Examination of the influence of behavioral, normative and control beliefs on the adherence to a prescribed renal diet among elderly populations with chronic to end-stage renal disease

The 1999-2004 prevalence of chronic kidney disease in adults 20 year or older (15.5 million) is an estimated 7.69%. The risk of developing CKD is exacerbated by diabetes, hypertension and/or a family history of kidney disease. African Americans, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, Native Americans, and the elderly are more susceptible to higher incidence of CKD. The challenges of aging coupled with co-morbidities such as kidney disease raises the potential for malnutrition among elderly (for the purpose of this study 55 years or older) populations. Lack of adherence to prescribed nutrition guidelines specific to renal failure jeopardizes body homeostasis and increases the likelihood of future morbidity and resultant mortality. The relationship and synergy that exists between diet and disease is evident. Clinical experience with renal patients has indicated the importance of adherence to diet therapy specific to kidney disease. Extension investigation of diet adherence among endstage renal disease patients revealed a sizeable dearth in the current literature. This thesis study was undertaken to help reduce that void. The study design is qualitative and descriptive. Support, cooperation, and collaboration were provided by the University of Texas Nephrology Department, University of Texas Physicians, and DaVita Dialysis Centers. Approximately 105 male and female chronic to end-stage kidney disease patients were approached to participate in elicitation interviews in dialysis treatment facilities regarding their present diet beliefs and practices. Eighty-five were recruited and agreed to participate. Inclusion criteria required individuals to be between 35-90 years of age; capable of completing a 5-10 minute interview; and English speaking. Each kidney patient was asked seven (7) non-leading questions developed from the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior. The study presents a descriptive comparison of behavioral, normative, and control beliefs that influence adherence to renal diets by age, race, and gender. The study successfully concluded that behavioral, normative, and control beliefs of chronic to end-stage renal patients promoted execution and adherence to prescribed nutrition. This study provides valuable information for dietitians, technicians, nurses, and physicians to assess patient compliance toward prescribed nutrition and the means to support or improve that performance. ^

L'insuffisance rénale chronique: quelle est la diète optimale

The optimal diet for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an issue frequently brought up by patients and/or their relatives during outpatient visits. For patients without malnutrition who are motivated and supported by an experienced multidisciplinary team, the optimal protein intake of 0,6 g/kg of ideal body weight/day is recommended to halt the progression of CKD. A calorie intake of 30 to 35 kcal/kg of ideal body weight/day is necessary to reduce the risk of malnutrition from a low protein diet and to maintain a neutral nitrogen balance. A low-salt diet, namely 5 to 6 g/d, is useful to optimize the treatment of hypertension associated with CKD and to limit fluid overload. At the advanced stage of CKD, it is also necessary to restrict the intake of phosphorus and sometimes potassium. Given the complexity of optimal renal diet, coordination between general practitioners, nephrologists and dietitians is essential to foster optimal care.

Renal responses to three types of renin-angiotensin system blockers in patients with diabetes mellitus on a high-salt diet: a need for higher doses in diabetic patients?

Objective Activation of the renal renin-angiotensin system in patients with diabetes mellitus appears to contribute to the risk of nephropathy. Recently, it has been recognized than an elevation of prorenin in plasma also provides a strong indication of risk of nephropathy. This study was designed to examine renin-angiotensin system control mechanisms in the patient with diabetes mellitus.Methods We enrolled 43 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. All individuals were on a high-salt diet to minimize the contribution of the systemic renin-angiotensin system. After an acute exposure to captopril (25 mg), they were randomized to treatment with either irbesartan (300 mg) or aliskiren (300 mg) for 2 weeks.Results All agents acutely lowered blood pressure and plasma aldosterone, and increased renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate. Yet, only captopril and aliskiren acutely increased plasma renin and decreased plasma angiotensin II, whereas irbesartan acutely affected neither renin nor angiotensin II. Plasma renin and angiotensin II subsequently did increase upon chronic irbesartan treatment. When given on day 14, irbesartan and aliskiren again induced the above hemodynamic, renal and adrenal effects, yet without significantly changing plasma renin. Irbesartan at that time did not affect plasma angiotensin II, whereas aliskiren lowered it to almost zero.Conclusion The relative resistance of the renal renin response to acute (irbesartan) and chronic (irbesartan and aliskiren) renin-angiotensin system blockade supports the concept of an activated renal renin-angiotensin system in diabetes, particularly at the level of the juxtaglomerular cell, and implies that diabetic patients might require higher doses of renin-angiotensin system blockers to fully suppress the renal renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens 29: 2454-2461 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

PTH and 1.25 vitamin D response to a low-calcium diet is associated with bone mineral density in renal stone formers.

