Analysis of the Generators of Epileptic Activity in Early-Onset Childhood Benign Occipital Lobe Epilepsy

Objective: The Panayiotopoulos type of idiopathic occipital epilepsy has peculiar and easily recognizable ictal symptoms, which are associated with complex and variable spike activity over the posterior scalp areas. These characteristics of spikes have prevented localization of the particular brain regions originating clinical manifestations. We studied spike activity in this epilepsy to determine their brain generators. Methods: The EEG of 5 patients (ages 7–9) was recorded, spikes were submitted to blind decomposition in independent components (ICs) and those to source analysis (sLORETA), revealing the spike generators. Coherence analysis evaluated the dynamics of the components. Results: Several ICs were recovered for posterior spikes in contrast to central spikes which originated a single one. Coherence analysis supports a model with epileptic activity originating near lateral occipital area and spreading to cortical temporal or parietal areas. Conclusions: Posterior spikes demonstrate rapid spread of epileptic activity to nearby lobes, starting in the lateral occipital area. In contrast, central spikes remain localized in the rolandic fissure. Significance: Rapid spread of posterior epileptic activity in the Panayitopoulos type of occipital lobe epilepsy is responsible for the variable and poorly localized spike EEG. The lateral occipital cortex is the primary generator of the epileptic activity.

Analysis of the Dynamics and Origin of Epileptic Activity in Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Evaluated for Surgery of Epilepsy

Objective: The epilepsies associated with the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are very often refractory to medical therapy. Surgery for epilepsy is an effective alternative when the critical link between the localization of seizure onset in the scalp and a particular cortical tuber can be established. In this study we perform analysis of ictal and interictal EEG to improve such link. Methods: The ictal and interictal recordings of four patients with TSC undergoing surgery for epilepsy were submitted to independent component analysis (ICA), followed by source analysis, using the sLORETA algorithm. The localizations obtained for the ictal EEG and for the average interictal spikes were compared. Results: The ICA of ictal EEG produced consistent results in different events, and there was good agreement with the tubers that were successfully removed in three of the four patients (one patient refused surgery). In some patients there was a large discrepancy between the localization of ictal and interictal sources. The interictal activity produced more widespread source localizations. Conclusions: The use of ICA of ictal EEG followed by the use of source analysis methods in four cases of epilepsy and TSC was able to localize the epileptic generators very near the lesions successfully removed in surgery for epilepsy. Significance: The ICA of ictal EEG events may be a useful add-on to the tools used to establish the connection between epileptic scalp activity and the cortical tubers originating it, in patients with TSC considered for surgery of epilepsy.

Abnormal Error Monitoring in Math-Anxious Individuals: Evidence from Error-Related Brain Potentials.

This study used event-related brain potentials to investigate whether math anxiety is related to abnormal error monitoring processing. Seventeen high math-anxious (HMA) and seventeen low math-anxious (LMA) individuals were presented with a numerical and a classical Stroop task. Groups did not differ in terms of trait or state anxiety. We found enhanced error-related negativity (ERN) in the HMA group when subjects committed an error on the numerical Stroop task, but not on the classical Stroop task. Groups did not differ in terms of the correct-related negativity component (CRN), the error positivity component (Pe), classical behavioral measures or post-error measures. The amplitude of the ERN was negatively related to participants" math anxiety scores, showing a more negative amplitude as the score increased. Moreover, using standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) we found greater activation of the insula in errors on a numerical task as compared to errors in a nonnumerical task only for the HMA group. The results were interpreted according to the motivational significance theory of the ERN.

