云杉属的分子系统学与生物地理学研究

云杉属植物是非常重要的森林树种，广泛分布于北半球的寒温带、温带高山和亚高山地带。该属为松科中仅次于松属和冷杉属的第三大属，约有 28-56 种。自云杉属建立以来，其属于松科没有任何疑议。然而，由于云杉属物种间频繁杂交、形态趋同和取样困难，尽管已经有基于形态学、细胞学、化学成份、叶绿体 DNA RFLP 等方面的研究，该属的属下分类仍然存在诸多争议。本文利用父系遗传的叶绿体基因和母系遗传的线粒体基因序列重建了云杉属的系统发育关系，探讨了云杉属生物地理格局的形成过程。在此基础上，我们研究了低拷贝核 CAD 基因在云杉属的进化式样。另外，我们还对裸子植物线粒体基因 rps3 的内含子分布和进化进行了初步研究。 1． 云杉属的系统发育和生物地理学研究 我们选择了 Farjon (1990) 确定的 34 个种中的 33 种 (另一个种在 Flora of China 未得到承认)，共 103 个个体，对这些个体的叶绿体 DNA 片段 trnC-trnD 和 trnT-trnF 以及线粒体基因 nad5 的第一个内含子进行了序列测定。在两个叶绿体基因片段联合分析构建的系统发育树上，北美西部的 P. breweriana 和 P. sitchensis 位于最基部。其余的物种分为三支：第一支由北美的两个物种组成;第二支包括分布于喜马拉雅-横断山区及其周围地区的八个种、台湾的 P. morrisonicola、西亚的 P. orientalis、日本的两个种及北美的 P. chihuahuana;第三支中，北美的 P. pungens 位于基部，亚洲东北部的种 (除 P. maximowiczii 和 P. torano 外)、P. retroflexa 和欧洲的 P. abies 构成一个单系群，并与北美的 P. mariana 和 P. rubens 及来自巴尔干半岛的 P. omorika 形成姐妹支。所有样品的 nad5 第一个内含子序列可分为 A、B、C、D 和 E 5 种单倍型，北美的物种拥有前 4 种，而且 A、B 和 C 单倍型为北美所特有;欧亚的物种仅含 D 和 E 两种单倍型。 上述结果结合 MacClade 和 DIVA 分析及化石证据，我们推断云杉属起源于北美，至少两次经白令陆桥扩散至亚洲，然后从亚洲扩散至欧洲。亚洲东北部的绝大多数物种和欧洲云杉 P. abies 的种间遗传变异非常低，而且线粒体单倍型均为 D，可能来源于一次近期的辐射分化。云杉属的现代分布中心之一喜马拉雅-横断山区的物种可能不是一次起源，日本的物种同样如此，这可能与第三纪气候变冷和第四纪冰川导致的物种迁移有关。此外，我们发现目前用于云杉属分类的一些形态性状（如叶扁平、菱形等）在系统发育树上位于不同的位置，说明这些性状可能不是一次起源或是祖征在不同支系中的保留，用于云杉属的系统划分须慎重。 2． 云杉属 CAD 基因的进化研究 裸子植物的多倍体特别少，且以基因组庞大而著称。被子植物中的很多单拷贝基因在裸子植物中以低拷贝或多拷贝基因家族的方式存在。CAD 基因在木质素单体合成的最后一步起作用，在松属中只发现了一种 CAD 基因拷贝，在欧洲云杉中却发现了三种拷贝，而且 Southern 杂交和子代分离鉴定结果表明这三种拷贝至少位于两个位点上。然而，对云杉属三个物种 (包括欧洲云杉) 构建的遗传图谱却都只发现了一个 CAD 基因位点。由于云杉属 CAD 基因的数目和分布存在很大争议，我们根据构建的叶绿体基因树，选择了不同支上的 20 个物种、29 个样品研究该基因的进化式样。结果表明：云杉属不同物种中 CAD 基因的拷贝数为 1-4 种，多数为 2-3 种。系统发育分析发现有些物种的所有 CAD 基因拷贝聚成一支，另有一些物种的 CAD 基因拷贝位于不同位置。此外，我们对 GenBank 中云杉属三个物种 CAD 基因的 EST 序列分析后发现：EST 序列的差异主要发生在 3’-UTR 区，表现为序列长短的不同，这有可能是进行体外反转录时引物结合于不同的位置所致。因此，结合前人研究（包括遗传图谱分析），我们推测 CAD 基因在云杉属内发生了多次重复，重复拷贝很可能呈串联排列。 3. 裸子植物线粒体基因 rps3 的进化研究 线粒体基因内含子的获得/丢失已经被广泛应用于系统发育研究。rps3 为分布最广的线粒体核糖体蛋白基因，一般含一个内含子，前人研究显示其在裸子植物中多了一个第二类内含子 rps3i2，并将这个内含子作为区分裸子植物和其它植物类群的标志之一。然而，该研究只选择了苏铁和银杏作为裸子植物的代表，取样代表性不足。在本研究中，我们对裸子植物每个科至少选择一个物种作为代表，通过 DNA 序列和部分物种的 RT-PCR 分析，探讨 rps3 基因在裸子植物中的进化。结果表明 rps3 基因内含子的分布与裸子植物系统发育关系相吻合：Conifer II、松科的落叶松属和黄杉属及百岁兰科不仅不含 rps3i2，而且丢失了第一个内含子;金钱松属缺失第二个内含子。我们推断在 Conifer II 的祖先和百岁兰科中分别一次性丢失了两个内含子;在松科中则发生了两次单独的丢失事件，一次是在落叶松属和黄杉属的祖先中丢失了两个内含子，一次是在金钱松属中丢失了第二个内含子。另外，在 Ephedra 中没有扩增出 rps3 基因，Gnetum 中具有第二个内含子，倪藤科的 rps3i2 似乎支持松科与倪藤纲的关系更近。对 rps3i2 的进一步分析发现，其序列结构与松科的系统发育关系非常吻合。根据上述结果和 mRNA 编辑位点分析，我们认为 Conifer II等类群中的两个rps3内含子丢失可能是反转录酶介导的 cDNA 反转录造成的。Psuedolarix 的内含子丢失也可能为相同机制，但因缺乏材料而未能进一步研究。

