Thaptomys Thomas 1915 (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae, Akodontini) with karyotypes 2n = 50, FN = 48, and 2n = 52, FN = 52: two monophyletic lineages recovered by molecular phylogeny

A novel karyotype with 2n = 50, FN = 48, was described for specimens of Thaptomys collected at Una, State of Bahia, Brazil, which are morphologically indistinguishable from Thaptomys nigrita, 2n = 52, FN = 52, found in other localities. It was hence proposed that the 2n = 50 karyotype could belong to a distinct species, cryptic of Thaptomys nigrita, once chromosomal rearrangements observed, along with the geographic distance, might represent a reproductive barrier between both forms. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood based on partial cytochrome b sequences with 1077 bp were performed, attempting to establish the relationships among the individuals with distinct karyotypes along the geographic distribution of the genus; the sample comprised 18 karyotyped specimens of Thaptomys, encompassing 15 haplotypes, from eight different localities of the Atlantic Rainforest. The intra-generic relationships corroborated the distinct diploid numbers, once both phylogenetic reconstructions recovered two monophyletic lineages, a northeastern clade grouping the 2n = 50 and a southeastern clade with three subclades, grouping the 2n = 52 karyotype. The sequence divergence observed between their individuals ranged from 1.9% to 3.5%.

Karyotypic analyses and morphological comments on the endemic and endangered Brazilian painted tree rat Callistomys pictus (Rodentia, Echimyidae)

The genus Callistomys belongs to the rodent family Echimyidae, subfamily Echimyinae, and its only living representative is Callistomys pictus, a rare and vulnerable endemic species of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Callistomys has been previously classified as Nelomys, Loncheres, Isothrix and Echimys. In this paper we present the karyotype of Callistomys pictus, including CBG and GTG-banding patterns and silver staining of the nucleolus organizer regions (Ag-NORs). Comments on Callistomys pictus morphological traits and a compilation of Echimyinae chromosomal data are also included. Our analyses revealed that Callistomys can be recognized both by its distintinctive morphology and by its karyotype.

Ecology and natural history of Akodon lindberghi (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) in southeastern Brazil

We studied the ecology and natural history of the globally threatened and poorly known Akodon lindberghi Hershkovitz, 1990 in Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (PNSC) and Juiz de Fora (JF), southeastern Brazil. From November 1998 to September 2001 a total of 131 individuals were captured in wire-cage live-traps and 52 by pitfalls traps. They were all marked and released at the site. The largest abundances were registered during the dry season, and most of the captures occurred in open habitats. The mean body mass of the two populations was significantly different (18.1 g at PNSC versus 13.1 g at JF; H = 46.2678, g.l.=2, p<0.001). In PNSC, individuals were reproductively active from August to February, and juveniles were present from May to August. The results suggest that the changes in vegetation structure caused by deforestation and intensive agricultural activities could increase the predation rate, affecting the mean body mass of the population.

Systematic review of genus Cerradomys Weksler, percequillo and Voss, 2006 (Rodentia : Cricetidae : Sigmodontinae : Oryzomyini), with description of two new species from eastern Brazil

Cerradomy's is a monophyletic genus that includes four known species, Cerradomys subflavus, C maracajuensis, C. marinhus, and C. scotti, distributed throughout the open vegetation belt across South America, from northeastern Brazil to southeastern Bolivia, and from eastern to northwestern Paraguay. We revised the status of the species currently assigned to this genus by analyzing skins, skulls, karyotypes, and cytochrome b DNA sequences. We also described two novel species, one distributed in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, and Sergipe, and the other in the states of Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piaui, Ceara, and Maranhao. Molecular analysis suggested the following phylogenetics arrangement: (((C. subflavus-C. sp.n.2) C. sp.n.1) C scotti)(C. marinhus-C. maracajuensis)). Apparently, both novel species inhabit the Caatinga domain and penetrated the coastal Atlantic rainforest, differing from the remaining congeneric species that are typical open-area inhabitants.

Chorioallantoic placentation in Galea spixii (Rodentia, Caviomorpha, Caviidae)

Background: Placentas of guinea pig-related rodents are appropriate animal models for human placentation because of their striking similarities to those of humans. To optimize the pool of potential models in this context, it is essential to identify the occurrence of characters in close relatives. Methods: In this study we first analyzed chorioallantoic placentation in the prea, Galea spixii, as one of the guinea pig's closest relatives. Material was collected from a breeding group at the University of Mossoro, Brazil, including 18 individuals covering an ontogenetic sequence from initial pregnancy to term. Placentas were investigated by means of histology, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry (vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, cytokeration) and proliferation activity (PCNA). Results: Placentation in Galea is primarily characterized by an apparent regionalization into labyrinth, trophospongium and subplacenta. It also has associated growing processes with clusters of proliferating trophoblast cells at the placental margin, internally directed projections and a second centre of proliferation in the labyrinth. Finally, the subplacenta, which is temporarily supplied in parallel by the maternal and fetal blood systems, served as the center of origin for trophoblast invasion. Conclusion: Placentation in Galea reveals major parallels to the guinea pig and other caviomorphs with respect to the regionalization of the placenta, the associated growing processes, as well as trophoblast invasion. A principal difference compared to the guinea pig occurred in the blood supply of the subplacenta. Characteristics of the invasion and expanding processes indicate that Galea may serve as an additional animal model that is much smaller than the guinea pig and where the subplacenta partly has access to both maternal and fetal blood systems.