BACKGROUND: Renal calcium stones and hypercalciuria are associated with a reduced bone mineral density (BMD). Therefore, the effect of changes in calcium homeostasis is of interest for both stones and bones. We hypothesized that the response of calciuria, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1.25 vitamin D to changes in dietary calcium might be related to BMD. METHODS: A single-centre prospective interventional study of 94 hyper- and non-hypercalciuric calcium stone formers consecutively retrieved from our stone clinic. The patients were investigated on a free-choice diet, a low-calcium diet, while fasting and after an oral calcium load. Patient groups were defined according to lumbar BMD (z-score) obtained by dual X-ray absorptiometry (group 1: z-score <-0.5, n = 30; group 2: z-score -0.5-0.5, n = 36; group 3: z-score >0.5, n = 28). The effect of the dietary interventions on calciuria, 1.25 vitamin D and PTH in relation to BMD was measured. RESULTS: An inverse relationship between BMD and calciuria was observed on all four calcium intakes (P = 0.009). On a free-choice diet, 1.25 vitamin D and PTH levels were identical in the three patient groups. However, the relative responses of 1.25 vitamin D and PTH to the low-calcium diet were opposite in the three groups with the highest increase of 1.25 vitamin D in group 1 and the lowest in group 3, whereas PTH increase was most pronounced in group 3 and least in group 1. CONCLUSION: Calcium stone formers with a low lumbar BMD exhibit a blunted response of PTH release and an apparently overshooting production of 1.25 vitamin D following a low-calcium diet.

Involvement of Renal Corpuscle microRNA Expression on Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Maternal Low Protein Diet in Adult Programmed Rats

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

PTH and 1.25 vitamin D response to a low-calcium diet is associated with bone mineral density in renal stone formers

BACKGROUND: Renal calcium stones and hypercalciuria are associated with a reduced bone mineral density (BMD). Therefore, the effect of changes in calcium homeostasis is of interest for both stones and bones. We hypothesized that the response of calciuria, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1.25 vitamin D to changes in dietary calcium might be related to BMD. METHODS: A single-centre prospective interventional study of 94 hyper- and non-hypercalciuric calcium stone formers consecutively retrieved from our stone clinic. The patients were investigated on a free-choice diet, a low-calcium diet, while fasting and after an oral calcium load. Patient groups were defined according to lumbar BMD (z-score) obtained by dual X-ray absorptiometry (group 1: z-score <-0.5, n = 30; group 2: z-score -0.5-0.5, n = 36; group 3: z-score >0.5, n = 28). The effect of the dietary interventions on calciuria, 1.25 vitamin D and PTH in relation to BMD was measured. RESULTS: An inverse relationship between BMD and calciuria was observed on all four calcium intakes (P = 0.009). On a free-choice diet, 1.25 vitamin D and PTH levels were identical in the three patient groups. However, the relative responses of 1.25 vitamin D and PTH to the low-calcium diet were opposite in the three groups with the highest increase of 1.25 vitamin D in group 1 and the lowest in group 3, whereas PTH increase was most pronounced in group 3 and least in group 1. CONCLUSION: Calcium stone formers with a low lumbar BMD exhibit a blunted response of PTH release and an apparently overshooting production of 1.25 vitamin D following a low-calcium diet.

