On the structure of the seminal receptacle in cyclopids (Copepoda, Cyclopoida). [Translation from: Informatsionnyi Byulleten Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod (6) 26-31, 1970.]

The seminal bag, or seminal receptacle, forms a characteristic organ of cyclopids, serving for retention of the sperms discharged from the spermatophores. The structure of the seminal receptacle, more precisely its form, is fairly widely used in diagnosis and undoubtedly can be more widely applied in the systematics of the group. Within the limits of the family Cyclopidae it is possible to distinguish crustaceans with three basic types of seminal bag. The differences consist of the position which this organ occupies in the genital segment. of one species, we carried out a series of observations on its formation in ontogenesis and during the life of the adult stage. As material for observation the study used laboratory cultures of three species; Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh) from the plankton of the Moscow River, Cyclops vicinus Uljan and Mesocyclops leuckarti Glaus from the plankton of the channel section of the upper part of the Gorkovsk reservoir. The author concluded that the irreversibility of the changes in the seminal receptacle presents the possibility of utilising this structure as one of the indicators of the growth of the individual.

Photosynthetic characteristics of the economic brown seaweed Hizikia fusiforme (Sargassaceae, Phaeophyta), with special reference to its "leaf" and receptacle

Photosynthetic responses to irradiance and temperature of "leaves" and receptacles were compared in February ( vegetative stage) and May ( reproductive stage) in the seaweed, Hizikia fusiforme ( Harvey) Okamura (Sargassaceae, Phaeophyta) from Nanao Island, Shantou, China. Irradiance-saturated photosynthesis (P-max) was significantly higher in receptacles than in "leaves" on a fresh weight basis, and that of "leaves" was greater in May than in February at ambient seawater temperatures. The optimum temperature for P-max was 30 degrees C for both "leaves" and receptacles, being 5 - 10 degrees C higher than the ambient seawater temperature. The apparent photosynthetic efficiencies were greater in receptacles than in "leaves" within the tested temperature range of 10 - 40 degrees C. The irradiance for saturating photosynthesis for both "leaves" and receptacles was temperature-dependent, with the highest values ( about 200 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) at 30 degrees C.

Morphological Changes in the Seminal Receptacle During Ovarian Development in the Speckled Swimming Crab Arenaeus cribrarius

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Organizational, DS, GS, and depot maintenance repair parts and special tool lists : connectors, receptacle, electrical U-186A/G and U-186B/G.

"19 January 1965."

The Crypt, or Receptacle for things past, and West of England magazine

No numbers issued July-Aug., Oct.-Nov., 1829

Neurolinguistic contributions to understanding the bilingual mental lexicon

Introduction Many bilinguals will have had the experience of unintentionally reading something in a language other than the intended one (e.g. MUG to mean mosquito in Dutch rather than a receptacle for a hot drink, as one of the possible intended English meanings), of finding themselves blocked on a word for which many alternatives suggest themselves (but, somewhat annoyingly, not in the right language), of their accent changing when stressed or tired and, occasionally, of starting to speak in a language that is not understood by those around them. These instances where lexical access appears compromised and control over language behavior is reduced hint at the intricate structure of the bilingual lexical architecture and the complexity of the processes by which knowledge is accessed and retrieved. While bilinguals might tend to blame word finding and other language problems on their bilinguality, these difficulties per se are not unique to the bilingual population. However, what is unique, and yet far more common than is appreciated by monolinguals, is the cognitive architecture that subserves bilingual language processing. With bilingualism (and multilingualism) the rule rather than the exception (Grosjean, 1982), this architecture may well be the default structure of the language processing system. As such, it is critical that we understand more fully not only how the processing of more than one language is subserved by the brain, but also how this understanding furthers our knowledge of the cognitive architecture that encapsulates the bilingual mental lexicon. The neurolinguistic approach to bilingualism focuses on determining the manner in which the two (or more) languages are stored in the brain and how they are differentially (or similarly) processed. The underlying assumption is that the acquisition of more than one language requires at the very least a change to or expansion of the existing lexicon, if not the formation of language-specific components, and this is likely to manifest in some way at the physiological level. There are many sources of information, ranging from data on bilingual aphasic patients (Paradis, 1977, 1985, 1997) to lateralization (Vaid, 1983; see Hull & Vaid, 2006, for a review), recordings of event-related potentials (ERPs) (e.g. Ardal et al., 1990; Phillips et al., 2006), and positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of neurologically intact bilinguals (see Indefrey, 2006; Vaid & Hull, 2002, for reviews). Following the consideration of methodological issues and interpretative limitations that characterize these approaches, the chapter focuses on how the application of these approaches has furthered our understanding of (1) selectivity of bilingual lexical access, (2) distinctions between word types in the bilingual lexicon and (3) control processes that enable language selection.

