Financing of research, development, and innovation in the U.S.S.R. /

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The opportunity for implementing Islamic project financing to the Indonesian infrastructure development

Purpose: This chapter discusses the opportunity of Islamic project financing implementation for public infrastructure development in Indonesia. Design/Methodology/Approach: This chapter, firstly, reviewed existing literature on Islamic finance to explore the applicability of Islamic financing in infrastructure development. Interviews were conducted as the first stage of Delphi method approach. This was then followed by reviewing Indonesia’s government policies and regulations in infrastructure industry and Islamic financing. Findings: This chapter enlightens the implementation of Islamic financing on infrastructure project financing in Indonesia. The findings indicate that the government policies and regulations on both infrastructure investment and Islamic financing support the implementation of Islamic project financing, whereas, an improvement is still needed in order to overarch infrastructure business and Islamic financing investment. Research: Financing framework development for Indonesia infrastructure projects. Limitations/Implications: The result reported comprises the preliminary study of Islamic project paper written based on published research papers and interviews. Furthermore, the data collected for the study are limited to the case of Indonesian infrastructure projects. Practical Implication: Islamic financing in Indonesia infrastructure projects development has not been optimally implemented. Therefore, this chapter serves as a catalyst to explore alternative financial scheme such as Islamic financing for infrastructure development. Originality/Value: This chapter highlights possibilities and obstacles in applying Islamic scheme to infrastructure project financing. This provides a framework to analyse the steps to implement Islamic financing successfully in infrastructure development.

Nothing New (Ethically) Under the Sun: Policy & Clinical Implications of Nanomedicine

Article

Fundos competitivo para o financiamento da pesquisa agrícola no Brasil: o caso do PRODETAB-EMPRAPA

Programas de Fundos Competitivos para financiamento da pesquisa agrícola há muito estão sendo implementados nos países desenvolvidos. Entretanto, somente a partir da década de 1990 a adoção desse mecanismo se intensificou nos países em desenvolvimento, especialmente na América Latina. Isso ocorreu em razão da redução dos recursos do governo federal para a pesquisa agrícola, o que levou as instituições de pesquisa a buscar fontes alternativas para o financiamento de sua programação. A partir desse cenário, o presente trabalho analisa e discute a importância dos Fundos Competitivos como alternativa criativa e inovadora na captação de recursos para o financiamento da pesquisa agrícola no Brasil. A análise é feita a partir de estudo teórico sobre esse mecanismo de financiamento e com base em um estudo de caso do Sistema Competitivo do PRODETAB, implementado e coordenado pela Embrapa. O objetivo foi o de avaliar a importância e a contribuição dos fundos competitivos para o aumento da eficiência na alocação dos recursos públicos para a pesquisa agrícola e para a melhoria da qualidade dos projetos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento

Fundos competitivos para o financiamento da pesquisa agrícola no Brasil: o caso do PRODETAB - Embrapa

Programas de Fundos Competitivos para financiamento da pesquisa agrícola há muito estão sendo implementados nos países desenvolvidos. Entretanto, somente a partir da década de 1990 a adoção desse mecanismo se intensificou nos países em desenvolvimento, especialmente na América Latina. Isso ocorreu em razão da redução dos recursos do governo federal para a pesquisa agrícola, o que levou as instituições de pesquisa a buscar fontes alternativas para o financiamento de sua programação. A partir desse cenário, o presente trabalho analisa e discute a importância dos Fundos Competitivos como alternativa criativa e inovadora na captação de recursos para o financiamento da pesquisa agrícola no Brasil. A análise é feita a partir de estudo teórico sobre esse mecanismo de financiamento e com base em um estudo de caso do Sistema Competitivo do PRODETAB, implementado e coordenado pela Embrapa. O objetivo foi o de avaliar a importância e a contribuição dos fundos competitivos para o aumento da eficiência na alocação dos recursos públicos para a pesquisa agrícola e para a melhoria da qualidade dos projetos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento.

