Seed storage of Avicennia alba B1

Seeds of Avicennia alba BI. matured at high moisture content and were sensitive to desiccation: no seeds survived desiccation below 35% moisture content. The effect on survival of a factorial combination of five moist storage treatments (fresh seeds in a polyethylene bag, open with water sprayed over regularly, mixed with sand at 10% moisture content, mixed with moist paddy hulls, or naked seeds mixed with sand at 10% moisture content) and three temperatures (28-30degreesC, 17degreesC and 8-10degreesC) was investigated. In addition, seeds were mixed with sand at 5% moisture content and stored at 17degreesC in order to determine the effect of sand moisture content on seed moisture content and viability during storage. Avicennia alba showed recalcitrant seed storage behaviour, but 75% of the seeds remained viable after four months' moist (45-47% moisture content) storage in 10% moisture content sand at 17degreesC.

Effects of Storage and Exogenous Ga3 on Lychee Seed Germination

O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos do tempo de armazenamento e de tratamentos com ácido giberélico, no processo germinativo de sementes de lichieira (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). As sementes foram retiradas de frutos maduros, lavadas, secas à sombra e colocadas para germinar imediatamente ou então, armazenadas em geladeira (8°C) por 15 e 30 dias. Os tratamentos corresponderam à imersão das sementes por 24 horas nas seguintes soluções com aeração: água, GA3 a 50, 100 e 200 mg.L-1. Através dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que as sementes perderam o poder germinativo, à medida que aumentou-se o tempo de armazenamento, sendo a porcentagem de germinação muito baixa (7%) aos 30 dias de armazenamento. O tempo médio de germinação foi menor após 15 dias de armazenamento.

Seed germination and seedling emergence of the invasive exotic species, Clausena excavata

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Seed germination performances of Styrax species help understand their distribution in Cerrado areas in Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeitos da proteção e do envigoramento na germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas de duas espécies arbóreas visando a semeadura direta

A importância das florestas na mitigação do clima é reconhecida e a necessidade da conservação e restauração se tornou mais evidente. Diversas técnicas tem sido estudadas para facilitar a restauração. Nesse sentido, a semeadura direta se apresenta como uma alternativa de baixo custo para a restauração, entretanto o sucesso dessa técnica depende da criação de condições favoráveis para a germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de técnicas que podem ser associadas à semeadura direta, aumentando a chance de sucesso. Dois diferentes tipos de protetores (gaiolas metálicas e bambus) foram utilizadas para avaliar a germinação e estabelecimento de Euterpe edulis Mart., uma espécie de sementes recalcitrante. Além disso, outros fatores foram considerados, como o tamanho da semente, presença dos envoltórios do fruto e posição de semeadura. A porcentagem de persistência de sementes ou frutos, germinação (%), emergência de plântulas (%), altura e diâmetro do colo das plântulas e recrutamento foram avaliados no primeiro experimento e germinação (%), emergência de plântulas (%), altura e recrutamento foram avaliados no segundo experimento. A exclusão da redação nãofoi o fator mais importante no sucesso do uso da semente, mas sim a mudança microclimática provocada pela proteção de tubos de bambu. Para a outra espécie estudada, Simira cf. glaziovii (Standl) Steyerm, uma espécie de sementes não recalcitrantes, técnicas de condicionamento foram utilizadas para avaliar a viabilidade e manutenção da qualidade fisiológica após três meses de armazenamento. Os tratamentos consistiram em hidrocondicionamento e osmocondicionamento e estes, seguidos por secagem e armazenamento. O controle também foi armazenado para comparação entre os tratamentos. Os resultados foram favoráveis tanto para condicionamento quanto para o armazenamento após condicionamento. Este estudo mostrou que a semeadura direta pode ser uma alternativa para ambas espécies quando associadas a práticas que favorecem a germinação e estabelecimento. O sucesso no uso das sementes recalcitrantes depende da criação de condições climáticas favoráveis, que podem ser conseguidas com o uso de protetores de tubos de bambu. Para espécies não recalcitrantes, a manutenção da viabilidade das sementes durante o armazenamento permite o uso em períodos mais favoráveis à germinação.

