Viisumin epäävä päätös, kohdemaa Venäjä

Tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia viisumin epäävään päätökseen (kielteiseen päätökseen) liittyviä perusteita ja epäävään päätöksen muutoksenhakukeinoja. Tutkimuksessa tuodaan esiin muutoksenhakuvälineiden erilaisuus tavallisen viisumihakijan ja Euroopan unionin kansalaisen perheenjäsenen välillä, johon sovelletaan vapaan liikkuvuuden direktiiviä. Tutkimuksessa viisumin epäämisen tarkastelu on kohdistettu Venäjän viisumeihin. Tutkimusmenetelmänä tutkielmassa käytetään oikeusdogmatiikkaa, lainsäädännön ja sen esivalmisteluaineiston läpikäyntiä. Oikeusdogmatiikan avulla pyritään etsimään vastausta epäävän päätöksen muutoksenhaun erilaisuuteen. Tutkimuksessa on lisäksi tukeuduttu oikeuskirjallisuuteen. Viimeisenä tutkimusmenetelmänä on käytetty laadullista haastattelututkimusta. Viisumin epäävään (kielteiseen) päätöksen perusteet on Euroopan unionin lainsäädännössä tarkkaan asetettu. Viisumia ei näin ollen voi evätä, jollei peruste löydy lainsäädännöstä. Kuitenkin epäävään päätökseen liittyy lähtökohtaisesti aina viranomaisen harkinta. Viranomaisella on velvollisuus käyttää harkintaansa ja pyrkiä objektiivisesti ottamaan huomioon kaikki asiaan vaikuttavat seikat kokonaisuutena, kun punnitaan viisumin päätösratkaisua. Tutkimustuloksissa huomioidaan Suomessa vallitseva valitusoikeuden puuttuminen epäävään viisumipäätökseen ja siihen haettuun oikaisuvaatimuspäätökseen. Tuloksissa tuodaan esiin Euroopan unionin kansalaisen etuoikeutettu asema vapaan liikkuvuuden direktiivin kohdalla ja siihen liittyvä hallintovalitusmahdollisuus. Asian eriarvoisuuden perustelut on tuotu esiin. Euroopan unionin kansalainen kuuluu erityiseen oikeusjärjestykseen, jolloin erilaiselle kohtelulle on olemassa objektiivinen ja hyväksyttävä peruste. On huomioitava, että Suomen kansallinen muutoksenhakujärjestelmä perustuu EUoikeuteen. EU-oikeus on antanut jäsenvaltioilleen mahdollisuuden toteuttaa viisumeihin kohdistuvan muutoksenhaun omalla, parhaaksi katsomallaan tavalla. Viisumin hakijalta puuttuva valitusoikeus, muiden kuin vapaan liikkuvuuden soveltamisalaan kuuluvana (Ulkomaalaislain 10 luvun piirissä), on kuitenkin oikeusturvanäkökohtien kannalta arveluttavaa. Oikaisuvaatimuksella hoidettu muutoksenhaku, jonka päätöksestä ei voi valittaa, voi joidenkin henkilöiden kohdalla olla liian heikko muutoksenhakuväline. Tuloksissa tuodaan esiin käytäntöjä, joiden avulla konsulaatti pyrkii takaamaan viisuminhakijoiden tasapuolisen kohtelun ja päätöksen käsittelyn syrjimättömällä tavalla. Tuloksissa perehdytään viisumihakijan oman toiminnan vaikutuksiin päätösmenettelyssä, jolla on myös merkitystä. Lisäksi tuodaan esiin epäävän viisumipäätöksen perusteet. Päätelmänä ulkomaalaislain sääntelemä valituskielto voidaan mahdollisesti katsoa olevan riittämätön hakijoiden oikeusturvan kannalta.

Rectification of the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel by intracellular polyamines

Polyamine-induced inward rectification of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels was studied in inside-out patches from rat olfactory neurons. The polyamines, spermine, spermidine and putrescine, induced an 'instantaneous' voltage-dependent inhibition with K-d values at 0 mV of 39, 121 mu M and 2.7 mM, respectively. Hill coefficients for inhibition were significantly < 1, suggesting an allosteric inhibitory mechanism. The Woodhull model for voltage-dependent block predicted that all 3 polyamines bound to a site 1/3 of the electrical distance through the membrane from the internal side. Instantaneous inhibition was relieved at positive potentials, implying significant polyamine permeation. Spermine also induced exponential current relaxations to a 'steady-state' impermeant level. This inhibition was also mediated by a binding site 1/3 of the electrical distance through the pore, but with a K-d of 2.6 mM. Spermine inhibition was explained by postulating two spermine binding sites at a similar depth. Occupation of the first site occurs rapidly and with high affinity, but once a spermine molecule has bound, it inhibits spermine occupation of the second binding site via electrostatic repulsion. This repulsion is overcome at higher membrane potentials, but results in a lower apparent binding affinity for the second spermine molecule. The on-rate constant for the second spermine binding saturated at a low rate (similar to 200 sec(-1) at +120 mV), providing further evidence for an allosteric mechanism. Polyamine-induced inward rectification was significant at physiological concentrations.

