¿En qué sentido es relativista David Hume?

[ES]En este trabajo tratamos de esclarecer en qué sentido Hume es relativista con relación a la ética y a la estética. El sentimentalismo inherente a su ética y estética hace que, desde el punto de vista de algunos intérpretes, Hume sea un relativista radical con respecto a dichos ámbitos. Sin embargo, tanto el innegable sentimentalismo de Hume como su supuesto relativismo requieren un profundo estudio. Nos valdremos del concepto de regla general para analizar las relaciones entre sentimentalismo y relativismo, y finalmente argumentaremos que si bien tiene sentido calificar a Hume como relativista, su relativismo es moderado y sensato.

Sentimentos morais e o conceito de justiça na filosofia moral de David Hume

Esta dissertação objetiva descrever e analisar criticamente o conceito de justiça no contexto da filosofia moral de David Hume. Com o propósito de fornecer uma explicação completa e consistente de sua teoria da justiça, pretende-se, em primeiro lugar, apresentar a teoria moral sentimentalista de Hume e explicar de que forma sua concepção de justiça se associa com os princípios fundamentais da moralidade. O primeiro capítulo da dissertação consiste, primeiramente, em uma breve exposição do problema do livre-arbítrio e do determinismo e, em segundo lugar, na apresentação da alternativa compatibilista de Hume. Conforme se pretende demonstrar ao longo deste capítulo, a estratégia da solução compatibilista de Hume deve necessariamente envolver a noção de sentimento moral, cujo conceito é central em seu sistema moral. Em seguida, no segundo capítulo, será examinada a teoria moral de Hume, a qual se estrutura em duas hipóteses principais: a tese negativa que contesta a ideia de que o fundamento da moralidade se baseie exclusivamente nas operações da razão (relações de ideias e questões de fato); e a tese positiva que afirma que a fonte da moralidade reside em nossas paixões, sentimentos e afetos de prazer e dor ao contemplarmos caracteres virtuosos e viciosos. O terceiro capítulo visa apresentar a teoria da justiça de Hume, objeto principal desta dissertação. A hipótese central que Hume sugere é que a virtude da justiça não é instintiva ou natural nos seres humanos. Ela é possível unicamente por intermédio de acordos, convenções e artifícios humanos motivados pelo auto-interesse. A tese de Hume é exatamente que a origem da justiça, enquanto uma convenção social, só pode ser explicada com base em dois fatores: a atuação dos sentimentos de nossa disposição interna e a circunstância externa caracterizada pela escassez relativa de bens materiais. Finalmente, o último capítulo desta dissertação visa discutir a teoria política de Hume com o propósito de complementar sua teoria da justiça. Hume defende que a justificação da instituição da autoridade soberana e dos deveres civis se funda nos mesmos princípios da convenção de justiça: eles também são artifícios criados exclusivamente para servir ao nosso próprio interesse.

Entre poésie, réalisme magique et postmodernisme : Madman Claro suivi de Les Fleurs compliquées

Dans la première partie du présent mémoire, l’essai Entre poésie, réalisme magique et postmodernisme : Madman Claro, je tente d’abord de définir les concepts du réalisme magique, de la littérature postmoderne et de la « mi-fiction » (qui englobe peut-être les deux premiers) afin de situer l’oeuvre de l’écrivain et traducteur français Claro au sein du spectre réflexif-mimétique que je propose. Je décris ensuite sa vision de l’écriture et de la littérature avant d’analyser la dissolution des personnages principaux du roman CosmoZ entraînée par le mauvais traitement qu’ils reçoivent aux mains des médecins et du Magicien d’Oz. J’essaie de montrer en quoi ces devenirs-autres sont liés au début et à la fin du monde (qui, lui, ne cesse de recommencer) dans cet ouvrage fabuleusement réaliste où Claro rend des personnages fictifs réels et les fait vivre des aventures rocambolesques et tragiques au début du XXe siècle en Europe et en Amérique. La deuxième partie du mémoire, intitulée Les Fleurs compliquées, est un recueil de nouvelles surréalistes qui demeurent toutefois ancrées dans le monde contemporain et qui mettent parfois en scène des versions diffractées de figures réelles. Alors que le premier récit mêle des contraintes formelles à des questions ontologiques et généalogiques, la deuxième nouvelle, davantage marquée par l’oralité, porte sur une expérience extracorporelle dans une boîte de nuit montréalaise. S’ensuit alors une version satirique et cauchemardesque de la désastreuse tournée 777 de la chanteuse Rihanna, rebaptisée La Reina, qui culmine en un combat inspiré des légendes amérindiennes. La dernière nouvelle comporte six courtes parties enchâssées racontant un même récit de façon non linéaire. Globalement, je vise une certaine saturation baroque : le travail sur l’image, les élans imaginatifs débridés et le rythme jouent donc un rôle important dans ces récits. Sur le plan thématique, je consacre autant mon attention aux silences éloquents du quotidien qu’au legs du colonialisme occidental sur la culture populaire d’aujourd’hui, le tout présenté d’un point de vue féministe et volontairement « ex-centrique ». Enfin, j’essaie, sur un fond d’humour tirant sur le noir, d’accorder une place aux voix marginalisées tout en évitant l’écueil du sentimentalisme et du moralisme sermonneur.

Personagens femininas nos primórdios do romance moderno: Pâmela e Júlia, ou A nova Heloísa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Via Láctea: História (parnasiana) de uma paixão

Poesias (1888), Olavo Bilac’s first book, contains Via Láctea, a collection of sonnets of love that, in frank rupture with the romantic sentimentalism, is characterized by neoclassical moderation and contention. Universalizing treatment of the themes results in concealment of the particular circumstances in which the poems were composed. It is intended in these few pages to evidence the links between these texts and known episodes of the courtship of the poet and Amélia de Oliveira, the sister of Alberto de Oliveira, with the goal of providing an understanding of Via Láctea as a “love diary” in which the painful stations of a frustrated passion were registered.