银杏种胚脱水敏感性及其生理研究

银杏（Ginkgo. Biloba.L），又俗称白果，是起源于中国的特有珍贵树种。本实验选用银杏种子和种胚为材料，研究其脱水过程中存活率、抗氧化酶活性、ABA等生理变化，并通过外源处理方式提高种胚脱水耐性，探讨银杏种胚脱水敏感性与抗氧化系统、ABA的关系，为银杏种质资源的长期保存提供一定依据。研究结果显示： 银杏种子和离体胚对脱水均较敏感，快速脱水后完整种子临界含水量40.3%，半致死含水量约为32%左右，离体种胚分别为28.2%和22%左右，初步认为银杏属顽拗型种子。经比较银杏整粒种子、离体胚快速脱水时含水量变化情况，发现离体种胚比整粒种子更耐脱水，完整种子脱水对内部种胚是一种慢速脱水。 种胚脱水过程中，含水量高于24.5% 时，丙二醛（MDA）含量基本不变，抗氧化酶活性增加，抗氧化酶防御机制起作用；当含水量低于24.5%时，MDA含量显著增加，抗氧化酶活性大幅度降低，防御机制无法消除过氧化产物的大量积累，造成细胞损伤，种胚存活率下降。因此银杏种胚脱水过程中，特别是脱水后期，抗氧化酶活性的迅速下降和脂质过氧化作用的加强与积累是造成存活率快速丧失、对脱水敏感的主要原因之一。 银杏属典型后熟种子，脱落后种胚需经历形态和生理发育过程，这一阶段脱水耐性在后熟7个月达到最大，ABA含量也不断积累，并在最耐脱水时期达到峰值，继续后熟脱水耐性减弱，ABA含量也迅速降低，可能与银杏种胚完成后熟转而进入萌发阶段有关。在种胚快速脱水过程中，ABA含量不断降低，与存活率显著正相关。银杏种胚在后熟过程中ABA的含量较低以及脱水过程中的不断降低，可能是造成种胚不耐脱水的另一部分原因。 通过外源ABA处理种胚后可明显提高其脱水耐性。ABA处理的种胚SOD活性升高，脱水后抗氧化酶活性（GR除外）被进一步激发，从而减少脂质过氧化伤害，降低细胞膜结构的破坏。这也更进一步证实了ABA和抗氧化系统在银杏种胚脱水过程中的重要作用。

Differential proteome analysis of mature and germinated embryos of Araucaria angustifolia

Araucaria angustifolia is an endangered Brazilian native conifer tree. The aim of the present work was to identify differentially expressed proteins between mature and germinated embryos of A. angustifolia, using one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis approaches followed by protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry. The identities of 32 differentially expressed protein spots from two dimensional gel maps were successfully determined, including proteins and enzymes involved in storage mobilization such as the vicilin-like storage protein and proteases. A label free approach, based on spectral counts, resulted in detection of 10 and 14 mature and germinated enriched proteins, respectively. Identified proteins were mainly related to energetic metabolism pathways, translational processes. oxidative stress regulation and cellular signaling. The integrated use of both strategies permitted a comprehensive protein expression overview of changes in germinated embryos in relation to matures, providing insights into the this process in a recalcitrant seed species. Applications of the data generated on the monitoring and control of in vitro somatic embryos were discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Sementes recalcitrantes: intolerantes a baixas temperaturas? Embriões recalcitrantes de Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T. D. Penn. toleram temperatura sub-zero

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ecofisiologia de Clausena excavata Burm. F. (Rutaceae), uma espécie exótica invasora

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Vegetal) - IBRC

Comparative analysis by protocol and key of seed storage behaviour of sixty Vietnamese tree species

Seed storage behaviour of 5 1 native and 9 introduced tree species in Vietnam was investigated using a brief protocol developed to aid biodiversity conservation in circumstances where little is known about the seeds. Of the 60 species, 34 appeared to show orthodox (Acacia auriculaeformis, Adenanthera pavonina, Afzelia xylocarpa, Bauhinia purpurea, Callistemon lanceolatus, Cananga odorata, Canarium nigrum, Cassia fistula, Cassia javanica, Cassia splendida, Chukrasia tabularis, Dalbergia bariaensis, Dialium cochinchinensis, Diospyros mollis, Diospyros mun, Dracuntomelon duperreanum, Erythrophleum fordii, Khaya senegalensis, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Leucaena leucocephala, Livistona cochinchinensis, Markhamia stipulata, Melaleuca cajuputi, Millettia ichthyotona, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Peltophorum tonkinensis, Pinus khasya, Pinus massoniana, Pinus merkusii, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Sindora siamensis, Sophora tonkinense, Sterculia foetida, Swietenia macrophylla), 13 recalcitrant (Avicennia alba, Beilschmiedia roxburghiana, Caryota mitis, Dimocarpus sp., Diospyros malabarica, Dipterocarpus chartaceus, Dypsis pinnatifrons, Hopea odorata, Lithocarpus gigantophylla, Machilus odoratissimus, Melanorrhoea laccifera, Melanorrhea usitata, Syzygium cinereum) and 13 intermediate (Anisoptera cochinchinensis, Aphanamixis polystachya, Averrhoa carambola, Carissa carandas, Chrysopylum cainito, Cinnamomum camphora, Citrofortunella microcarpa, Citrus grandis var. grandis, Elaeis guineensis, Hydnocarpus anthelmintica, Madhuca floribunda, Manilkara achras, Mimusops elengi) seed storage behaviour. A double-criteria key to estimate likely seed storage behaviour showed good agreement with the above: the key can reduce the workload of seed storage behaviour identification considerably.

Classification of seed storage behaviour of 67 Amazonian tree species

Information was collated on the seed storage behaviour of 67 tree species native to the Amazon rainforest of Brazil; 38 appeared to show orthodox, 23 recalcitrant and six intermediate seed storage behaviour. A double-criteria key based on thousand-seed weight and seed moisture content at shedding to estimate likely seed storage behaviour, developed previously, showed good agreement with the above classifications. The key can aid seed storage behaviour identification considerably.