The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.)

We report a high-quality draft genome sequence of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica). We show that a relatively recent (>50 million years ago) genome-wide duplication (GWD) has resulted in the transition from nine ancestral chromosomes to 17 chromosomes in the Pyreae. Traces of older GWDs partly support the monophyly of the ancestral paleohexaploidy of eudicots. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Pyreae and the genus Malus, relative to major Rosaceae taxa, identified the progenitor of the cultivated apple as M. sieversii. Expansion of gene families reported to be involved in fruit development may explain formation of the pome, a Pyreae-specific false fruit that develops by proliferation of the basal part of the sepals, the receptacle. In apple, a subclade of MADS-box genes, normally involved in flower and fruit development, is expanded to include 15 members, as are other gene families involved in Rosaceae-specific metabolism, such as transport and assimilation of sorbitol.

La literatura jurídica como praxis moral

Resumen: La dimensión literaria del acto comunicacional científico-jurídico es un elemento implícito en la interacción de la retórica y dialéctica jurídicas. La matriz artística surge ya del parangón ofrecido por Aristóteles en la Retórica: la evocación de la antistrofa (figura que nos reenvía a pulso cierto al arte poético) lo dice todo, apenas sugiriendo. La comunicación que defenderemos consiste en afirmar que la belleza del acto comunicacional científico jurídico y la perfección de su arte son imputables a su autor y supone una responsabilidad de tipo moral que trasunta en el arte comunicativo el vaso de lo comunicado. Existe una lealtad del recipiente al contenido implícita en la metáfora aristotélica, que requiere una fidelidad del científico para dar cuenta del tesoro que lleva en sus vasijas endebles.

Desenvolvimento do sistema reprodutivo de Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda: Digenea) de hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) experimentalmente infectados, analisado por microscopia de luz de campo e microscopia laser confocal

O conhecimento da morfologia e ultraestrutura dos helmintos permite a correta classificação destes organismos, bem como fornece subsídios que poderão ser utilizados para diagnóstico e controle. A microscopia laser confocal é uma ferramenta para estudar a organização estrutural de várias espécies de helmintos, possibilitando acesso a detalhes morfológicos não evidenciados pela microscopia óptica. Echinostoma paraensei é um trematódeo, digenético, hermafrodita parasito de numerosos hospedeiros vertebrados. Neste trabalho foi investigado o desenvolvimento dos órgãos reprodutivo e a morfometria de E. paraensei, desde a fase jovem até a adulta, como contribuição ao conhecimento do desenvolvimento reprodutivo desta espécie. Os trematódeos foram recuperados aos 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14 e 21 dias posterior à infecção (dpi) experimental em hamsters. Estes foram corados em carmim clorídrico, desidratados em série alcoólica e montados em lâmina permanente em bálsamo do Canadá, fotografados e medidos usando microscopia de luz de campo claro (MCC) e microscopia de varredura laser confocal (MVLC). Entre 3 e 4 dpi, os primórdios genitais estavam presentes e nenhuma organização do sistema reprodutivo foi visualizada por MCC e MVLC. Os primórdio do ovário, dos testículos e da bolsa do cirro foram visualizados por MCC aos 5 e 6 dpi, no entanto, MVLC dos helmintos aos 5dpi mostra que estes primórdios, o ootipo e o útero estavam presentes, como estruturas individualizadas. A bolsa do cirro apresenta metratermo e o ovário com primórdio do oótipo adjacente aos 7dpi por MVLC. A vesícula seminal, receptáculo seminal, células diferenciadas nos testículos, ducto e reservatório vitelínico e oviducto foram visualizados após 10 dias, enquanto os espermatozóides na vesícula seminal, ovos e oócitos, células vitelínicas, poro e canal de Laurer aos 14 dias. A morfometria evidencia um acelerado crescimento dos órgãos reprodutores a partir do 7 dia. Os testículos apresentam aumento significativo no comprimento do 7 ao 21 dia e o ovário durante o período de 7 à 10 dpi. Aos 21 dpi, todos os helmintos apresentaram glândulas vitelínicas, útero contendo ovos e espermatozóides no oviducto enquanto outros ovos estão sendo formados. As mudanças morfológicas acentuadas durante a gametogênese consistem no aumento do comprimento do helminto, maturação das gônadas, desenvolvimento e maturação das glândulas vitelínicas. O desenvolvimento do helminto como um todo está relacionado à maturação dos órgãos reprodutivo masculino e feminino indicando o investimento deste trematódeo em garantir a produção e eliminação dos ovos ao meio exterior.