The effects of information request ambiguity and construct incongruence on query development

This paper examines the effects of information request ambiguity and construct incongruence on end user's ability to develop SQL queries with an interactive relational database query language. In this experiment, ambiguity in information requests adversely affected accuracy and efficiency. Incongruities among the information request, the query syntax, and the data representation adversely affected accuracy, efficiency, and confidence. The results for ambiguity suggest that organizations might elicit better query development if end users were sensitized to the nature of ambiguities that could arise in their business contexts. End users could translate natural language queries into pseudo-SQL that could be examined for precision before the queries were developed. The results for incongruence suggest that better query development might ensue if semantic distances could be reduced by giving users data representations and database views that maximize construct congruence for the kinds of queries in typical domains. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

HIV/tuberculosis co-infection: a request for a better surveillance

The increasing endemicity of tuberculosis resulting from causes such as immigration, poverty, a declining public health infrastructure and co-infection by HIV/Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is leading to a change in tuberculosis control programmes. One of the main reasons for the resurgence of tuberculosis is HIV infection - the risk of tuberculosis is greater in HIV patients than in the majority of the population as can be seen from numerous research projects. The need for systematic testing for HIV infection in all tuberculosis patients by undertaking confidential HIV tests on admission to a tuberculosis programme is brought out. This measure would increase the number of cases diagnosed and provide data for better surveillance of the co-infection.

A 12*(1+|R|/(4m))-speed algorithm for scheduling constrained-deadline sporadic real-time tasks on a multiprocessor comprising m processors where a task may request one of |R| sequentially-reusable shared resources

We present a 12*(1+|R|/(4m))-speed algorithm for scheduling constrained-deadline sporadic real-time tasks on a multiprocessor comprising m processors where a task may request one of |R| sequentially-reusable shared resources.

Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the gulf of Manaar, by W.A. Herdman ... With supplementary reports upon the marine biology of Ceylon, by other naturalists. Pub. at the request of the colonial government by the Royal society.

pt.3 (1905)

Assessment of Autonomic Function by Phase Rectification of RRInterval Histogram Analysis in Chagas Disease

Background:In chronic Chagas disease (ChD), impairment of cardiac autonomic function bears prognostic implications. Phase‑rectification of RR-interval series isolates the sympathetic, acceleration phase (AC) and parasympathetic, deceleration phase (DC) influences on cardiac autonomic modulation.Objective:This study investigated heart rate variability (HRV) as a function of RR-interval to assess autonomic function in healthy and ChD subjects.Methods:Control (n = 20) and ChD (n = 20) groups were studied. All underwent 60-min head-up tilt table test under ECG recording. Histogram of RR-interval series was calculated, with 100 ms class, ranging from 600–1100 ms. In each class, mean RR-intervals (MNN) and root-mean-squared difference (RMSNN) of consecutive normal RR-intervals that suited a particular class were calculated. Average of all RMSNN values in each class was analyzed as function of MNN, in the whole series (RMSNNT), and in AC (RMSNNAC) and DC (RMSNNDC) phases. Slopes of linear regression lines were compared between groups using Student t-test. Correlation coefficients were tested before comparisons. RMSNN was log-transformed. (α < 0.05).Results:Correlation coefficient was significant in all regressions (p < 0.05). In the control group, RMSNNT, RMSNNAC, and RMSNNDCsignificantly increased linearly with MNN (p < 0.05). In ChD, only RMSNNAC showed significant increase as a function of MNN, whereas RMSNNT and RMSNNDC did not.Conclusion:HRV increases in proportion with the RR-interval in healthy subjects. This behavior is lost in ChD, particularly in the DC phase, indicating cardiac vagal incompetence.

Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the gulf of Manaar, by W.A. Herdman ... With supplementary reports upon the marine biology of Ceylon, by other naturalists. Pub. at the request of the colonial government by the Royal society.

pt.4 (1905)

Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the gulf of Manaar, by W.A. Herdman ... With supplementary reports upon the marine biology of Ceylon, by other naturalists. Pub. at the request of the colonial government by the Royal society.

pt.2 (1904)

Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the gulf of Manaar, by W.A. Herdman ... With supplementary reports upon the marine biology of Ceylon, by other naturalists. Pub. at the request of the colonial government by the Royal society.

pt.5 (1906)

Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the gulf of Manaar, by W.A. Herdman ... With supplementary reports upon the marine biology of Ceylon, by other naturalists. Pub. at the request of the colonial government by the Royal society.

pt.1 (1903)

Lexico-grammatical variation in the use of REQUEST strategies in Indian and British "letters to the editor" : a cross-cultural pragmatic study

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Geistes-, Sozial- und Erziehungswiss., Diss., 2009

Disobeying an Illegitimate Request in a Democratic or Authoritarian System

Crimes of obedience in the form of illegal or immoral acts committed in response to orders from authority occur in many contexts. In particular, under some circumstances of threats, people can easily accept restrictions upon democratic procedures. Recent studies have underlined the role of legitimacy in understanding the authority relationship and the importance of evaluating the legitimacy of the request rather than the legitimacy of the authority in preventing the rise of authoritarianism. The purpose of this study was to verify if people respond differently when an illegitimate request is put forward by a democratic or an authoritarian authority. The results on 224 subjects confirmed that people tend to be more obedient when they perceive authorities as democratic, notwithstanding the legitimacy of their requests.