A new genus and species of rodent from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with comments on oryzomyine biogeography

We describe in this paper a new genus and species of cricetid rodent from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, one of the most endangered eco-regions of the world. The new form displays some but not all synapomorphies of the tribe Oryzomyini, but a suite of unique characteristics is also observed. This new forest rat possesses anatomical characteristics of arboreal taxa, such as very developed plantar pads, but was collected almost exclusively in pitfall traps. Phylogenetic analyses of morphological (integument, soft tissue, cranial, and dental characters) and molecular [nuclear - Interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (Irbp) - and mitochondrial - cytochrome b - genes] datasets using maximum likelihood and cladistic parsimony approaches corroborate the inclusion of the new taxon within oryzomyines. The analyses also place the new form as sister species to Eremoryzomys polius, an Andean rat endemic to the Maranon valley. This biogeographical pattern is unusual amongst small terrestrial vertebrates, as a review of the literature points to few other similar examples of Andean-Atlantic Forest pairings, in hylid frogs, Pionus parrots, and other sigmodontine rodents. (C) 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 161, 357-390. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00643.x

New records of Rhagomys rufescens (Rodentia : Sigmodontinae) in the Atlantic forest of Brazil

Since it was trapped in the XIX(th) century, Rhagomys rufescens has been considered a rare endangered sigmodontine rodent and an endemic species of the Atlantic forest. Only a handful of vouchers of this taxon were known by Thomas, 1886. Recently, eight new individuals were collected, providing new geographical, morphological and phylogenetic (based on molecular evidence) information on this species. In the present work we report the southernmost occurrence record for R. rufescens at Indaial, Santa Catarina State, with the largest collected series of this species, the northernmost occurrence record at Santa Teresa, Espirito Santo State, and new records from Pocos de Caldas, Minas Gerais State, from Ibiuna and Ribeirao Grande, Sao Paulo State.

The genus Rhagomys (Thomas 1917) (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae) in South America: morphological considerations, geographic distribution and zoogeographic comments

American Museum of Natural History

The influence of environmental variables on capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris: Rodentia, Hydrochoeridae) detectability in anthropogenic environments of southeastern Brazil

Capybaras were monitored weekly from 1998 to 2006 by counting individuals in three anthropogenic environments (mixed agricultural fields, forest and open areas) of southeastern Brazil in order to examine the possible influence of environmental variables (temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation and global radiation) on the detectability of this species. There was consistent seasonality in the number of capybaras in the study area, with a specific seasonal pattern in each area. Log-linear models were fitted to the sample counts of adult capybaras separately for each sampled area, with an allowance for monthly effects, time trends and the effects of environmental variables. Log-linear models containing effects for the months of the year and a quartic time trend were highly significant. The effects of environmental variables on sample counts were different in each type of environment. As environmental variables affect capybara detectability, they should be considered in future species survey/monitoring programs.

Modelagem da distribuição geográfica atual e futura de Guerlinguetus (Rodentia, Sciuridae) no Brasil

O gênero Guerlinguetus, pertencente à família Sciuridae, possui sete espécies existentes no Brasil. Essas espécies têm sido tratadas como sinônimos de Sciurus aestuans, mas foram distinguidas em um gênero próprio com base nas revisões taxonômicas mais abrangentes disponíveis até recentemente. Apesar disso, pouco há na literatura sobre a distribuição das espécies desse gênero no Brasil e nenhuma pesquisa visando o conhecimento de sua distribuição futura havia sido realizada. A modelagem de distribuição potencial de espécies tem se tornado um componente importante dos planos de conservação e uma grande quantidade de técnicas têm sido desenvolvidas com esta finalidade. Ela pode ser uma ferramenta importante para determinar o grau de ameaça principalmente em espécies ou grupos com poucas informações disponíveis sobre sua distribuição. Com isso, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a influência das possíveis mudanças climáticas na distribuição das espécies de Guerlinguetus no Brasil, através da modelagem potencial das distribuições atual e futura dessas espécies. Para isso foram utilizados dados climáticos e topográficos e o cenário pessimista de emissão de CO2 (A2) para o ano 2070, do Modelo de Circulação Geral CSIRO, com base no quarto relatório do Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas. Os modelos gerados apresentaram perda significativa de áreas consideradas ambientalmente adequadas, do modelo de distribuição atual para o modelo de distribuição futura para as espécies de Guerlinguetus, com exceção de G. aestuans. Apesar da expansão da região potencial de distribuição de G. aestuans para o ano de 2070, a média dos valores de adequabilidade ambiental diminuiu em relação ao modelo de distribuição atual. A localização dessas espécies de hábito arborícola em áreas geograficamente espalhadas dentro da Amazônia, Cerrado e Mata Atlântica é preocupante, devido a grande perda de área original desses biomas, tornando possível a hipótese de ameaça à sobrevivência das espécies devido a mudanças ambientais futuras.

