Seasonal influence on biochemical profile and serum protein electrophoresis for Boa constrictor amarali in captivity

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Seasonal influence on hematologic values and hemoglobin electrophoresis in Brazilian Boa constrictor amarali

As ectothermic animals, snakes depend exclusively on the environment for proper temperature maintenance, which may greatly influence their activity. Twenty-five adult Boa constrictor amarali snakes maintained in captivity were used to determine the influence of seasons on their hematologic values and electrophoretic profile of hemoglobin. A complete blood cell count (CBC) and examination for hemoparasites were performed in the summer and winter of 2004. Hemoglobin was stored for later electrophoresis. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were obtained in RBC, WBC. lymphocyte, thrombocyte, and monocyte counts, demonstrating the importance of the period of the year in the interpretation of reference values in these animals. Two snakes were detected with blood parasites (Hepatozoon sp.) in the winter and four in the summer. although it appears that their presence did not cause any significant alterations in the CBC. The electrophoretic analysis of the samples demonstrated two-four hemoglobin bands in this species.

Assessing the seasonal influence of sewage and agricultural nutrient inputs in a subtropical river estuary

A combination of physical and chemical measurements and biological indicators identified nutrient impacts throughout an Australian subtropical river estuary. This was a balance of sewage inputs in the lower river and agricultural inputs in the mid-upper river, the combined influence being greater in the wet season due to greater agricultural surface runoff. Field sampling in the region was conducted at 6 sites within the river, over 5 surveys to encapsulate both wet and dry seasonal effects. Parameters assessed were tissue nitrogen (N) contents and delta(15)N signatures of mangroves and macroalgae, phytoplankton nutrient addition bioassays, and standard physical and chemical variables. Strong spatial (within river) and temporal (seasonal) variability was observed in all parameters. Poorest water quality was detected in the middle (agricultural) region of the river in the wet season, attributable to large diffuse inputs in this region. Water quality towards the river mouth remained constant irrespective of season due to strong oceanic flushing. Mangrove and macroalgal tissue delta(15)N and %N proved a successful combination for discerning sewage and agricultural inputs. Elevated delta(15)N and %N represented sewage inputs, whereas low delta(15)N and elevated %N was indicative of agricultural inputs. Phytoplankton bioassays found the system to be primarily responsive to nutrient additions in the warmer wet season, with negligible responses observed in the cooler dry season. These results indicate that the Tweed River is sensitive to the different anthropogenic activities in its catchment and that each activity has a unique influence on receiving water quality.

Seasonal population dynamics in Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Radioautographic study of the seasonal distribution of leukocytes in turtles Phrynops hilarii (Chelonia Chelidae)

The aim of this study was to present a morphological description of the leukocytes of Phrynops hilarii turtles according to the seasonal distribution of these cells and to show their replacement in the blood circulation using a radioautographic method. Five animals of both sexes weighing 600-1200 g were used. The animal's blood was aspirated, smeared on glass slides, and stained with the Romanowsky stain, and 500 cells of each animal were counted during each season. The results obtained were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance followed by the Bonferrom test (NCSS), with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. The radioautographic analysis of turtle blood exposed to 1000 mu Ci of H-3-thymidine and developed after 30 days showed a large number of silver grains incorporated into the cells, except for basophils, with cell renewal occurring every seven days. Quantitative data demonstrated a seasonal influence on the distribution of some leukocyte types, with the following p values: heterophils (p = 0.0007), basophils (p = 0.0002), monocytes (p = 0.0016), eosinophils (p = 0.0073). However, using this statistical method, it was not possible to detect a significant difference related to seasonal influence on lymphocytes (p = 0. 16295) or thrombocytes (p = 0. 1046). Using this experimental animal model, a seasonal influence on the distribution of some leukocyte types was observed, and the radioautographic method revealed a cell renewal system occurring every seven days, except for basophils. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avaliação sazonal do grau de trofia em reservatórios do complexo hidrelétrico de Ribeirão das Lajes (Rio de Janeiro)