Polyamines, IAA and ABA during germination in two recalcitrant seeds: Araucaria angustifolia (Gymnosperm) and Ocotea odorifera (Angiosperm)

Background and Aims Plant growth regulators play an important role in seed germination. However, much of the current knowledge about their function during seed germination was obtained using orthodox seeds as model systems, and there is a paucity of information about the role of plant growth regulators during germination of recalcitrant seeds. In the present work, two endangered woody species with recalcitrant seeds, Araucaria angustifolia (Gymnosperm) and Ocotea odorifera (Angiosperm), native to the Atlantic Rain Forest, Brazil, were used to study the mobilization of polyamines (PAs), indole-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) during seed germination. Methods Data were sampled from embryos of O. odorifera and embryos and megagametophytes of A. angustifolia throughout the germination process. Biochemical analyses were carried out in HPLC. Key Results During seed germination, an increase in the (Spd + Spm) : Put ratio was recorded in embryos in both species. An increase in IAA and PA levels was also observed during seed germination in both embryos, while ABA levels showed a decrease in O. odorifera and an increase in A. angustifolia embryos throughout the period studied. Conclusions The (Spd + Spm) : Put ratio could be used as a marker for germination completion. The increase in IAA levels, prior to germination, could be associated with variations in PA content. The ABA mobilization observed in the embryos could represent a greater resistance to this hormone in recalcitrant seeds, in comparison to orthodox seeds, opening a new perspective for studies on the effects of this regulator in recalcitrant seeds. The gymnosperm seed, though without a connective tissue between megagametophyte and embryo, seems to be able to maintain communication between the tissues, based on the likely transport of plant growth regulators.

Morphological and physiological responses of the recalcitrant Euterpe edulis seeds to light, temperature and gibberellins

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Emergence and initial growth of rambutan seedlings as a function of seed storage conditions

Introduction. Rambutan is a tropical fruit species with recalcitrant seeds. Despite the expansion of exotic fruit cultivation in Brazil, lots of which fruit species, including rambutan, need basic information, especially in relation to propagation and storage of seeds, which are important for genetic improvement studies, maintenance of genetic sources and seedling production. Materials and methods. A completely randomized design was adopted with treatments distributed in a factorial arrangement, 3 x 4, referring to three seed storage conditions [room temperature conditions; a dry chamber with (18 +/- 2) degrees C and 60% relative humidity; and a cold chamber with (10 +/- 2) degrees C and 70% relative humidity] and four storage times ( 0, 7, 14 and 21 d). Each treatment of 10 seeds was replicated five times. Data on seedling emergence, emergence rate, plant height, number of leaves and length of main root were submitted to variance analysis and means were separated using Tukey's test. Correlation analysis between seed moisture and seedling emergence was performed. Results and discussion. Our results indicated that dry chamber conditions promoted the statistically significantly highest seedling emergence after 7 d of storage. Cold chamber conditions promoted an extremely low seedling emergence independently of time. Conclusion. Rambutan seeds can be stored in a dry chamber for 7 d without losing viability; after 14 d of storage the loss of emergence is 60%.

Error, Bias, and Long-Branch Attraction in Data for Two Chloroplast Photosystem Genes in Seed Plants

Sequences of two chloroplast photosystem genes, psaA and psbB, together comprising about 3,500 bp, were obtained for all five major groups of extant seed plants and several outgroups among other vascular plants. Strongly supported, but significantly conflicting, phylogenetic signals were obtained in parsimony analyses from partitions of the data into first and second codon positions versus third positions. In the former, both genes agreed on a monophyletic gymnosperms, with Gnetales closely related to certain conifers. In the latter, Gnetales are inferred to be the sister group of all other seed plants, with gymnosperms paraphyletic. None of the data supported the modern ‘‘anthophyte hypothesis,’’ which places Gnetales as the sister group of flowering plants. A series of simulation studies were undertaken to examine the error rate for parsimony inference. Three kinds of errors were examined: random error, systematic bias (both properties of finite data sets), and statistical inconsistency owing to long-branch attraction (an asymptotic property). Parsimony reconstructions were extremely biased for third-position data for psbB. Regardless of the true underlying tree, a tree in which Gnetales are sister to all other seed plants was likely to be reconstructed for these data. None of the combinations of genes or partitions permits the anthophyte tree to be reconstructed with high probability. Simulations of progressively larger data sets indicate the existence of long-branch attraction (statistical inconsistency) for third-position psbB data if either the anthophyte tree or the gymnosperm tree is correct. This is also true for the anthophyte tree using either psaA third positions or psbB first and second positions. A factor contributing to bias and inconsistency is extremely short branches at the base of the seed plant radiation, coupled with extremely high rates in Gnetales and nonseed plant outgroups. M. J. Sanderson,* M. F. Wojciechowski,*† J.-M. Hu,* T. Sher Khan,* and S. G. Brady