscopie de résonance des plasmons de surface («Surface Plasmons Resonance ou SPR) couplée avec de la voltampérométrie cyclique (VC). La technique SPR est utilisée pour suivre en temps réel l'adsorption des tensioactifs en fonction du potentiel appliqué. Elle permet de quantifier l'épaisseur et le recouvrement des molécules adsorbées pour déterminer l'organisation des tensioactifs anioniques sur la SAM. La VC est utilisée afin de caractériser l'oxydation du groupement ferrocène en présence des n-alkyle sulfate de sodium qui s'associent à la SAM grâce à l'appariement entre le ferrocénium et le groupement sulfate. Des mélanges binaires d'alkylesulfates de différentes compositions sont utilisés dans le but de déterminer l'organisation induite par une réaction d'oxydoréduction. L'effet de la longueur de la chaîne d'hydrocarbures sur la quantité de tensioactifs anioniques adsorbés ainsi que les affinités relatives d'appariement des anions alkyle sulfate aux ferrocéniums sont rapportés dans ce mémoire. Ces surfaces électrosensibles permettront la détection de molécules amphiphiles et la compréhension du comportement de mélanges binaires de tensioactifs. Ainsi, ces travaux apporteront une avancée sur la modulation électrochimique de l'organisation de matériaux sur des substrats solides basée sur l'appariement d'ions.

Rice husk filtrate as a nutrient medium for the growth of Desulfotomaculum nigrificans: characterisation and sulfate reduction studies

The filtrate obtained by interacting a known amount of rice husk with deionised, Milli-Q water was assessed as a carbon source and nutrient medium for the growth of Desulfotomaculum nigrificans, a typical sulfate-reducing bacterium. The filtrate contained essential growth constituents such as magnesium, potassium, phosphorous apart from calcium, sodium, chloride and sulfate ions. Based on the 1H and 13C NMR characterization studies, the organic composition of the components dissolved from the rice husk, was found to be: (i) 66% lignocellulosic material, (ii) 24% xylose + arabinose and (iii) 10% galactose. The growth studies indicated a 15-fold increase in the bacterial cell number in about 20 days. Nearly 81% and 66% reduction in sulfate concentration could be achieved in about 28 days, from the solutions containing initial sulfate concentrations of 550 mg/l and 1200 mg/l respectively. In both the cases studied, the iron concentration could be reduced by over 85%.

Efficient, halide free synthesis of new, low cost ionic liquids: 1,3-dialkylimidazolium salts containing methyl- and ethyl-sulfate anions

New low-cost ionic liquids containing methyl- and ethyl-sulfate anions can be easily and efficiently prepared under ambient conditions by the reaction of 1-alkylimidazoles with dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate. The preparation and characterization of a series of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium alkyl sulfate and 1,2,3-trialkylimidazolium alkyl sulfate salts are reported. 1,3-Dialkylimidazolium salts containing at least one non-methyl N-alkyl substituent are liquids at, or below room, temperature. Three salts were crystalline at room temperature, the single crystal X-ray structure of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate was determined and shows the formation of discrete ribbons comprising of two anion-cation hydrogen-bonded chains linked via intra-chain hydrogen-bonding, but little, or no inter-ribbon hydrogen-bonding. The salts are stable, water soluble, inherently 'chloride-free', display an electrochemical window of greater than 4 V, and can be used as alternatives to the corresponding halide salts in metathesis reactions to prepare other ionic liquids including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate.

Sulfate Resistance of Alkali Activated Pozzolans

The consequence of sulfate attack on geopolymer concrete, made from an alkali activated natural pozzolan (AANP) has been studied in this paper. Changes in the compressive strength, expansion and capillary water absorption of specimens have been investigated combined with phases determination by means of X-ray diffraction. At the end of present investigation which was to evaluate the performance of natural alumina silica based geopolymer concrete in sodium and magnesium sulfate solution, the loss of compressive strength and percentage of expansion of AANP concrete was recorded up to 19.4% and 0.074, respectively.

Effect of headgroup size, charge, and solvent structure on polymer−micelle interactions, studied by molecular dynamics simulations

We performed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of anionic and cationic micelles in the presence of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) to understand why nonionic water-soluble polymers such as PEO interact strongly with anionic micelles but only weakly with cationic micelles. Our micelles include sodium n-dodecyl sulfate (SDS), n-dodecyl trimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), n-dodecyl ammonium chloride (DAC), and micelles in which we artificially reverse the sign of partial charges in SDS and DTAC. We observe that the polymer interacts hydrophobically with anionic SDS but only weakly with cationic DTAC and DAC, in agreement with experiment. However, the polymer also interacts with the artificial anionic DTAC but fails to interact hydrophobically with the artificial cationic SDS, illustrating that large headgroup size does not explain the weak polymer interaction with cationic micelles. In addition, we observe through simulation that this preference for interaction with anionic micelles still exists in a dipolar "dumbbell" solvent, indicating that water structure and hydrogen bonding alone cannot explain this preferential interaction. Our simulations suggest that direct electrostatic interactions between the micelle and polymer explain the preference for interaction with anionic micelles, even though the polymer overall carries no net charge. This is possible given the asymmetric distribution of negative charges on smaller atoms and positive charges oil larger units in the polymer chain.