Com a demanda por energia elétrica nos dias atuais e a grande quantidade de bacias hidrográficas presentes no Brasil, a geração de energia hidrelétrica se tornou a principal forma de suprimento. Dentre as diversas mudanças ocorridas em represamento de rios, a redução na vazão da água influencia no acúmulo de nutrientes afetando diretamente na qualidade da água, podendo acarretar em um processo denominado eutrofização, caracterizado pelo aumento na quantidade de nutrientes em um sistema e contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de produtores primários (fitoplâncton e macrófitas aquáticas) em níveis acima do crescimento natural. Para identificar o estado de trofia dos reservatórios pertencentes ao Complexo Hidrelétrico de Ribeirão das Lajes (RJ) foi utilizada a metodologia de Lu e Lo (2002) de avaliação trófica fuzzy (ou difusa) sintética e não sintética, além da avaliação trófica através do índice de estado trófico de Carlson (1977). As classes de estado trófico utilizadas na metodologia é da OECD (1982) e utiliza transparência, concentrações de fósforo total e de clorofila-a como variáveis. Outras variáveis limnológicas como temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, pH e sólidos dissolvidos totais foram utilizadas para caracterização dos reservatórios. As coletas foram realizadas em três momentos, no período seco de 2011, no período chuvoso de 2012 e no período seco de 2012. As análises fuzzy não sintéticas apontaram os reservatórios de Santana, Vigário e Ponte Coberta como oligotrófico/eutrófico durante o período de estudo. O reservatório de Ribeirão das Lajes foi classificado como oligotrófico nos períodos secos no ano de 2011 e 2012, e como mesotrófico no período chuvoso de 2012, assim como o reservatório de Tocos. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre o período seco e o chuvoso em relação às concentrações de clorofila-a, transparência e turbidez, demonstrando influência sazonal no grau de trofia dos reservatórios, uma vez que clorofila-a e transparência são variáveis utilizadas em índices de estado trófico

Effects of forage composition and growing season on methane emission from sheep in the Inner Mongolia steppe of China

Understanding the effects of dietary composition on methane (CH4) production of sheep can help us to understand grassland degradation resulting in an increase of CH4 emission from ruminant livestock and its resulting significance affecting CH4 source/sink in the grazing ecosystem. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of forage composition in the diet of sheep in July and August on CH4 production by sheep in the Inner Mongolia steppe. The four diet treatments were: (1) Leymus chinensis and Cleistogenes squarrosa (LC), (2) Leymus chinensis, Cleistogenes squarrosa and concentrate supplementation (LCC), (3) Artemisia frigida and Cleistogenes squarrosa (AC), and (4) Artemisia frigida, Cleistogenes squarrosa and concentrate supplementation (ACC). CH4 production was significantly lower in July than in August (31.4 and 36.2 g per sheep-unit per day, respectively). The daily average CH4 production per unit of digestive dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased by 10.9, 11.2 and 42.1% for the AC diet compared with the LC diet, respectively. Although concentrate supplementation in both the AC and LC diets increased total CH4 production per sheep per day, it improved sheep productivity and decreased CH4 production by 14.8, 12.5 and 14.8% per unit of DM, OM and NDF digested by the sheep, respectively. Our results suggested that in degraded grassland CH4 emission from sheep was increased and concentrate supplementation increased diet use efficiency. Sheep-grazing ecosystem seems to be a source of CH4 when the stocking rate is over 0.5 sheep-units ha(-1) during the growing season in the Inner Mongolia steppe.

Avaliação de três formas de enriquecimento em área ciliar revegetada junto ao Rio Mogi-Guaçu, SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Fragilidade ambiental, qualidades do solo, da água e ocupação urbana na microbacia do córrego Lavapés - Sorocaba/SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Frequência e diversidade de enteroparasitos veiculados por hortaliças comercializadas na cidade de Belém-PA e sua relação com a sazonalidade climática