Worse renal outcome of lupus nephritis in male patients: a case-control study

Background: Progression and long-term renal outcome of lupus nephritis (LN) in male patients is a controversial subject in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of male gender on the renal outcome of LN. Methods: All male (M) LN patients who fulfilled American College of Rheumatology lupus criteria and who were referred for a kidney biopsy from 1999 to 2009 were enrolled in the study. Subjects with end-stage renal disease at baseline, or follow-up time below 6 months, were excluded. Cases were randomly matched to female (F) patients according to the class of LN, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease simplified formula) and follow-up time. Treatment was decided by the clinical staff based on usual literature protocols. The primary endpoint was doubling of serum creatinine and/or end-stage renal disease. The secondary endpoint was defined as a variation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) per year (Delta GFR/y index), calculated as the difference between final and initial eGFR adjusted by follow-up time for each patient. Results: We included 93 patients (31 M : 62 F). At baseline, M and F patients were not statistically different regarding WHO LN class (II 9.7%, IV 71%, V 19.3%), eGFR (M 62.4 +/- 36.4 ml/min/1.73 m(2) versus F 59.9 +/- 32.7 ml/min/1.73 m(2)), follow-up time (M 44.2 +/- 27.3 months versus F 39.9 +/- 27.9 months), and 24-hour proteinuria (M 5.3 +/- 4.6 g/day versus F 5.2 +/- 3.0 g/day), as well as age, albumin, C3, antinuclear antibody, anti-DNA antibody and haematuria. There was no difference in the primary outcome (M 19% versus F 13%, log-rank p = 0.62). However, male gender was significantly associated with a worse renal function progression, as measured by Delta GFR/y index (beta coefficient for male gender -12.4, 95% confidence interval -22.8 to -2.1, p = 0.02). The multivariate linear regression model showed that male gender remained statistically associated with a worse renal outcome even after adjustment for eGFR, proteinuria, albumin and C3 complement at baseline. Conclusion: In our study, male gender presented a worse evolution of LN (measured by an under GFR recovering) when compared with female patients with similar baseline features and treatment. Factors that influence the progression of LN in men and sex-specific treatment protocols should be further addressed in new studies. Lupus (2011) 20, 561-567.

Creatine Supplementation Prevents the Accumulation of Fat in the Livers of Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of creatine supplementation on liver fat accumulation induced by a high-fat diet in rats. Rats were fed 1 of 3 different diets for 3 wk: a control liquid diet (C), a high-fat liquid diet (HF), or a high-fat liquid diet supplemented with creatine (HFC). The C and HF diets contained, respectively, 35 and 71% of energy derived from fat. Creatine supplementation involved the addition of 1% (wt:v) of creatine monohydrate to the liquid diet. The HF diet increased total liver fat concentration, liver TG, and liver TBARS and decreased the hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentration. Creatine supplementation normalized all of these perturbations. Creatine supplementation significantly decreased the renal activity of L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase and plasma guanidinoacetate and prevented the decrease in hepatic SAM concentration in rats fed the HF diet. However, there was no change in either the phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio or PE N-methyltransferase activity. The HF diet decreased mRNA for PPAR as well as 2 of its targets, carnitine palmitoyltransferase and long-chain acylCoA dehydrogenase. Creatine supplementation normalized these mRNA levels. In conclusion, creatine supplementation prevented the fatty liver induced by feeding rats a HF diet, probably by normalization of the expression of key genes of beta-oxidation. J. Nutr. 141: 1799-1804, 2011.

Glycosphingolipids modulate renal phosphate transport in potassium deficiency

Background. Potassium (K) deficiency (KD) and/or hypokalemia have been associated with disturbances of phosphate metabolism The purpose of the present study was to determine the cellular mechanisms that mediate the impairment of renal proximal tubular Na/Pi cotransport in a model of K deficiency in the rat. Methods. K deficiency in the rat was achieved by feeding rats a K-deficient diet for seven days. which resulted in a marked decrease in serum and tissue K content. Results. K deficiency resulted in a marked increase in urinary Pi excretion and a decrease in the V-max of brush-border membrane (BBM) Na/Pi cotransport activity (1943 95 in control vs. 1183 +/- 99 pmol/5 sec/mg BBM protein in K deficiency. P < 0.02). Surprisingly. the decrease in Na/Pi cotransport activity was associated with increases in the abundance of type I (NaPi-1). and type II (NaPi-2) and type III (Glvr-1) Na/Pi protein. The decrease in Na/Pi transport was associated with significant alterations in BBM lipid composition, including increases in sphingomyelin. glucosylceramide. and ganglioside GM, content and a decrease in BBM lipid fluidity. Inhibition of glucosylceramide synthesis resulted in increases in BBM Na/Pi cotransport activity in control and K-deficient rats. The resultant Na/Pi cotransport activity in K-deficit nt rats was the same as in control rats (1148 +/- 52 in control + PDMP vs. 11.52 +/- 61 pmol/5 sec/mg BBM protein in K deficiency + PDMP). These changes in transport activity occurred independent of further changes in BBM NaPi-2 protein or renal cortical NaPi-2 mRNA abundance. Conclusion. K deficiency in the rat causes inhibition of renal Na/Pi cotransport activity by post-translational mechanisms that are mediated in part through alterations in glucosylceramide content and membrane lipid dynamics.