Avaliação das barragens subterrâneas no regime de um curso d água na região do semi-árido do RN

The Serido is a region of northeastern Brazil highlighted by its problems related to water scarcity because of its semi-arid region, large rates of evaporation and rainfall irregular and scarce. Thus, the underground dams, become a strategically important resource with a simple and inexpensive technique for storage of water. They act in a positive way in the development of inland cities that suffer from drought, because in addition to exercise a great improvement in the social role of these families, can enjoy the type of soil (silt) and provides water for both irrigation and for human consumption throughout the year. Is therefore essential to its monitoring and studies to assess its effectiveness in accordance with its purposes, along with their wells Amazons, as can occur in conditions of physical degradation, chemical and microbiological appropriate, according to the Ordinance No 518/04 Ministry of Health, however, the proposed work aims to analyze the underground dams in the municipality of Sierra Negra North-RN (semi-arid region) as to their uses and their influences on the quality and quantity of water in periods of drought and rain. Analyzing monthly these parameters: determination of pH, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, RAS (sodium adsorption ratio), turbidity, total iron, nitrite, nitrate, total dissolved solids (STD), bicarbonate (HCO3), fecal coliform and pesticides compared to the standards allowed by the Ordinance in force for quality for human consumption. While at the risk of salinity and sodicity on the model proposed by the United Salinity Laboratory (USSL). Although efficient, it was found that results varied annually on water quality which may influence their specific uses, whether or irrigation water supply in the city

Lactic acid production by new Lactobacillus plantarum LMISM6 grown in molasses: optimization of medium composition

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Glycosaminoglycans in components of the rabbit eye: synthesis and characterization

Purpose. To trace the eye components involved in proteoglycan synthesis and to characterize the sulfated glycosaminoglycans which are associated to these macromolecules.Methods. Sodium [S-35]-sulfate was injected intravitreally and the rabbits were killed at different time intervals after the injection. The glycosaminoglycans of choroid, ciliary body, cornea, iris, lens capsule, retina and sclera were extracted and processed for estimations of their specific activities, and for electrophoresis plus autoradiography with or without previous treatment with specific enzymes. In addition, methacrylate sections of the eyes were analysed by autoradiography.Results. The peak of specific activities of the glycosaminoglycans of all eye components occurred at 2 days after the intravitreal injection of [S-35]-sulfate. The autoradiography of the agarose gels revealed three types of glycosaminoglycans, namely, heparan-, chondroitin- and dermatan sulfate, only in the retina. The other eye components contained heparan sulfate and either chondroitin or dermatan sulfate. Tissue autoradiography together with the biochemical techniques contributed to unravel the origin of the glycosaminoglycans in the eye components.Conclusions. The results of the present investigation have shown that heparan sulfate, contrasting to chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, is synthesized in all eye components studied and that the glycosaminoglycan composition differs according to the tissue of origin.

Counterion effects on the structure and solubilization properties of anionic detergents. Role of hydrophobic cations in stabilizing micelles and attenuating their solvent properties

A series of alkyl sulfate detergents has been investigated in the presence of the cations Na +, methylviologen(2+) (MV 2+), 4-(cyanomethyl)pyridinium(1+) (CMP +), and tetramethylammonium (TMA +). The binding of these ions to the aqueous micellar assemblies has been measured through studies of luminescence quenching with the extramicellar probe, RuL 34-, where L = 4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine. A general comparison of the alkyl sulfate aggregates with the nonquenching cations Na + and TMA + shows that the latter ion reduces the critical micelle concentration but at the same time depresses the ability of the detergent assemblies to bind or solubilize the hydrophobic quencher cations MV 2+ or CMP +. The reduced binding ability of the TMA + aggregates compared to that of the corresponding Na + soaps shows up largely in the form of a reduced favorable ΔS° for the solubilization in the case of the former. The results are in accord with a picture of the TMA + micelle as being more stable and more disordered than the corresponding assembly with Na + as the counterion. © 1989 American Chemical Society.

Quantificação do ar incluído e espectro de gotas de pontas de pulverização em aplicações com adjuvantes

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influência de adjuvantes de calda no depósito e deriva em aplicações aéreas e terrestres

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Preparação e estudo eletroquímico de zinco sobre aço CFF e efeito de hidrogênio gerado in situ

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)