Nota sobre a infecção natural de Calomys expulsus, Lund, 1841 (Cricetidae-Rodentia) pelo Trypanosoma cruzi

Foi isolada uma amostra de T. cruzi do roedor silvestre, Calomys expulsus, Lund, 1841, capturado no norte do município de Formosa, Goiás, através de inoculações em animais de laboratório, e subseqüente xenodiagnósticos com R. neglectus, T. infestans e P. megistus. A amostra de T. cruzi apresentou patogenicidade muito baixa para os animais inoculados, mas conferiu resistência a reinjecções a cêpa Y de origem humana. As jornias sanguícolas tiveram um comprimento total médio de 21.8 µ e o índice nuclear foi 1.15.

Sobre o encontro do Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) renjifoi Deane 1961, infectando Proechimys longicaudatus (Rodentia-Echimyidae)

É relatado o encontro do roedor Proechimys longicaudatus, capturado na Fazenda Água Limpa, Brasília-DF (Brasil), naturalmente infectado pelo Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) renjifoi. Este é o primeiro relato do T. (H.) renjifoi na região do Brasil Central.

Alguns aspectos do comportamento de cepas silvestres de Trypanosoma cruzi em camundongos e Calomys callosus (Rodentia)

Foram estudadas quatro cepas silvestres de T. cruzi: M226 isolada de Calomys callosus (Rodentia) e R52, R64 e R65 isoladas de Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia). Estes animais foram coletados no município de Formosa, Goiás, Brasil. Os aspectos abordados, relacionados com o comportamento destas cepas em camundongos "swiss" 40 e C. callosus nascidos em laboratório, foram: parasitemia, prepatência, letalidade e histopatologia. Os resultados indicaram que as quatro cepas tinham baixa virulência para os animais testados. A parasitemia sempre se apresentou baixa e regular para os C. callosus. Nos camundongos, só raramente a parasitemia era patente. A prepatência nos C. callosus variou em média entre 9,2 a 10,2 dias, enquanto nos camundongos ficou entre 12-48 dias. A letalidade para C. callosus foi 7,7% e para camundongos 12,0%. Os estudos histopatológicos mostraram que somente 17,2% dos C. callosus apresentaram parasitismo tissular, enquanto em 25% dos camundongos foram encontrados pseudocistos íntegros ou rompidos. Houve um nítido miotropismo das quatro cepas tanto nos camundongos quanto nos C. callosus.

Infecção experimental de Calomys callosus (Rodentia Cricetidae) com Trypanosoma cruzi

São apresentados resultados sobre a infecção experimental de Calomys callosus (Rodentia) e duas cepas (Y e Berenice) de Trypanosoma cruzi, isoladas de casos humanos. O estudo da evolução foi feito comparado com Mus musculus albino cepa "Swiss", quanto a prepatência, parasitemia, patência e letalidade. Análise histopatológica foi também conduzida em C. callosus, com o objetivo de verificar o tropismo tissular e agressividade das cepas neste roedor. Os experimentos mostraram que a evolução da infecção em C. Callosus foi diferente para as duas cepas de T. cruzi. A cepa Y apresentou maior parasitemia do que a cepa Berenice. O período prepatente variou com as doses utilizadas tendo sido mais curto nos animais inoculados com a cepa Y (2, 2-5, 2 dias) do que naquelas com a cepa Berenice (3, 2-7 dias). Embora as duas cepas inoculadas nos C. callosus tenham-se mostrado miotrópicas, as alterações tissulares foram mais acentuadas com a Y. Os resultados obtidos abrem perspectivas quanto à possibilidade do uso de C. callosus como animal experimental para T. cruzi.

Estudo experimental de Zygodontomys lasiurus (Rodentia-cricetidae) com cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi

São apresentados resultados em relação a infecção expertmental de Zygodontomys lasiurus (Rodentia-Cricetidae) com duas cepas de T. cruzi isoladas de casos humanos, Y e Berenice, e uma isolada de um triatomíneo silvestre, chamada costalimai. Foram realizados estudos em relação a evolução da parasitemia, duração da patência e prepatência da infecção. Com o objetivo de verificar a agressividade e tropismo tissular das cepas de T. cruzi nesta espécie de roedor, foram também realizados estudos histopatológicos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os níveis de parasitemias foram baixos para as três cepas estudadas. A patência da infecção variou de 14 a 16 dias nos animais inoculados com a cepa Y, 26 a 29 dias com a Berenice e 9 a 13 dias com a costalimai. O período prepatente variou de 3 a 5 dias nos animais inoculados com a cepa Y, de 2 a 6 dias com a cepa Berenice e de 6 a 8 dias com a costalimai. As três cepas apresentaram em Z. lasiurus, comprometimento nitidamente muscular, provocando reações leves, moderadas e intensas.