Palinologia e taxonomia de espécies de Praxelis Cass. (subtribo Praxelinae, Eupatorieae-Asteraceae) ocorrentes no Brasil

Asteraceae é a segunda maior família de angiospermas com ca. 25.000 espécies distribuídas por todo mundo. Praxelis é o segundo maior gênero em número de espécies da subtribo Praxelinae, se caracteriza principalmente por apresentar capítulos cilíndricos/campanulados, receptáculo cônico e glabro, cipselas com carpopódio assimétrico e pápus com cerdas numerosas e barbeladas. No Brasil, as espécies predominam no Cerrado. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a palinologia e a taxonomia das espécies de Praxelis Cass. ocorrentes no Brasil. O material botânico utilizado foi obtido através de exsicatas depositadas nos herbários brasileiros. Os grãos de pólen foram acetolisados, medidos, descritos e ilustrados sob ML. Para observar detalhes da superfície e abertura, grãos de pólen não acetolisados foram analisados em MEV e, posteriormente, eletromicrografados. As peças florais foram colocadas sobre os mesmos suportes metálicos cobertos com fita dupla-face de carbono, previamente numerados. Para análise em MET, os grãos de pólen foram corados em cacodilato tamponado 0,125% OsO4, concentrados em pastilhas de ágar, e foram embebecidos em resina Epon-Araldite. As folhas, a capitulescência, o indumento do pedúnculo e o número de brácteas involucrais foram atributos relevantes para caracterizar as espécies, sobretudo o tamanho do invólucro e sua consistência. Foram caracterizados os grãos de pólen quanto à forma, ao tamanho, ao tipo de abertura, à polaridade e à constituição da exina. Foram descritos como: pequenos a médios, isopolares, oblato-esferoidais a subprolatos, 3(4)-colporados, com margem ornamentada, endoabertura com ou sem constricção, com presença de cávea, a sexina é espinhosa e sempre maior do que a nexina. Portanto, as análises palinológica e taxonômica foram utilizadas para segregar as espécies de Praxelis, porém apenas os atributos morfológicos externos foram mais informativos para diferenciar as espécies desse gênero.

Seasonal pattern of reproduction of Hizikia fusiformis (Sargassaceae, Phaeophyta) from Nanao Island, Shantou, China

The maturation pattern of sexual reproduction in Hizikia fusiformis (Harvey) Okamura (Sargassaceae, Phaeaophyta) was examined in 2003 at Yunao Bay, Nanao Island, Shantou, China. Maturation began in mid-April (seawater temperature 19-21 degrees C), reached the peak in mid-May (maturation rate ca. 70%, and seawater temperature 23.5-25 degrees C) and finished in late-June (seawater temperature 27.5-30 degrees C). The Hizikia plants continued to gain the length from the beginning of maturation season to reach a maximum mean length of 34.8 cm in mid-May, after which the mean length was reduced drastically due to the senescence and rupture of the larger plants in size. The major portion of the mature plants belonged to the larger plants between April and May, but to the smaller ones in June. It is suggested that the plant must achieve a critical size before reproductive maturation occurred. There was a positive relationship between the number of receptacles (NR), as well as the reproductive allocation (RA), and the plant size of Hizikia population, with the recorded maximum values of NR and RA being 1220 and 64.3% respectively, for a single plant.

