沙地小叶杨和柠条细根分布与土壤水分消耗的关系

以生长在陕北水蚀风蚀交错带沙地上的人工小叶杨(Populus simonii)和柠条(Caragana korshinkii)为研究对象,采用剖面法调查2个树种的细根分布特征,通过2年土壤水分定位观测研究,初步分析沙地小叶杨和柠条细根分布与土壤水分消耗的关系。结果表明:1)沙地小叶杨和柠条随土层深度增加,细根表面积密度逐渐减小,0~100cm土层分别集中了整个剖面细根总量的63%和95%;2)小叶杨和柠条林地剖面土壤水分与细根垂直分布密切相关,小叶杨和柠条林地土壤水分特征类似,可分为3个层次:0~50 cm土层为速变层,50~200 cm土层为缓变层,200cm以下土层为缓慢衰减层;3)2年观测期内,小叶杨和柠条林地总蒸散量接近,与同期降水量基本持平,而裸沙地土壤储水量增加;4)小叶杨和柠条细根趋于浅表化的分布特征是对沙地浅层土壤经常获得雨水补给适应的结果。研究结果可为水蚀风蚀交错带沙区防护林建设提供理论依据。

Distribuição do sistema radicular do pessegueiro 'Okinawa' propagado por sementes e por estacas herbáceas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Distribuição do sistema radicular do maracujazeiro-doce cultivado com adubação química e orgânica

O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição das raízes do maracujazeiro-doce (Passiflora alata Dryand), cultivado em Nitossolo Vermelho, sob adubação química e orgânica, em Botucatu-SP. Foram utilizadas plantas com 19 meses de idade, em produção, conduzidas em latada e com irrigação. Os tratamentos com fertilizantes químicos e esterco de curral curtido foram os seguintes: T1 (400 g de sulfato de amônia), T2 (2,5kg de esterco), T3 (5,0kg de esterco), T4 (7,5kg de esterco) e T5 (10,0kg de esterco), acrescidos de 200g de termofosfato, 137g de cloreto de potássio e 2,0kg de calcário por planta, em todos os tratamentos, parcelados em duas aplicações. Foram empregadas 3 plantas por tratamento, sendo retiradas quatro amostras de cada uma, a 0-20 e 20-40cm de profundidade e distância do tronco. Os resultados evidenciaram que não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para massa seca das raízes. em todos os tratamentos, houve concentração das raízes a 0-20cm de distância do tronco. Nas parcelas com adubo orgânico, houve melhor distribuição das raízes em profundidade.

Distribuição do sistema radicular do porta-enxerto Coquinho sob copa da mangueira cv. Haden

Para o manejo adequado de uma cultura, especialmente frutífera perene, torna-se importante o conhecimento de vários fatores agronômicos, entre os quais o desenvolvimento e a distribuição do sistema radicular. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a distribuição do sistema radicular do porta-enxerto coquinho sob copa da mangueira cultivar Haden. O estudo foi realizado de março/2005 a maio/2007 em solo argiloso, Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, sob vegetação de cerrado, em pomar implantado em 1992, espaçamento de 10 x 10 m, na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia/Unesp/Ilha Solteira, localizada no Município de Selvíria-MS. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: plantas testemunhas, sem aplicação de calcário, e plantas que receberam 3,1 t de calcário ha-1. Avaliou-se o sistema radicular, coletando-se amostras de solo e raízes nas profundidades de 0,0-0,20; 0,20-0,40; 0,40-0,60; 0,60-0,80 e 0,80 a 1,0 m e nas distâncias do tronco de 0,83; 2,49; 4,15 m, classificando as raízes em < 2; 2-5; 5-10 e >10 mm de diâmetro. As raízes de absorção de maior ocorrência foram as de diâmetro menor do que 2 mm nos dois tratamentos. A maior concentração de raízes de absorção ocorreu na faixa compreendida entre 0,0 e 1,66 m do tronco e ao longo do perfil analisado, de 0,0 a 1,0 m de profundidade. A maior concentração de raízes de absorção localizou-se até 0,4 m de profundidade. As plantas que receberam calcário apresentaram aumento de 15,73% de raízes de absorção em relação à testemunha.