Os enteroparasitas constituem-se em importante problema de saúde para a população humana no mundo inteiro. O consumo de hortaliças é uma das grandes vias de transmissão desses patógenos. Este trabalho buscou determinar a frequência e a diversidade de enteroparasitos veiculados por hortaliças comercializadas, na região metropolitana de Belém-PA, e sua relação com a sazonalidade climática da região. Foram usadas 252 amostras de três espécies de hortaliças, sendo 84 de alface (Lactuca sativa- variedade crespa), 84 de agrião (Nasturtium officinale) e 84 de coentro (Coriandrum sativum) adquiridas em feiras, hortas e em um supermercado, no período de dezembro de 2008 a novembro de 2009. Cada amostra foi lavada com 500 ml de PBS, permitindo a sedimentação espontânea e posterior centrifugação dos 30 ml finais do sedimento. O sedimento final foi analisado à microscopia óptica comum. Os níveis de contaminação das três espécies de hortaliças foram obtidos pelas médias mensais de estruturas enteroparasitárias identificadas em cada uma delas, e pelo número total de parasitos identificados, nas amostras de cada feira, horta e supermercado. Aos resultados obtidos, na análise microscópica das amostras, foi aplicado o Teste do Quiquadrado e o Teste Exato de Fisher, para determinar a existência ou não de diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre esses resultados. Foi usado o nível de significância ≤ 0,05. A análise microscópica revelou uma contaminação de 100% das amostras obtidas nas feiras, nas hortas e no supermercado incluídos na pesquisa, não havendo diferença estatística na frequência total de parasitos entre elas. O Strongyloides stercoralis foi o parasito mais prevalente, seguido pelo complexo Entamoeba histolytica/dispar e pelos ancilostomídeos, tanto nas amostras das hortas, quanto nas amostras das feiras e do supermercado. O agrião e a alface apresentaram maior índice de contaminação parasitária que o coentro. Foi caracterizada a influência sazonal sobre a intensidade de parasitos nas hortaliças pesquisadas, pois houve diferença estatística entre os resultados obtidos com uma prevalência maior de parasitos nas amostras de verão, em relação as amostras de inverno. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias mensais de contaminação das hortaliças comercializadas nas feiras, nas hortas e no supermercado, indicando que, as condições de higiene sob as quais são comercializadas as hortaliças, apesar de importantes para manter suas características organolépticas, tem menor influência sobre os níveis de contaminação parasitária, que parece estar mais associada ao local e condições de cultivo desses vegetais. Esses dados permitem um bom grau de comparação para futuros trabalhos.

Efeito da sazonalidade sobre a função testicular de cães

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Effect of sex and seasons of the year on hematologic and serum biochemical variables of captive brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)

The Brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) is the most common free-living and captive deer in South America, especially in Brazil, and has great ecological and scientific significance. However, data on hematological and biochemical parameters in brown brocket deer are scarce. The goal of this study was to establish reference ranges for hematological and biochemical parameters of Mazama gouazoubira, comparing differences during the seasons of the year and between sex. Blood samples from ten adult healthy brown brocket deer (6 female and 4 male) were collected during daytime, monthly, during 12 months. The animals were maintained in individual stable, protected from noise and fed ad libitum with commercial ration and green fodder. For blood collection, animals were submitted to physical restrain for no longer than 2 minutes. The following parameters were determined: red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count, enzyme activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), total protein (TP), albumin, cholesterol, total calcium, ionic calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, triglycerides, creatinine and urea. Values were compared according to season and sex. RBC count, WBC count and MCV suggested seasonal influence. Haemoglobin concentration, PCV and MCV were influenced by sex. Serum concentration of total calcium, ionic calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium were influenced by season. Serum magnesium was also influenced by sex. The blood parameters herein reported may be useful as reference values for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in captive brown-brocket deer.

Atividade antibacteriana in vitro de extratos e substâncias isoladas de espécies de Croton frente Staphylococcus aureus causador de mastite bovina

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Distribution, composition and seasonality of aquatic birds in the Nhecolandia sub-region of South Pantanal, Brazil

Despite remarkable significance of Pantanal for the conservation of aquatic birds, the status of their populations, the spatiotemporal patterns of distribution and habitat use and structure of communities are little known. Thus, we studied three aquatic environments (Negro river, bays and salines) from 2007 to 2009 in the Nhecolandia Pantanal to verify the distribution and composition of aquatic birds and also if there is significant seasonal influence on these aspects. We adopted the transect method (288 hours of sampling) and recorded 135 species (7.834 individuals). The Negro river showed the highest diversity, while the salines the lowest. The similarity of aquatic bird communities was higher between bays and salines, followed by Negro river and bays and lower between salines and Negro river. The equidistribution is more variable in the salines and more stable in the Negro river. The environments strongly differ from each other in aquatic bird composition in space (habitat use and distribution) and time (seasonal water fluctuations). The diversity of bird community in the dry season varies significantly in the salines, followed by the bays and more stable in the Negro river. The Negro river, regardless of large annual amplitude of flow, is more seasonally stable since its riparian vegetation is continuous (not isolated) and constant. These aspects provide better conditions to stay all year, contributing to decrease the seasonal nomadic tendencies of aquatic birds. Finally, all these data provide strong arguments to the preservation of all phytophysiognomies in the Nhecolandia sub-region of Pantanal, but with special attention to the salines widely used by many flocks of aquatic birds (mainly in the dry season) and migrant and/or rare species restricted to this habitat.