Cultivation of the intertidal brown alga Hizikia fusiformis (Harvey) Okamura: mass production of zygote-derived seedlings under commercial cultivation conditions, a case study experience

Mariculture of the brown alga Hizikia fusiformis (Harvey) Okamura as an export-oriented human food has been there more for than 20 years in China. It is now one of the five major farmed algal species along the Chinese coast. Stable and sufficient supply of young seedlings for scaling up the cultivation has been a problem throughout the farming history of this species due to the unique dioecious life cycle and relatively short time window of sexual reproduction in nature. These two factors led to a practical difficulty in obtaining zygotes at identical developmental stage in viable amounts for seedling production. A key solution to this problem is to control the synchronization of the receptacle development and to realize the simultaneous discharge of male and female gametes, such that the fertilization rate could be greatly enhanced. Focusing on one of the farmed populations in this report, we present our results on mass production of seedlings using the synchronization technique on a large scale performed in 2007. Totally 5.5 hundred million embryos were obtained from 100 kg female sporophytes. The seedlings were raised up to 3.5 mm in length in greenhouse tanks over a month and were further grown in open sea for over 3 months at two experimental sites. The success of mass production of seedlings in this alga helped to lay the basis for future trials in other species in the genus of Sargassum that have identical life cycle.

Cultivation of the brown alga Hizikia fusiformis (Harvey) Okamura: enhanced seedling production in tumbled culture

The reuse of holdfasts for regeneration of young seedlings or using wild juvenile plants as the seedling source has played the major role in commercial cultivation of the brown alga Hizikia fusiformis in East Asia over the past 20 years. The possibility of employing zygote-derived germlings for producing seedlings has been discussed in the literature, but has not yet become a reality. Three main obstacles have limited the use of zygotes as a main source of seedlings, (1) the dioecious nature of the algal life cycle which may lead to asynchronous male and female receptacle development and thus different timing of egg and spermatozoa expulsion, (2) the low attachment rate when using zygote-derived germlings with developed rhizoids from wild parental plants for seeding production, and (3) the problem of culturing young germlings in regions where water temperature is high in summer. In this investigation, shifting the timing of receptacle formation earlier than in nature was performed by tumbling the algae in a long-day tank (16-h light per day). Synchronization of egg and spermatozoa expulsion and thereafter fertilization were conducted in indoor tanks. Receptacle formation in constant long days could be shifted by 20 days earlier than in plants cultured on long lines in the open sea, or I month earlier than in plants growing on intertidal rocks. Synchronized expulsion of eggs and spermatozoon led to a high rate of fertilization. This was achieved by tumbling the male and female receptacle-bearing branchlets in the same tank at low density in high irradiance. In two independent trials, a total of 1,400,000 zygote-derived germlings were obtained from 620 g (fresh weight) female sporophytes. The germlings shed from the receptacles were at an identical developmental stage indicating high synchronization of expulsion of eggs and spermatozoon followed by fertilization. Approximately 63% ( +/-9.6%) of the germlings were shed from the receptacle between 16 and 24 It after fertilization and 20% ( +/-11.9%) remained on the receptacle for 3 days after fertilization. Germlings were seeded on string collectors before rhizoids started to elongate and the attachment efficiency was enhanced. Young seedlings reached 800 ( +/-50) mum in length in 25 days at 25 degreesC before they were transferred to open sea cultivation. These results provide the basis of a practical way of seedling production by use of zygote-derived germlings in the commercial cultivation of Hizikia fusiformis. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Cioran ou le mal de foi : les vestiges du sacré dans l'écriture