Species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships within the green algal genus Codium (Bryopsidales) based on plastid DNA sequences

Despite the potential model role of the green algal genus Codium for studies of marine speciation and evolution, there have been difficulties with species delimitation and a molecular phylogenetic framework was lacking. In the present study, 74 evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) are delimited using 227 rbcL exon 1 sequences obtained from specimens collected throughout the genus' range. Several morpho-species were shown to be poorly defined, with some clearly in need of lumping and others containing pseudo-cryptic diversity. A phylogenetic hypothesis of 72 Codium ESUs is inferred from rbcL exon 1 and rps3-rp/16 sequence data using a conventional nucleotide substitution model (GTR + Gamma + I), a codon position model and a covariotide (covarion) model, and the fit of a multitude of substitution models and alignment partitioning strategies to the sequence data is reported. Molecular clock tree rooting was carried out because out-group rooting was probably affected by phylogenetic bias. Several aspects of the evolution of morphological features of Codium are discussed and the inferred phylogenetic hypothesis is used as a framework to study the biogeography of the genus, both at a global scale and within the Indian Ocean. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SAGE analysis highlights the putative role of underexpression of ribosomal proteins in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas

Background: Although the molecular pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas has been assessed by several different techniques, it still remains partially unclear. Ribosomal proteins (RPs) have been recently related to human tumorigenesis, but they have not yet been evaluated in pituitary tumorigenesis. Objective: The aim of this study was to introduce serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), a high-throughput method, in pituitary research in order to compare differential gene expression. Methods: Two SAGE cDNA libraries were constructed, one using a pool of mRNA obtained from five GH-secreting pituitary tumors and another from three normal pituitaries. Genes differentially expressed between the libraries were further validated by real-time PCR in 22 GH-secreting pituitary tumors and in 15 normal pituitaries. Results: Computer-generated genomic analysis tools identified 13 722 and 14 993 exclusive genes in normal and adenoma libraries respectively. Both shared 6497 genes, 2188 were underexpressed and 4309 overexpressed in tumoral library. In adenoma library, 33 genes encoding RPs were underexpressed. Among these, RPSA, RPS3, RPS14, and RPS29 were validated by real-time PCR. Conclusion: We report the first SAGE library from normal pituitary tissue and GH-secreting pituitary tumor, which provide quantitative assessment of cellular transcriptome. We also validated some downregulated genes encoding RPs. Altogether, the present data suggest that the underexpression of the studied RP genes possibly collaborates directly or indirectly with other genes to modify cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis, leading to an environment that might have a putative role in the tumorigenesis, introducing new perspectives for further studies on molecular genesis of somatotrophinomas.

Isolation of a superfamily of candidate disease-resistance genes in soybean based on a conserved nucleotide-binding site.

The tobacco N and Arabidopsis RPS2 genes, among several recently cloned disease-resistance genes, share highly conserved structure, a nucleotide-binding site (NBS). Using degenerate oligonucleotide primers for the NBS region of N and RPS2, we have amplified and cloned the NBS sequences from soybean. Each of these PCR-derived NBS clones detected low-or moderate-copy soybean DNA sequences and belongs to 1 of 11 different classes. Sequence analysis showed that all PCR clones encode three motifs (P-loop, kinase-2, and kinase-3a) of NBS nearly identical to those in N and RPS2. The intervening region between P-loop and kinase-3a of the 11 classes has high (26% average) amino acid sequence similarity to the N gene although not as high (19% average) to RPS2. These 11 classes represent a superfamily of NBS-containing soybean genes that are homologous to N and RPS2. Each class or subfamily was assessed for its positional association with known soybean disease-resistance genes through near-isogenic line assays, followed by linkage analysis in F2 populations using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Five of the 11 subfamilies have thus far been mapped to the vicinity of known soybean genes for resistance to potyviruses (Rsv1 and Rpv), Phytophthora root rot (Rps1, Rps2, and Rps3), and powdery mildew (rmd). The conserved N- or RPS2-homologous NBS sequences and their positional associations with mapped soybean-resistance genes suggest that a number of the soybean disease-resistance genes may belong to this superfamily. The candidate subfamilies of NBS-containing genes identified by genetic mapping should greatly facilitate the molecular cloning of disease-resistance genes.