Adesão terapêutica em doentes submetidos a transplante hepático e renal

RESUMO - Introdução - A não adesão à terapêutica nos doentes transplantados foi identificada em diversos estudos e constitui um fator preditivo de morbilidade e mortalidade. Como em Portugal não existe um conhecimento aprofundado sobre os comportamentos de não adesão nos doentes transplantados, este estudo tem como objetivo a avaliação da adesão terapêutica nos doentes submetidos a transplante hepático e renal e a identificação de fatores associados à não adesão. Metodologia - Foi elaborado e aplicado um questionário a uma amostra de doentes com mais de 18 anos submetidos a transplante renal ou hepático há mais de seis meses. Foi analisada a associação entre o comportamento de não adesão e fatores relacionados com o doente, condição, terapêutica e acesso aos serviços de saúde. Resultados - Dos 75 inquiridos, 60% eram doentes transplantados de fígado e 40% transplantados renais, com uma média de 48 anos e maioritariamente do sexo masculino (65,3%). Entre os inquiridos, verificou-se que 44% admitiu ter tido um comportamento de não adesão aos medicamentos prescritos. Os doentes que reportaram comportamento de não adesão tinham uma média de idades de 44 anos, possuíam como escolaridade o ensino secundário ou curso profissional, trabalhavam ou estudavam, tomavam menos de oito comprimidos por dia e tinham sido transplantados há mais de 5 anos. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que a dieta (28,8%), o exercício físico (33,3%) e o deixar de fumar (10,7%) são as indicações dadas pelos profissionais de saúde que os doentes referiram ter mais dificuldade em cumprir. Conclusão - Com este estudo esperamos ter contribuído para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a adesão à terapêutica nos doentes transplantados, o qual deve ser aprofundado para permitir o desenvolvimento de estratégias efetivas de melhoria da adesão aos planos terapêuticos.

Gestão integrada da doença renal crónica em Portugal : o panorama atual e o papel do profissional de nutrição na obtenção de melhores resultados em saúde

RESUMO - A doença renal crónica (DRC) resulta da perda de função renal, sendo necessário a terapêutica de substituição, no estádio terminal. Em Portugal está atualmente em vigor o modelo de Gestão Integrada da Doença, que tem inerente o cumprimento de objetivos e metas pelas unidades de diálise. Uma alimentação adequada é um pilar fundamental ao sucesso do tratamento desta doença, o que torna o profissional de nutrição indispensável. Este trabalho pretendeu avaliar o cumprimento das metas e objetivos estabelecidos no modelo referido, e relacionar os resultados obtidos com a existência de contacto entre o profissional de nutrição e os pacientes. Para a persecução dos objetivos, foram analisadas duas bases de dados disponibilizadas pela Direção Geral da Saúde: a base de dados da Plataforma de Gestão Integrada da Doença Renal Crónica em 2012 e a do Questionário de Avaliação da Satisfação dos Doentes em Hemodiálise em 2013. Verificou-se uma melhoria contínua ao longo dos anos do cumprimento das metas e objetivos preconizados em Portugal para o tratamento da DRC, com um cumprimento da maioria no ano de 2012. No entanto, os parâmetros ferritina e albumina sérica ficaram aquém da recomendação. Observou-se um nível elevado de satisfação do paciente quanto ao trabalho do profissional de nutrição, apesar de ser frequente a inexistência de contacto entre ambas as partes. Os resultados obtidos demonstram também que o profissional de nutrição tem um papel importante para a obtenção de melhores resultados de saúde nos pacientes em tratamento por hemodiálise, pelo que se sugere um acompanhamento da totalidade deste tipo de população por este profissional.

Prevalência de anemia e insuficiência renal em portadores de insuficiência cardíaca não-hospitalizados

FUNDAMENTOS: Insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma doença comum com alta taxa de mortalidade. Anemia e insuficiência renal (IR) são frequentemente encontradas em portadores de IC associadas com maior gravidade da doença cardíaca e pior prognóstico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de anemia e insuficiência renal, bem como a associação entre esses dois quadros, em portadores de IC não hospitalizados. MÉTODOS: Foram observados pacientes acompanhandos na clínica de IC de um hospital universitário de julho de 2003 a novembro de 2006. Anemia foi definida como níveis de hemoglobina abaixo de 13 mg/dl para homens e de 12 mg/dl para mulheres. A função renal foi avaliada por meio da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG), calculada pela fórmula simplificada do estudo MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease). RESULTADOS: Dos trezentos e quarenta e cinco pacientes incluídos neste estudo, 26,4% (n = 91) tinham anemia e 29,6% tinham insuficiência renal moderada a grave (TFG < 60 ml/min). A associação entre anemia e maior prevalência de insuficiência renal foi estatisticamente significante (41,8% vs. 25,2%; p = 0,005). Os pacientes em classe funcional III e IV apresentaram maior incidência de anemia (39,0% vs. 19,4%; p <0,001) e insuficiência renal (38,2% vs. 24,8%; p = 0,007). Não foi observada associação entre anemia ou insuficiência renal e história de hipertensão, diabetes, função sistólica ou etiologia de insuficiência cardíaca. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de anemia e insuficiência renal foi elevada nessa população e foi associada com a gravidade da insuficiência cardíaca (classes funcionais III e IV).

