Osakeyhtiön nimellisarvoton pääomajärjestelmä

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tarkastella, millainen pääomajärjestelmä vastaisi parhaiten markkinoiden tämän hetken vaatimuksiin yritysten välisessä kilpailussa. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, millaisen sääntelyn puitteissa nykyinen osakeyhtiömuoto ilmenee ja miten osakeyhtiölaillinen sääntely ja osakeyhtiö toimijana esiintyvät tutkimuksellisesti. Lisäksi tarkastellaan, mitkä tekijät ovat osaltaan vaikuttaneet siihen, että yritysten tulisi uudistaa pääomajärjestelmäänsä, jotta ne voisivat järjestää toimintansa mahdollisimman tehokkaasti. Tämän tutkielman luonne on puhtaasti teoreettinen. Tutkimus on suoritettu teoreettisesta näkökulmasta pohtien osakeyhtiöiden toiminnan sääntelyä ja millainen pääomajärjestelmä vastaisi nykyisiin liiketoiminnan vaatimuksiin parhaiten. Teorian avulla pyritään lisäämään ymmärtämystä, miksi tarvitaan uutta pääomajärjestelmää ja mitkä tekijät ovat muuttuneet niin, että nykyinen osakeyhtiölain sääntely ei ole enää tehokasta. Lopputuloksena voidaan todeta, että nimellisarvoton pääomajärjestelmä haastaa vahvasti perinteisen pääomarakenteen, sillä sen voisi katsoa vastaavan parhaiten kansainvälistymisen ja rahoitusmarkkinoiden tuomiin tämän hetken vaatimuksiin. Nimellisarvoton pääomajärjestelmä muuttaa osakeyhtiön merkityksellisesti vapaan ja sidotun oman pääoman erien suhdetta tuoden uusia mahdollisuuksia varainhankintaan ja rakenneratkaisuihin.

Os efeitos da auditoria independente (externa) sobre a manipulação da informação contábil por parte das OPS brasileiras

A presente pesquisa busca investigar se a auditoria externa (independente) minimiza a propensão à manipulação das informações contábeis - MIC (medidas pelas acumulações discricionárias correntes) por parte das operadoras de plano privado de assistência à saúde, no que tange às informações econômico-financeiras divulgadas à Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar. Após revisão bibliográfica sobre qualidade da informação contábil, auditoria e mercado de saúde suplementar, promoveu-se uma pesquisa empírica com informações prestadas à ANS pelas OPS relativas ao período de 2004 a 2006. Para verificar se há diferença significativa no nível de acumulações discricionárias correntes, medidas pelo modelo AWCA e Jones Modificado (1995), entre as informações auditadas (quarto trimestre de cada ano) e as informações nãoauditadas (três primeiros trimestres de cada ano) para as mesmas empresas foi aplicado o teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Os resultados indicam que não existem diferenças estatísticas significativas na propensão à manipulação entre as informações contábeis auditadas e não-auditadas, pelo menos no que tange às informações de 2004 a 2006 prestadas pelas OPS à ANS. Adicionalmente, também foram testadas as influências do tipo de modalidade, porte da firma e situação apresentada do patrimônio líquido sobre as acumulações discricionárias correntes. Observou-se que essas três variáveis influenciam em maior ou menor grau na manipulação da informação contábil gerada pelas OPS à ANS. Neste contexto, as seguintes características sobre a maior propensão a MIC foram diagnosticadas: Cooperativa Odontológica e a Medicina de Grupo (Modalidade); Pequeno (Porte da Firma); e Passivo a Descoberto ou PL Próximo de Zero (Situação do Patrimônio Líquido). Ao passo que as características relacionadas à menor propensão de MIC foram: Cooperativa Médica e Filantropia (Modalidade); Médio e Grande (Porte da Firma); Patrimônio Líquido Favorável (Situação do Patrimônio Líquido).

O impacto nos balanços dos intermediários financeiros das ações de política monetária no Brasil

O trabalho busca verificar como as ações da política monetária impactam as instituições financeiras e, por conseguinte o setor real da economia, para tal procura-se também ter o entendimento dos mecanismos de transmissão econômica, com destaque da utilização do canal do crédito. O objetivo principal é analisar o papel das instituições financeiras através de suas ações junto ao restante dos agentes da economia. Como essas instituições são impactadas? Para isso, dividimos a análise em quatro tipos de bancos (comerciais privados, comerciais públicos, investimento e BNDES). Com esse intuito estudamos o impacto da Selic sobre duas classes especificas do balanço financeiro: ativo e patrimônio líquido, sobre o índice de ações IBR-X, assim como o efeito dos choques em componentes macroeconômicos, em específico: produto, investimento e consumo também sobre ativo e patrimônio líquido. Para tal aplicamos a técnica econométrica VAR (Vetor Autoregressivo) para dados mensais da economia brasileira entre 2003 e 2014. Não encontramos nenhum resultado estatisticamente significante sobre o impacto da Selic nos ativos e patrimônio líquido das instituições financeiras utilizadas no estudo, assim como para o impacto nas variáveis macroeconômicas produto, consumo e investimento sobre as mesmas classes contábeis. Para o impacto da Selic sobre o IBR-X encontramos que ao contrário do observado sobre os ativos e patrimônio líquido dos agentes financeiros, um choque da Selic sobre o IBR-X possui um efeito negativo e estatisticamente significante.

