Treatment of radius, ulna and humerus fractures with the aid of a bone morphogenetic protein in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)

A giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) was found with closed comminuted fractures on the fight radius and ulna and left humerus he duration of which was unknown. The animal was unable to use either of he thoracic limbs. The fractures were stabilized with 3.5-mm titanium plates and a commercially available mixture of micro lyophilized bovine cortical osseous and bovine BMP (Gen-tech(R), Baumer, Brazil) was implanted into the fractures sites. Postoperative radiographic evaluations were performed every 30 days and after four months. Bone healing was observed in all of he fractures. The animal was able to be reintroduced into its natural habitat. From his case we conclude that despite he low metabolic fate of the giant anteater, which is an inherent characteristic of this species, he treatment of radius, ulna and humerus fractures by means of plates and screws, associated with BMP on the Myrmecophaga tridactyla, was a success.

Alongamento simultâneo do rádio e ulna em cães pelo método de Ilizarov

Com o objetivo de avaliar a funcionalidade de uma montagem do aparelho de Ilizarov para o alongamento simultâneo do rádio e da ulna, foram utilizados 15 cães, sem raça definida, adultos, com peso entre 17 e 27kg. Aplicado um fixador composto de dois anéis e quatro hastes telescópicas, realizaram-se osteotomia subperiosteal diafisária distal do rádio e ulna e distração óssea, iniciada no sexto dia de pós-operatório. Os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos formados cada um por três cães, submetidos às seguintes condutas: A- oito dias de alongamento, B- 15 dias de alongamento, C- 22 dias de alongamento, D- 28 dias de alongamento e oito dias de fase neutra com o fixador e E- 28 dias de alongamento, 60 dias de fase neutra com fixador e 45 dias sem fixador. No período de distração os animais desenvolveram gradual e progressiva contratura em flexão da articulação antebraquiocárpica, que persistiu no grupo E após a remoção do fixador. Conclui-se que no alongamento do antebraço há tendência para o desenvolvimento de contratura, recomendando-se medidas preventivas e fisioterapia.

Determinação da densidade mineral óssea da extremidade distal do rádio-ulna em gatos: correlação entre peso, sexo e idade

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação da densidade mineral óssea do rádio e ulna de gatos por meio da técnica de densiometria óptica em imagem radiográfica e sua correlação com o peso, porcentagem de cinzas e níveis de cálcio e fósforo da amostra do tecido da região estudada

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Utilização da densitometria óptica em imagem radiográfica no estudo do efeito do porte, idade e sexo sobre a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) da extremidade distal do rádio-ulna de cães

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Extensão máxima de retalho pediculado de omento maior através de túnel subcutâneo para ossos longos em cães

Há tempo sabe-se que o omento humano pode promover atividade angiogênica em estruturas adjacentes nas quais ele é aplicado. Na medicina veterinária, são poucas as pesquisas com retalho pediculado de omento maior como indutor angiogênico e imunogênico, porém suas propriedades de adesão e drenagem são bem conhecidas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram criar um retalho pediculado de omento maior, mensurar seu comprimento durante as etapas de criação e avaliar a possibilidade de alcance para ossos longos (fêmur, tíbia, úmero, rádio e ulna) através de túnel subcutâneo, visando a utilizá-lo futuramente como indutor angiogênico em focos de fratura, para aceleração da osteogênese e controle de infecções ósseas. Foram utilizados 30 cadáveres frescos de cães de todas as raças, com exceção dos condrodistróficos. Os resultados foram conclusivos e confirmaram a possibilidade de alcance do retalho de omento para ossos longos de cadáveres de cães em que todos os retalhos alcançaram a metáfise distal dos ossos avaliados. A média de comprimento do omento, em camada dupla, dos 30 animais avaliados foi de 30,87cm; da camada simples foi de 54,37cm e do retalho em L foi de 92,7cm. Com a extensão máxima do omento, foi possível alcançar as metáfises distais de todos os ossos propostos, com comprimento médio excedente de 29,87cm para fêmur, 20,73cm para tíbia/fíbula, 25,13cm para úmero e 16,27cm para rádio/ulna. As variáveis peso e retalho em L avaliadas estatisticamente de cada indivíduo apresentaram correlação positiva moderada. Concluiu-se que, em cadáveres de cães, é possível levar o retalho pediculado de omento maior através de túnel subcutâneo para metáfise distal de ossos longos e que, quanto maior o peso do animal, maior o comprimento do retalho em L.