Particulate composite based on coconut fiber and castor oil polyurethane adhesive: An eco-efficient product

This paper presents a study on the potential use of coconut fiber as material to produce particleboards, with two different densities (0.8 g/cm(3) and 1.0 g/cm3), using castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive and urea-formaldehyde. The quality of the product that can be produced by industry was evaluated according to the normative NBR 14.810:2006, where density, thickness swell (TS), absorption, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending and internal bond (IB) were determined. From the results, there was a decrease in TS and increase in MOR of coconut fiber panels with polyurethane resin panels compared with coconut fiber and resin urea-formaldehyde. Scanning microscopy electronic images (SEM) indicated that castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive occupies the gaps between the particles, a factor that contributes to improved physical and mechanical properties of the panels. The assessment of durability through accelerated aging tests shows that panels protected with waterproofing material can be used in environments that have contact with moisture. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dependence of brittle-to-ductile transition on crystallographic direction in diamond turning of single-crystal silicon

The objective of this paper is to show the dependence relationship between the crystallographic orientations upon brittle-to-ductile transition during diamond turning of monocrystalline silicon. Cutting tests were performed using a -5 degrees rake angle round nose diamond tool at different machining scales. At the micrometre level, the feedrate was kept constant at 2.5 micrometres per revolution (mu m/r), and the depth of cut was varied from 1 to 5 mu m. At the submicrometre level, the depth of cut was kept constant at 500 nm and the feedrate varied from 5 to 10 mu m/r. At the micrometre level, the uncut shoulder generated with an interrupted cutting test procedure provided a quantitative measurement of the ductile-to-brittle transition. Results show that the critical chip thickness in silicon for ductile material removal reaches a maximum of 285 nm in the [100] direction and a minimum of 115 nm in the [110] direction, when the depth of cut was 5 mu m. It was found that when a submicrometre depth of cut was applied, microcracks were revealed in the [110] direction, which is the softer direction in silicon. Micro Raman spectroscopy was used to estimate surface residual stress after machining. Compressive residual stress in the range 142 MPa and smooth damage free surface finish was probed in the [100] direction for a depth of cut of 5 mu m, whereas residual stresses in the range 350 MPa and brittle damage was probed in the [110] direction for a depth of cut of 500 nm.

Effect of partial preferential orientation and distortions in octahedral clusters on the photoluminescence properties of FeWO4 nanocrystals

This communication is a report of our initial research to obtain iron tungstate (FeWO4) nanocrystals by the microwave-hydrothermal method at 170 degrees C for 45 min. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the FeWO4 nanocrystals prepared with polyethylene glycol-200 have a partial preferential orientation in the (011) plane in relation to other nanocrystals prepared with sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate and water. Rietveld refinement data indicates that all nanocrystals are monophasic with wolframite-type monoclinic structures and exhibit different distortions on octahedral [FeO6]/[WO6] clusters. High resolution transmission electron microcopy revealed an oriented attachment mechanism for the growth of aggregated FeWO4 nanocrystals. Finally, we observed that the photoluminescence properties of these nanocrystals are affected by partial preferential orientation in the (011) plane and distortions on [FeO6]/[WO6] clusters.

Evaluating the federal role in financing health-related research

This paper considers the appropriate role for government in the support of scientific and technological progress in health care; the information the federal government needs to make well-informed decisions about its role; and the ways that federal policy toward research and development should respond to scientific advances, technology trends, and changes in the political and social environment. The principal justification for government support of research rests upon economic characteristics that lead private markets to provide inappropriate levels of research support or to supply inappropriate quantities of the products that result from research. The federal government has two basic tools for dealing with these problems: direct subsidies for research and strengthened property rights that can increase the revenues that companies receive for the products that result from research. In the coming years, the delivery system for health care will continue to undergo dramatic changes, new research opportunities will emerge at a rapid pace, and the pressure to limit discretionary federal spending will intensify. These forces make it increasingly important to improve the measurement of the costs and benefits of research and to recognize the tradeoffs among alternative policies for promoting innovation in health care.