Le rapport occidental moderne au sacré s’est transformé de façon importante au 20e siècle avec le processus de sécularisation. Cette désagrégation d’un sacré traditionnel laisse un vide – principalement existentiel et spirituel – là où auparavant certains contenus associés au sacré permettaient de se positionner dans et face à l’universel, c’est-à-dire d’occuper une place dans le monde et les institutions qui l’organisent et d’investir cette place d’un sens compris, accepté et partagé autant individuellement que collectivement. De toute évidence, un tel processus d’effritement ne s’opère pas sans restes et la littérature est un espace qui recueille ces vestiges d’un sacré en transformation, d’un sacré qui fait l’objet d’une quête. L’écriture de Cioran représente un lieu exemplaire où sont concentrés ces vestiges et elle est aussi l’outil ou le médium par lequel la quête s’effectue. Son écriture tiraillée, pétrie d’un malaise existentiel et d’un doute profond, témoigne d’un refus, pensé comme une incapacité, à souscrire aux visions traditionnelles, surannées, du sacré. Généralement considérée par la critique comme inclassable – ni tout à fait philosophique, ni tout à fait littéraire – l’œuvre de Cioran souligne pourtant l’importance de la littérature comme modalité de l’esprit. Cette œuvre met en lumière le rôle de la littérature pour la pensée dans la mesure où elle est un espace qui permet d’accueillir la pensée en quête d’un sacré hors-cadre, en même temps qu’elle se fait le moyen d’une recherche plus libre, plus personnelle, du sacré. La littérature devient donc le réceptacle autant que le moyen d’une quête pleinement existentielle, une quête qui n’est ni représentée ni confessée, mais bien mise en scène, c’est-à-dire dramatisée. Le « je » qu’on retrouve partout dans l’œuvre de Cioran n’est pas le « je » d’une confession, mais bien un « je » narratif qui n’équivaut pas au « je » de l’écrivain. C’est précisément dans le décalage lié à la dramatisation qu’apparaît le paradoxe propre au savoirparticulier que porte la littérature: soit ce caractère personnel, incarné, particulier qui devient le véhicule d’une expérience universelle dans la mesure où elle a le pouvoir ou le potentiel d’abriter l’expérience personnelle d’un lecteur qui performe, pour lui-même, le texte. En ce sens, écriture et lecture sont """! imbriquées, comme deux faces d’une même réalité, dans cette quête d’un sacré qui se produit chez Cioran dans un espace d’exception, en dehors des institutions. À partir de l’exemplarité de l’œuvre cioranienne, cette thèse propose une réflexion qui porte sur la littérature comme mode d’inscription des vestiges du sacré ainsi que comme manifestation et moyen d’une quête d’un sacré débarrassé des balises institutionnelles, et qui tente de mettre en lumière le type de savoir propre à la littérature sous l’angle précis de la dramatisation littéraire dans le contexte particulier de cette quête.

Les processus de la mise en scène : polyphonie et complexité dans la création scénique

Les processus de la mise en scène reposent nécessairement sur une réalité humaine complexe, faite de dialogues et de rapports de force en constante redéfinition. Afin de les théoriser, plusieurs travaux ont institué en corpus les documents produits en cours de réunion ou de répétition, pour leur appliquer les méthodes issues de la génétique des textes. Or le transfert s’avère problématique : vestiges lacunaires, ces supports ne sauraient témoigner à eux seuls de la vie organique et polyphonique de la mise en scène en gestation. Une première solution consiste à opter pour une approche radicalement intermédiale des archives d’un spectacle : dans la mesure où la mise en scène fait interagir plusieurs disciplines artistiques, pourquoi ne pas la penser en confrontant activement les différents media générés lors de son élaboration ? Complémentaire de la première, une seconde proposition suppose que le chercheur s’implique dans une observation in vivo de réunions et de répétitions afin de disposer d’une matière plus complète. À cette clarification épistémologique succède un essai de théorisation des processus de la création scénique. Il apparaît tout d’abord que l’espace de travail est aussi bien un contenant physique de la recherche des artistes qu’un catalyseur : c’est en se l’appropriant à plusieurs qu’un groupe de collaborateurs donne corps à la mise en scène. L’espace de création révèle par là même une dimension polyphonique que l’on retrouve sur le plan du temps : dans la mesure où il engage un ensemble d’artistes, un processus ne possède pas de linéarité chronologique homogène ; il se compose d’une multitude de temporalités propres à chacun des répétants, qu’il s’agit de faire converger pour élaborer un spectacle commun à tous. Les processus de la mise en scène se caractérisent ainsi par leur dimension fondamentalement sociale. Réunie dans un espace-temps donné, la petite société formée autour du metteur obéit à un mode de création dialogique, où les propositions des uns et des autres s’agrègent pour former un discours foisonnant dont la force et l’unité sont garanties par une instance surplombante.