Elaborazione di segnali elettroencefalografici per lo studio di potenziali evocati durante compiti di apprendimento associativo

Il lavoro ha riguardato l’elaborazione di segnali EEG registrati durante compiti di apprendimento associativo. In particolare, durante tali compiti, i soggetti imparavano ad associare ad una certa immagine un evento neutro e ad una diversa immagine un evento avverso; la tempistica dell’evento associato a ciascuna immagine era segnalata dalla comparsa di una cornice colorata attorno all’immagine. Mentre l’evento associato a ciascuna immagine era certo, la tempistica dell’evento poteva variare da prova a prova pur verificandosi nella maggior parte dei trial (80%) dopo un tempo T0 dalla comparsa dell’immagine e, nel 20% dei trial, dopo un tempo T1 dalla comparsa dell’immagine, con T1 < T0. Ciò generava nei soggetti le condizioni di EXPECTED TIMING dell’evento (associata alla tempistica più frequente) e la condizione di UNEXPECTED TIMING dell’evento (associata alla tempistica meno frequente). Ciascuna delle due condizioni poteva riguardare l’evento neutro (privo di una particolare valenza per il soggetto) e l’evento avverso (con una valenza negativa per il soggetto). Nel presente lavoro è stata eseguita un’analisi approfondita dei segnali EEG, sia a livello di potenziali evocati sullo scalpo che a livello di segnali ricostruiti sulla corteccia. Lo scopo è quello di chiarire le possibili attivazioni corticali che generano i potenziali osservati sullo scalpo e, quindi, quali aree della corteccia sono maggiormente implicate nella detezione degli errori di predizione. In particolare, si è indagato se tali errori sono influenzati dalla valenza dell’evento inatteso (nel nostro caso avverso rispetto a neutro). La ricostruzione delle sorgenti è stata effettuata utilizzando l’algoritmo sLORETA. In base ai risultati ottenuti, la tempistica di arrivo della cornice ha effetto soltanto quando l’evento ha una valenza (negativa) per il soggetto e le ROI maggiormente coinvolte sono quelle del cingolo e quelle somato-sensoriali.

Ricostruzione delle sorgenti corticali da segnali EEG in task di discriminazione visiva: Effetto di training multisensoriale

I neuroni in alcune regioni del nostro cervello mostrano una risposta a stimoli multisensoriali (ad es. audio-visivi) temporalmente e spazialmente coincidenti maggiore della risposta agli stessi stimoli presi singolarmente (integrazione multisensoriale). Questa abilità può essere sfruttata per compensare deficit unisensoriali, attraverso training multisensoriali che promuovano il rafforzamento sinaptico all’interno di circuiti comprendenti le regioni multisensoriali stimolate. Obiettivo della presente tesi è stato quello di studiare quali strutture e circuiti possono essere stimolate e rinforzate da un training multisensoriale audio-visivo. A tale scopo, sono stati analizzati segnali elettroencefalografici (EEG) registrati durante due diversi task di discriminazione visiva (discriminazione della direzione di movimento e discriminazione di orientazione di una griglia) eseguiti prima e dopo un training audio-visivo con stimoli temporalmente e spazialmente coincidenti, per i soggetti sperimentali, o spazialmente disparati, per i soggetti di controllo. Dai segnali EEG di ogni soggetto è stato ricavato il potenziale evento correlato (ERP) sullo scalpo, di cui si è analizzata la componente N100 (picco in 140÷180 ms post stimolo) verificandone variazioni pre/post training mediante test statistici. Inoltre, è stata ricostruita l’attivazione delle sorgenti corticali in 6239 voxel (suddivisi tra le 84 ROI coincidenti con le Aree di Brodmann) con l’ausilio del software sLORETA. Differenti attivazioni delle ROI pre/post training in 140÷180 ms sono state evidenziate mediante test statistici. I risultati suggeriscono che il training multisensoriale abbia rinforzato i collegamenti sinaptici tra il Collicolo Superiore e il Lobulo Parietale Inferiore (nell’area Area di Brodmann 7), una regione con funzioni visuo-motorie e di attenzione spaziale.

A neurophysiological signature of motivational incongruence: EEG changes related to insufficient goal satisfaction

Human behavior and psychological functioning is motivated and guided by individual goals. Motivational incongruence refers to states of insufficient goal satisfaction and is tightly related to psychological problems and even psychopathology. In the present study, individual levels of motivational incongruence were assessed with the incongruence-questionnaire (INC) in a healthy sample. In addition, multi-channel resting-state EEG was measured. Individual variations of EEG synchronization and spectral power were related to individual levels of motivational incongruence. For significant correlations, the relation to intracerebral sources of electrical brain activity was investigated with sLORETA. The results indicate that, even in a healthy sample with rather low degrees of motivational incongruence, this insufficient goal satisfaction is related to consistent changes in resting state brain activity. Upper Alpha band attenuation seems to be most indicative of increased levels of motivational incongruence. This is reflected not only in significantly reduced functional connectivity, but also in changes regarding the level of brain activation, as indicated by significant effects in the spectral power and LORETA analyses. Results are related to research investigating the upper Alpha band and are discussed in the framework of Grawe's consistency theory.