The interaction of ownership structure and customer satisfaction as determinants of brand equity

In this paper we study the interaction between ownership structure and customer satisfaction, and their impact on a firm's brand equity. We find that customer satisfaction has a positive direct effect on brand equity but an indirect negative one, through reductions in ownership concentration. This latter effect emerges when managers are focused mainly on satisfying customers. It gives out a warning signal that highlights the perverse effect of implementing policies focused excessively on satisfying customers at the expense of shareholders, on a firm's brand equity. We demonstrate our theoretical contention, empirically, making use of an incomplete panel data comprising 69 firms from 11 different nations for the period 2002-2005.

Generating Brand Equity through Corporate Social Responsibility to Key Stakeholders

In this paper we argue that socially responsible policies have a positive impact on a firm's brand equity in the short-term as well as in the long-term. Moreover, once we distinguish between different stakeholders, we posit that secondary stakeholders such as community are even more important than primary stakeholders (customers, shareholders, workers and suppliers) in generating brand equity. Policies aimed at satisfied community interests act as a mechanism to reinforce trust that gives further credibility to social responsible polices with other stakeholders. The result is a decrease in conflicts among stakeholders and greater stakeholder willingness to provide intangible resources that enhance brand equity. We provide support of our theoretical contentions making use of a panel data composed of 57 firms from 10 countries (the US, Japan, South Korea, France, the UK, Italy, Germany, Finland, Switzerland and the Netherlands) for the period 2002 to 2007. We use detailed information on brand equity obtained from Interbrand and on corporate social responsibility (CSR) provided by the SiRi Global Profile database, as compiled by the Sustainable Investment Research International Company (SiRi).

Ownership structure, customer satisfaction and brand equity

This paper studies the interaction between ownership structure, taken as a proxy for shareholders commitment, and customer satisfaction - the main driver of consumer loyalty - and their impact on a firm s brand equity. The results show that customer satisfaction has a positive direct effect on brand equity but an indirect negative one because of reductions in ownership concentration. This latter effect emerges when managers are mainly customer-oriented. Such result gives out a warning signal that highlights the perverse effect of implementing policies, focused excessively on satisfying customers at the expense of shareholders, on a firm s brand equity. The empirical analysis uses an incomplete panel data comprising 69 firms from 11 nations, for the period 2002-2005.

Generating global brand equity through corporate social responsibility to key stakeholders

In this paper we argue that corporate social responsibility (CSR) to various stakeholders(customers, shareholders, employees, suppliers, and community) has a positive effect on globalbrand equity (BE). In addition, policies aimed at satisfying community interests help reinforcecredibility to social responsible polices with other stakeholders. We test these theoreticalcontentions using panel data comprised of 57 global brands originating from 10 countries (USA,Japan, South Korea, France, UK, Italy, Germany, Finland, Switzerland and the Netherlands) forthe period 2002 to 2008. Our findings show that CSR to each of the stakeholder groups has apositive impact on global BE. In addition, global brands that follow local social responsibilitypolicies over communities obtain strong positive benefits in terms of the generation of BE, as itenhances the positive effects of CSR to other stakeholders, particularly to customers. Therefore,for managers of global brands it is particularly productive for generating brand value to combineglobal strategies with the satisfaction of the interests of local communities.

Do private equity and venture capital backed firms have better corporate governance after going public?

Mercados financeiros e finanças corporativas

Determinants of differential pricing of equity classes in the Brazilian equity market

We examine the differential pricing of equity classes between voting and non-voting shares in Brazilian listed companies with particular emphasis on privatized companies, and we discuss the role of majority control, liquidity, and governance issues that may influence these differentials over time. We include a brief discussion on the Brazilian corporate law system, its impact on controlling and minority shareholders, and the characteristics of the Brazilian privatization process, before proceeding to the econometric analysis. We find empirical evidence to support that liquidity is a major component for determining this differential pricing over time. Other variables, such as the ratio of non-voting equity to total equity, type of majority control, and changes in regulation signal the high level of agency costs between majority controllers and minority shareholders in explaining the differential pricing of equity classes.