Refinamento da representação de raízes no modelo de biosfera SiB2 em área de floresta na Amazônia

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a sensibilidade dos fluxos de superfície e hidrologia do solo em relação à representação e distribuição de raízes no modelo de biosfera para uma floresta de terra firme na Amazônia. A finalidade foi avaliar o impacto na representatividade dos fluxos de energia considerando a sazonalidade da região amazônica, usando como suporte medidas intensivas realizadas em uma reserva biológica (Reserva Biológica do Cuieiras, em Manaus). Foram realizadas oito simulações com o modelo de biosfera SiB2 (“Simple Biosphere Model” – versão 2) , onde cada simulação representou um cenário diferente de distribuição de raízes em uma profundidade de 4 m de solo, dividido em três camadas: 0,5 m, 1,5 m e 2,0 m. As raízes foram distribuídas privilegiando a concentração de raízes na camada superficial, em seguida, na camada intermediária e, por fim, uma concentração de raízes abaixo de 2,0 m de profundidade. As simulações foram realizadas para o período de 2003 a 2006, enfatizando o ano de 2005 para avaliar o efeito da representação de raízes nos fluxos de energia (calor latente – LE e calor sensível – H) e de dióxido de carbono (CO₂). A partir da análise integrada dos fluxos simulados com dados observacionais medidos no sítio experimental foi possível perceber que uma redução na precipitação no ano de 2005, apesar de ter sido menor na parte central da Amazônia, implicou na diminuição da umidade do solo, mostrando que a floresta passou por um período de estresse hídrico maior do que os outros anos analisados. O modelo representou a energia disponível com valores muito próximos aos observados, variando sazonalmente em concordância com os dados medidos em 2005. No entanto, LE é superestimado durante a estação chuvosa, mas mostra juntamente com o fluxo de CO₂, a redução com a umidade do solo na estação seca, enquanto H é superestimado em até 20 W m^-2 durante todo o período simulado. Estes resultados mostram que, a consideração de raízes rasas é mais apropriada para regiões que possuem estação seca curta, conforme se caracteriza a área de estudo, e raízes profundas devem favorecer a modelagem dos processos para superfície de áreas com estação seca mais pronunciada. Com isto os resultados revelam que há necessidade de obter mais informações de propriedades físicas do solo, apropriadas às condições da região, para que outros refinamentos sejam efetivos na distinção do comportamento de florestas tropicais sob diferentes regimes de disponibilidade de água no solo.

Oxygen transport in soil and the vertical distribution of roots

An analytical solution for steady-state oxygen transport in soils including 2 sink terms, viz roots and microbes with the corresponding vertical distribution scaling lengths forming a ratio p, showed p governed the critical air-filled porosity, θ_c, needed by most plants. For low temperature and p, θ_c was <0.1 but at higher temperatures and p = 1, θ_c was >0.15 m³/m³. When root length density at the surface was 10⁴ m/m³ and p > 3, θ_c was 0.25 m³/m³, more than half the pore space. Few combinations of soil and climate regularly meet this condition. However, for sandy soils and seasonally warm, arid regions, the theory is consistent with observation, in that plants may have some deep roots. Critical θ_c values are used to formulate theoretical solutions in a forward mode, so different levels of oxygen uptake by roots may be compared to microbial activity. The proportion of respiration by plant roots increases rapidly with p up to p ≈2.

Moderate drought alters biomass and depth distribution of fine roots in Norway spruce

A rain shelter experiment was conducted in a 90-year-old Norway spruce stand, in the Kysucké Beskydy Mts (Slovakia). Three rain shelters were constructed in the stand to prevent the rainfall from reaching the soil and to reduce water availability in the rhizosphere. Fine root biomass and necromass were repeatedly measured throughout a growing season by soil coring. We established the quantities of fine root biomass (live) and necromass (dead) at soil depths of 0-5, 5-15, 15-25, and 25-35 cm. Significant differences in soil moisture contents between control and drought plots were found in the top 15 cm of soil after 20 weeks of rainfall manipulation (lasting from early June to late October). Our observations show that even relatively light drought decreased total fine root biomass from 272.0 to 242.8 g m-2 and increased the amount of necromass from 79.2 to 101.2 g m-2 in the top 35 cm of soil. Very fine roots, i.e. those with diameter up to 1 mm, were more affected than total fine roots defined as 0-2 mm. The effect of reduced water availability was depth-specific, as a result we observed a modification of vertical distribution of fine roots. More roots in drought treatment were produced in the wetter soil horizons at 25-35 cm depth than at the surface. We conclude that fine and very fine root systems of Norway spruce have the capacity to re-allocate resources to roots at different depths in response to environmental signals, resulting in changes in necromass to biomass ratio.

Starch accumulation in cassava roots: spatial and temporal distribution

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Back to the roots : mean-variance analysis of relevance estimations

Recently, mean-variance analysis has been proposed as a novel paradigm to model document ranking in Information Retrieval. The main merit of this approach is that it diversifies the ranking of retrieved documents. In its original formulation, the strategy considers both the mean of relevance estimates of retrieved documents and their variance. How- ever, when this strategy has been empirically instantiated, the concepts of mean and variance are discarded in favour of a point-wise estimation of relevance (to replace the mean) and of a parameter to be tuned or, alternatively, a quantity dependent upon the document length (to replace the variance). In this paper we revisit this ranking strategy by going back to its roots: mean and variance. For each retrieved document, we infer a relevance distribution from a series of point-wise relevance estimations provided by a number of different systems. This is used to compute the mean and the variance of document relevance estimates. On the TREC Clueweb collection, we show that this approach improves the retrieval performances. This development could lead to new strategies to address the fusion of relevance estimates provided by different systems.