Mechanical loading modulates glutamate receptor subunit expression in bone

The cellular mechanisms coupling mechanical loading with bone remodeling remain unclear. In the CNS, the excitatory amino acid glutamate (Glu) serves as a potent neurotransmitter exerting its effects via various membrane Glu receptors (GluR). Nerves containing Glu exist close to bone cells expressing functional GluRs. Demonstration of a mechanically sensitive glutamate/aspartate transporter protein and the ability of glutamate to stimulate bone resorption in vitro suggest a role for glutamate linking mechanical load and bone remodeling. We used immunohistochemical techniques to identify the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate acid (NMDA) and non-NMDA (AMPA or kainate) ionotropic GluR subunits on bone cells in vivo. In bone sections from young adult rats, osteoclasts expressed numerous GluR subunits including AMPA (GluR2/3 and GluR4), kainic acid (GluR567) and NMDA (NMDAR2A, NMDAR2B and NMDAR2C) receptor subtypes. Bone lining cells demonstrated immunoexpression for NMDAR2A, NMDAR2B, NMDAR2C, GluR567, GluR23, GuR2 and GluR4 subunits. Immunoexpression was not evident on osteocytes, chondrocytes or vascular channels. To investigate the effects of mechanical loading on GluR expression, we used a Materials Testing System (MTS) to apply 10 N sinusoidal axial compressive loads percutaneously to the right limbs (radius/ulna, tibia/fibula) of rats. Each limb underwent 300-load cycles/day (cycle rate, 1 Hz) for 4 consecutive days. Contralateral, non-loaded limbs served as controls. Mechanically loaded limbs revealed a load-induced loss of immunoexpression for GluR2/3, GluR4, GluR567 and NMDAR2A on osteoclasts and NMDAR2A, NMDAR2B, GluR2/3 and GluR4 on bone lining cells. Both neonatal rabbit and rat osteoclasts were cultured on bone slices to investigate the effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK801, and the AMPA/kainic acid receptor antagonist, NBQX, on osteoclast resorptive activity in vitro. The inhibition of resorptive function seen suggested that both NMDAR and kainic acid receptor function are required for normal osteoclast function. While the exact role of ionotropic GluRs in skeletal tissue remains unclear, the modulation of GluR subunit expression by mechanical loading lends further support for participation of Glu as a mechanical loading effector. These ionotropic receptors appear to be functionally relevant to normal osteoclast resorptive activity. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of a subject-specific musculoskeletal shoulder model : inverse and forward dynamics applications

A prevalência de pessoas que referem dor no complexo articular do ombro, com concomitante limitação na capacidade para realizar atividades da vida diária, é elevada. Estes níveis de prevalência sobrecarregam quer os utentes, como a própria sociedade. A evidência científica atual indicia a existência de uma relação entre as alterações da articulação escápulo-torácica e as patologias associadas à articulação gleno-umeral. A capacidade de quantificar, cinemática e cineticamente, as disfunções ao nível das articulações escápulo-torácica e gleno-umeral, é algo de enorme importância, quer para a comunidade biomecânica, como para a clínica. No decorrer dos trabalhos desta tese foi desenvolvido, através do software OpenSim, um modelo tridimensional músculo-esquelético do complexo articular do ombro que inclui a representação do tórax/coluna, clavícula, omoplata, úmero, rádio, cúbito e articulações que permitem os movimentos relativos desses segmentos, assim como, 16 músculos e 4 ligamentos. Com um total de 11 graus de liberdade, incluindo um novo modelo articular escápulo-torácico, os resultados demonstram que este é capaz de reconstruir de forma precisa e rápida os movimentos escápulo-torácicos e glenoumerais, recorrendo para tal, à cinemática inversa, e à dinâmica inversa e direta. Conta ainda com um método de transformação inovador para determinar, com base nas especificidades dos sujeitos, os locais de inserção muscular. As principais motivações subjacentes ao desenvolvimento desta tese foram contribuir para o aprofundar do atual conhecimento sobre as disfunções do complexo articular do ombro e, simultaneamente, proporcionar à comunidade clínica uma ferramenta biomecânica de livre acesso com o intuito de melhor suportar as decisões clínicas e dessa forma concorrer para uma prática mais efetiva.