Disfunção renal e anemia em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida versus normal

FUNDAMENTO: A presença de anemia e de disfunção renal confere mau prognóstico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER). O impacto em pacientes com IC e fração de ejeção normal (ICFEN) é pouco estudado. OBJETIVOS: Estudar a prevalência e o prognóstico da anemia e da disfunção renal (DR) em pacientes com IC de acordo com o tipo de disfunção ventricular. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados prospectivamente 209 pacientes com IC crônica estável. Pacientes com fração de ejeção <50 % foram considerados como tendo ICFER. Anemia foi definida pelos critérios da OMS como hemoglobina <13 g/dl em homens e <12 g/dl em mulheres. A função renal foi calculada pela fórmula sMDRD (Simplified Modified Diet Renal Disease). Hospitalizações, visitas a emergências e óbitos por causas cardíacas foram considerados como eventos cardíacos. RESULTADOS: Noventa pacientes tinham ICFER e 119, ICFEN. A taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) foi menor no grupo com ICFER (57,6 ± 66,2 versus 94,8 ± 36,6 ml/min/1,73m²; p=0,01). Não houve diferença na prevalência da anemia nos dois grupos (23,3% versus 18,5%; p=0,34). A prevalência da DR moderada a grave foi maior no grupo com ICFER (32,2% versus 16,8% p=0,01). A DR foi o único fator associado à anemia e associou-se independentemente com eventos cardíacos (HR 2,52; IC 95% = 1,27 - 5,2; p=0,01). CONCLUSÃO: DR foi menos prevalente na ICFEN, enquanto a prevalência de anemia não diferiu entre os dois grupos. A DR foi preditora de eventos cardíacos, independentemente da fração de ejeção.

Disfunção renal e marcadores inflamatórios em hipertensos atendidos em hospital universitário

FUNDAMENTO: A doença renal crônica representa hoje um grande desafio para a saúde pública no sentido de se obterem conhecimentos para subsidiar intervenções que possam alterar a velocidade de perda da função renal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a magnitude do déficit da função renal em hipertensos adultos e sua relação com marcadores inflamatórios: proteína C reativa ultrassensível, velocidade de hemossedimentação e relação neutrófilos/linfócitos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo 1.273 adultos hipertensos, de ambos os sexos, sendo 1.052 com déficit da função renal e 221 sem déficit, diagnosticados pela equação Modification of Diet in the Renal Disease. A razão de chances (OR) e a razão de prevalência (RP) foram utilizadas para determinar a probabilidade de ocorrência de atividade inflamatória na doença renal. RESULTADOS: O déficit de função renal foi diagnosticado em 82,6% dos avaliados, sendo que a maioria da amostra (70,8%) estava inserida no estágio 2 da doença renal crônica. No modelo de regressão permaneceram independentemente associadas ao déficit da função renal a síndrome metabólica (RPajustada = 1,09 [IC95%: 1,04-1,14]), a proteína C reativa ultrassensível (RPajustada = 1,54 [IC95%: 1,40-1,69]) e a velocidade de hemossedimentação (RPajustada = 1,20 [IC95%: 1,12-1,28]). No entanto, considerando os indivíduos classificados no estágio 2 do déficit da função renal, a chance de alteração dos marcadores inflamatórios foram de OR = 10,25 (IC95%: 7,00-15,05) para a proteína C reativa ultrassensível, OR = 8,50 (IC95%: 5.70-12.71) para a relação neutrófilos/linfócitos e OR = 7,18 (IC95%: 4,87-10,61) para a velocidade de hemossedimentação. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostram associação da atividade inflamatória e da síndrome metabólica com o déficit da função renal.

Atendimento no Ambulatório de Nutrição Renal da Faculdade de Nutrição da Universidade Federal Fluminense e Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro : efeitos de um programa de treino de força intradialítica em pacientes renais crónicos

Relatório de estágio de mestrado, Nutrição Clínica, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2015