Spatial distribution of arsenic and temporal variation of its concentration in rice

P>In order to gain insights into the transport and distribution of arsenic (As) in intact rice (Oryza sativa) plants and its unloading into the rice grain, we investigated the spatial distribution of As and the temporal variation of As concentration in whole rice plants at different growth stages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such a study has been performed.

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ICP-MS were used to analyze total As concentration and speciation. Moreover, synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) was used to investigate in situ As distribution in the leaf, internode, node and grain.

Total As concentrations of vegetative tissues increased during the 2 wk after flowering. The concentration of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in the caryopsis decreased progressively with its development, whereas inorganic As concentration remained stable. The ratios of As content between neighboring leaves or between neighboring internodes were c. 0.6. SXRF revealed As accumulation in the center of the caryopsis during its early development and then in the ovular vascular trace.

These results indicate that there are different controls on the unloading of inorganic As and DMA; the latter accumulated mainly in the caryopsis before flowering, whereas inorganic As was mainly transported into the caryopsis during grain filling. Moreover, nodes appeared to serve as a check-point in As distribution in rice shoots.

Loss of exudates from the roots of perennial ryegrass inoculated with a range of micro-organisms

To determine the effect of microbial metabolites on the release of root exudates from perennial ryegrass, seedlings were pulse labelled with [¹⁴C]-CO₂ in the presence of a range of soil micro-organisms. Microbial inoculants were spatially separated from roots by Millipore membranes so that root infection did not occur. Using this technique, only microbial metabolites affected root exudation. The effect of microbial metabolites on carbon assimilation and distribution and root exudation was determined for 15 microbial species. Assimilation of a pulse label varied by over 3.5 fold, dependent on inoculant. Distribution of the label between roots and shoots also varied with inoculant, but the carbon pool that was most sensitive to inoculation was root exudation. In the absence of a microbial inoculant only 1% of assimilated label was exuded. Inoculation of the microcosms always caused an increase in exudation but the percentage exuded varied greatly, within the range of 3-34%. © 1995 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Carbon distribution within the plant and rhizosphere in laboratory and field-grown Lolium perenne at different stages of development

Carbon distribution within perennial ryegrass was determined at different stages of plant development, by pulse-labelling laboratory and field-grown plants with ¹⁴C-CO₂. During the early stages of growth (23-51 days), C distribution of laboratory grown plants was not markedly affected by plant age, with 12.4-24% of net assimilated label lost into the soil as root-soil respiration. The percentage of net assimilate translocated below ground was 20-28% during this stage of growth. At 65 days, the percentage of the label translocated below ground decreased to 8.1% of the net assimilate, with a subsequent decrease in root-soil respiration to 3.9%. The ability of the plant to fix the label (expressed in MBq g^-1 oven dry total plant weight) decreased steadily as the plants aged. When the 30 day old plants were subjected to water stress (soil water potential -1.5 MPa) for 2 days before pulse-labelling, root-soil respiration of the pulse-label decreased compared with plants grown at field capacity. The distribution of a ¹⁴C pulse-label within perennial ryegrass grown under field conditions was found to be dependent on the age of the plants. For 4 week old plants, 67% of net assimilated label was translocated below ground, with 64.8% of this respired by the roots and soil. Less label was translocated below ground at subsequent pulse-labels from weeks 8 to 24. The proportion of label translocated below ground respired by the roots and soil also decreased. The investment of label in the plant shoots was found to be greater in field grown plants as compared to plants of the same age grown in a controlled, laboratory environment. © 1990.

Carbon distribution within the plant and rhizosphere for Lolium perenne subjected to anaerobic soil conditions

Perennial ryegrass was subjected to a range of anaerobic treatments. The distribution of C within the plant was determined by pulse labelling the shoots with ¹⁴C-CO₂. A 5 h anaerobic period before pulse labelling reduced by 2.5-10 times the ¹⁴C remaining in the plants and released into the soil. The distribution of the ¹⁴C within the plant was also affected by anaerobiosis. Short periods of anaerobiosis (5 or 10 h) led to increased root-soil ¹⁴C respiration (monitored for 7 days). A longer period of anaerobiosis (48 h) initially inhibited root-soil ¹⁴C respiration, but when aerobiosis was restored. 57% of the total ¹⁴C fixed by the plant was respired by the roots-soil during the following 7 days compared to 19% for the aerobic control. There was a two-thirds reduction in the percentage C retained by the plants stressed for the 48 h compared to the aerobic control. At harvest, all anaerobic treatments were associated with more ¹⁴C remaining in the soil as a proportion of the total ¹⁴C fixed by the plant compared to the aerobic control. © 1990.