Efeito agudo da respiração abdominal lenta sobre a atividade cerebral, respostas emocionais e cardiovasculares

Introduction: Slow abdominal breathing (SAB) stimulates baroreflex and generates respiratory sinus arrhythmia, changing cardiovascular, emotional and cerebral systems acute and chronically. However, although meditative practices have been receiving increasingly attention in the last years, there is no agreement on the neurophysiological changes underlying them, mainly because of the lack of topographical pieces of information. Purpose: We aimed to analyze the acute effect of SAB on brain activity, emotional and cardiovascular responses in untrained subjects in meditative techniques. Methods: Seventeen healthy adults’ men were assessed into two different sessions in a random and crossed order. Into experimental session, they breathed in 6 cycles/minute and in control session they kept breathing in normal rate, both for 20 minutes. xi Before, during, and after each session we assessed brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG), anxiety, mood, heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure. The sLORETA software was used to analyze EEG data for source localization of brain areas in which activity was changed. Results: The sLORETA showed that beta band frequency was reduced in frontal gyrus (P<0.01) and anterior cingulate cortex (P<0.05) both during and after SAB (P<0.05) compared to the moment before it. There was no change in brain activity in control session. Additionally, a two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that there was no effect on anxiety (P>0.8) and mood (P>0.08). There were improvements in HRV (P<0.03), with increased RR interval and decreased HR after SAB, as well as increased SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, low frequency, LF/HF ratio, and total power during it, with no changes in SBP and DBP. Conclusions: We conclude that SAB is able to change brain activity in areas responsible for emotional processing, even without behavioral changes. Furthermore, SAB improves HRV and does not change blood pressure in normotensive.

Comprendre l’interaction entre la douleur et le système moteur : une étude novatrice combinant la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne et l’électroencéphalographie

Résumé : L’interaction entre la douleur et le système moteur est bien connue en clinique et en réadaptation. Il est sans surprise que la douleur est un phénomène considérablement invalidant, affectant la qualité de vie de ceux et celles qui en souffrent. Toutefois, les bases neurophysiologiques qui sous-tendent cette interaction demeurent, encore aujourd’hui, mal comprises. Le but de la présente étude était de mieux comprendre les mécanismes corticaux impliqués dans l’interaction entre la douleur et le système moteur. Pour ce faire, une douleur expérimentale a été induite à l’aide d’une crème à base de capsaïcine au niveau de l’avant-bras gauche des participants. L'effet de la douleur sur la force des projections corticospinales ainsi que sur l’activité cérébrale a été mesuré à l’aide de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (TMS) et de l’électroencéphalographie (EEG), respectivement. L’analyse des données EEG a permis de révéler qu'en présence de douleur aiguë, il y a une augmentation de l’activité cérébrale au niveau du cuneus central (fréquence têta), du cortex dorsolatéral préfrontal gauche (fréquence alpha) ainsi que du cuneus gauche et de l'insula droite (toutes deux fréquence bêta), lorsque comparée à la condition initiale (sans douleur). Également, les analyses démontrent une augmentation de l'activité du cortex moteur primaire droit en présence de douleur, mais seulement chez les participants qui présentaient simultanément une diminution de leur force de projections corticales (mesurée avec la TMS t=4,45, p<0,05). Ces participants ont également montré une plus grande connectivité entre M1 et le cuneus que les participants dont la douleur n’a pas affecté la force des projections corticospinales (t=3,58, p<0,05). Ces résultats suggèrent qu’une douleur expérimentale induit, chez certains individus, une altération au niveau des forces de projections corticomotrices. Les connexions entre M1 et le cuneus seraient possiblement impliquées dans la survenue de ces changements corticomoteurs.