Interrogating the spaces of personal photography : women, identity, and the cultural formation of photographic practice

Personal photographs permeate our lives from the moment we are born as they define who we are within our familial group and local communities. Archived in family albums or framed on living room walls, they continue on after our death as mnemonic artifacts referencing our gendered, raced, and ethnic identities. This dissertation examines salient instances of what women “do” with personal photographs, not only as authors and subjects but also as collectors, archivists, and family and cultural historians. This project seeks to contribute to more productive, complex discourse about how women form relationships and engage with the conventions and practices of personal photography. In the first part of this dissertation I revisit developments in the history of personal photography, including the advertising campaigns of the Kodak and Agfa Girls and the development of albums such as the Stammbuch and its predecessor, the carte-de-visite, that demonstrate how personal photography has functioned as a gendered activity that references family unity, sentimentalism for the past, and self-representation within normative familial and dominant cultural groups, thus suggesting its importance as a cultural practice of identity formation. The second and primary section of the dissertation expands on the critical analyses of Gillian Rose, Patricia Holland, and Nancy Martha West, who propose that personal photography, marketed to and taken on by women, double-exposes their gendered identities. Drawing on work by critics such as Deborah Willis, bell hooks, and Abigail Solomon-Godeau, I examine how the reconfiguration, recontextualization, and relocation of personal photographs in the respective work of Christine Saari, Fern Logan, and Katie Knight interrogates and complicates gendered, raced, and ethnic identities and cultural attitudes about them. In the final section of the dissertation I briefly examine select examples of how emerging digital spaces on the Internet function as a site for personal photography, one that both reinscribes traditional cultural formations while offering new opportunities for women for the display and audiencing of identities outside the family.

Melodrama and Narrative Fiction: Towards a Typology

Recent research on melodrama has stressed its versatility and ubiquity by approaching it as a mode of expression rather than a theatrical genre. A variety of contexts in which melodrama is at work have been explored, but only little scholarly attention has been paid to the relationship between melodrama and novels, short stories and novellas. This article proposes a typology of melodrama in narrative prose fiction, examining four different categories: Melodrama and Sentimentalism, Depiction of Melodramatic Performances in Narrative Prose Fiction, Theatrical Antics and Aesthetics in Narrative Prose Fiction and Meta-Melodrama. Its aim is to clarify the ways in which melodrama, ever since its early days on the stages of late eighteenth-century Europe, has interacted with fictional prose narratives, thereby shaping the literary imagination in the Anglophone world.

A "Greater Britain": colonial kin in fictions of settlement, 1850-1890

This dissertation traces the ways in which nineteenth-century fictional narratives of white settlement represent “family” as, on the one hand, an abstract theoretical model for a unified and relatively homogenous British settler empire and on the other, a fundamental challenge to ideas about imperial integrity and transnational Anglo-Saxon racial identification. I argue that representations of transoceanic white families in nineteenth-century fictions about Australian settler colonialism negotiate the tension between the bounded domesticity of an insular English nation and the kind of kinship that spans oceans and continents as a result of mass emigration from the British isles to the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and the Australian colonies. As such, these fictions construct productive analogies between the familial metaphors and affective language in the political discourse of “Greater Britain”—-a transoceanic imagined community of British settler colonies and their “mother country” united by race and language—-and ideas of family, gender, and domesticity as they operate within specific bourgeois families. Concerns over the disruption of transoceanic families bear testament to contradictions between the idea of a unified imperial identity (both British and Anglo-Saxon), the proliferation of fractured local identities (such as settlers’ English, Irish Catholic, and Australian nationalisms), and the conspicuous absence of indigenous families from narratives of settlement. I intervene at the intersection of postcolonial literary criticism and gender theory by examining the strategic deployments of heteronormative kinship metaphors and metonymies in the rhetorical consolidation of settler colonial space. Settler colonialism was distinct from the “civilizing” domination of subject peoples in South Asia in that it depended on the rhetorical construction of colonial territory as empty space or as land occupied by nearly extinct “primitive” races. This dissertation argues that political rhetoric, travel narratives, and fiction used the image of white female bourgeois reproductive power and sentimental attachment as a technology for settler colonial success, embodying this technology both in the benevolent figure of the metropolitan “mother country” (the paternalistic female counter to the material realities of patriarchal and violent settler colonial practices) and in fictional juxtapositions of happy white settler fecund families with the solitary self-extinguishing figure of the black aboriginal “savage.” Yet even in the narratives where the continuity and coherence of families across imperial space is questioned—-and “Greater Britain” itself—-domesticity and heteronormative familial relations effectively rewrite settler space as white, Anglo-Saxon and bourgeois, and the sentimentalism of troubled European families masks the presence and genocide of indigenous aboriginal peoples. I analyze a range of novels and political texts, canonical and non-canonical, metropolitan and colonial. My introductory first chapter examines the discourse on a “Greater Britain” in the travel narratives of J.A. Froude, Charles Wentworth Dilke, and Anthony Trollope and in the Oxbridge lectures of Herman Merivale and J.R. Seeley. These writers make arguments for an imperial economy of affect circulating between Britain and the settler colonies that reinforces political connections, and at times surpasses the limits of political possibility by relying on the language of sentiment and feeling to build a transoceanic “Greater British” community. Subsequent chapters show how metropolitan and colonial fiction writers, including Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope, Marcus Clarke, Henry Kingsley, and Catherine Helen Spence, test the viability of this “Greater British” economy of affect by presenting transoceanic family connections and structures straining under the weight of forces including the vast distances between colonies and the “mother country,” settler violence, and the transportation system.