Corporate governance and its influence on the investment decision process of equity market's professionals: An inside view of how corporate governance issues influence the decision-making process of sell-side and buy-side professionals when analyzing Brazilian listed companies

Corporate governance has been in the spotlight for the past two decades, being subject of numerous researches all over the world. Governance is pictured as a broad and diverse theme, evolving through different routes to form distinct systems. This scenario together with 2 types of agency problems (investor vs. management and minorities vs. controlling shareholders) produce different definitions for governance. Usually, studies investigate whether corporate governance structures influence firm performance, and company valuation. This approach implies investors can identify those impacts and later take them into consideration when making investment decisions. However, behavioral finance theory shows that not always investors take rational decisions, and therefore the modus operandi of those professionals needs to be understood. So, this research aimed to investigate to what extent Brazilian corporate governance standards and practices influence the investment decision-making process of equity markets' professionals from the sell-side and buy-side. This exploratory study was carried out through qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitative phase, 8 practitioners were interviewed and 3 dimensions emerged: understanding, pertinence and practice. Based on the interviews’ findings, a questionnaire was formulated and distributed to buy-siders and sell-siders that cover Brazilian stocks. 117 respondents from all over the world contributed to the study. The data obtained were analyzed through structural equation modeling and descriptive statistics. The 3 dimensions became 5 constructs: definition (institutionalized governance, informal governance), pertinence (relevance), practice (valuation process, structured governance assessment) The results of this thesis suggest there is no definitive answer, as the extent to which governance will influence an investment decision process will depend on a number of circumstances which compose the context. The only certainty is the need to present a “corporate governance behavior”, rather than simply establishing rules and regulations at firm and country level.

Who Financed the Expansion of the Equity Market? Shareholder Clienteles in Victorian Britain

Who financed the great expansion of the Victorian equity market, and what attracted them to invest? Using data on 453 firm-years and over 172,000 shareholders, we find that the largest providers of capital were rentiers, men with no formal occupation who relied on investment income. We also see a substantial growth in women investors as time progressed. In terms of clientele effects, we find that rentiers invested in large firms, whilst businessmen were the venture capitalists of young, regional enterprises. Women and the middle classes preferred safe investments, whilst financiers and institutional investors were speculators in foreign companies. Our results may help to explain the growth of new types of assets catering for particular clienteles, and the development of managerial policies on dividends and share issues. 

Ratios and indicators that determine return on equity

This study aims to investigate factors that may affect return on equity (ROE). The ROE is a gauge of profit generating efficiency and a strong measure of how well the management of a firm creates value for its shareholders. Firms with higher ROE typically have competitive advantages over their competitors which translates into superior returns for investors. Therefore, seems imperative to study the drivers of ROE, particularly ratios and indicators that may have considerable impact. The analysis is done on a sample of 90 largest non-financial companies which are components of NASDAQ-100 index and also on industry sector samples. The ordinary least squares method is used to find the most impactful drivers of ROE. The extended DuPont model’s components are considered as the primary factors affecting ROE. In addition, other ratios and indicators such as price to earnings, price to book and current are also incorporated. Consequently, the study uses eight ratios that are believed to have impact on ROE. According to our findings, the most relevant ratios that determine ROE are tax burden, interest burden, operating margin, asset turnover and financial leverage (extended DuPont components) regardless of industry sectors.

[principles Of Universality, Comprehensiveness And Equity In A Hearing Health Care Service].

This article analyzed whether the practices of hearing health care were consistent with the principles of universality, comprehensiveness and equity from the standpoint of professionals. It involved qualitative research conducted at a Medium Complexity Hearing Health Care Center. A social worker, three speech therapists, a physician and a psychologist constituted the study subjects. Interviews were conducted as well as observation registered in a field diary. The thematic analysis technique was used in the analysis of the material. The analysis of interviews resulted in the construction of the following themes: Universality and access to hearing health, Comprehensive Hearing Health Care and Hearing Health and Equity. The study identified issues that interfere with the quality of service and run counter to the principles of Brazilian Unified Health System. The conclusion reached was that a relatively simple investment in training and professional qualification can bring about significant changes in order to promote a more universal, comprehensive and equitable health service.

Equity Of Access To Pap Smears: Population-based Study In Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.

To determine the prevalence of the Papanicolaou exam among women aged 20 to 59 years in the city of Campinas (state of São Paulo, Brazil) and to analyze associations between this test and affiliation to private health insurance plans as well as socioeconomic/demographic variables and health-related behavior. To do so, a population-based, cross-sectional study was carried out. Statistical analyses took the study design into account. Despite the significant socioeconomic differences between women with and without private health plans, no differences between these groups were found regarding having been submitted to the Papanicolaou test. In fact no differences were found as to socioeconomic and health variables analyzed. Among all variables analyzed, only marital status was significantly associated with having undergone the test. The Brazilian public health system accounted for 55.7% of the exams. The present findings indicate social equity in the city of Campinas regarding the preventive exam for cervical cancer in the age group studied.