Hand development and sequence of ossification in the forelimb of the European shrew Crocidura russula (Soricidae) and comparisons across therian mammals.

Hand development in the European shrew Crocidura russula is described, based on the examination of a cleared and double-stained ontogenetic series and histological sections of a c. 20-day-old embryo and a neonate. In the embryo all carpal elements are still mesenchymal condensations, and there are three more elements than in the adult stage: the 'lunatum', which fuses with the scaphoid around birth; a centrale, which either fuses with another carpal element or just disappears later in ontogeny; and the anlage of an element that later fuses with the radius. Carpal arrangement in the neonate and the adult is the same. In order to compare the relative timing of the onset of ossification in forelimb bones in C. russula with that of other therians, we built up two matrices of events based on two sets of data and used the event-pair method. In the first analysis, ossification of forelimb elements in general was examined, including that of the humerus, radius, ulna, the first carpal and metacarpal to ossify, and the phalanges of the third digit. The second analysis included each carpal, humerus, radius, ulna, the first metacarpal and the first phalanx to ossify. Some characters (= event-pairs) provide synapomorphies for some clades examined. There have been some shifts in the timing of ossification apparently not caused by ecological and/or environmental influences. In two species (Oryctolagus and Myotis), there is a tendency to start the ossification of the carpals relatively earlier than in all other species examined, the sauropsid outgroups included.

An epidemiological evaluation of pediatric long bone fractures - a retrospective cohort study of 2716 patients from two Swiss tertiary pediatric hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents are at high risk of sustaining fractures during growth. Therefore, epidemiological assessment is crucial for fracture prevention. The AO Comprehensive Injury Automatic Classifier (AO COIAC) was used to evaluate epidemiological data of pediatric long bone fractures in a large cohort. METHODS: Data from children and adolescents with long bone fractures sustained between 2009 and 2011, treated at either of two tertiary pediatric surgery hospitals in Switzerland, were retrospectively collected. Fractures were classified according to the AO Pediatric Comprehensive Classification of Long Bone Fractures (PCCF). RESULTS: For a total of 2716 patients (60% boys), 2807 accidents with 2840 long bone fractures (59% radius/ulna; 21% humerus; 15% tibia/fibula; 5% femur) were documented. Children's mean age (SD) was 8.2 (4.0) years (6% infants; 26% preschool children; 40% school children; 28% adolescents). Adolescent boys sustained more fractures than girls (p < 0.001). The leading cause of fractures was falls (27%), followed by accidents occurring during leisure activities (25%), at home (14%), on playgrounds (11%), and traffic (11%) and school accidents (8%). There was boy predominance for all accident types except for playground and at home accidents. The distribution of accident types differed according to age classes (p < 0.001). Twenty-six percent of patients were classed as overweight or obese - higher than data published by the WHO for the corresponding ages - with a higher proportion of overweight and obese boys than in the Swiss population (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Overall, differences in the fracture distribution were sex and age related. Overweight and obese patients seemed to be at increased risk of sustaining fractures. Our data give valuable input into future development of prevention strategies. The AO PCCF proved to be useful in epidemiological reporting and analysis of pediatric long bone fractures.

Le développement des proportions métaphysaires chez les hominoïdes : croissance et influence de la locomotion

Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, les relations entre morphologie, locomotion et croissance chez les hominoïdes sont analysées sous l'angle des proportions métaphysaires et de leur acquisition. Plusieurs niveaux d'analyse — intermembre, supérieur et inférieur — sont abordés dans une perspective ontogénique. La masse corporelle et la direction des charges influencent la morphologie des surfaces articulaires et métaphysaires mais aussi leur développement. Les charges étant dépendantes du mode locomoteur et celui-ci se modifiant en fonction de l'âge, on tente de voir à quel(s) moment(s) les changements proportionnels ont lieu et pourquoi ils apparaissent. Des mesures linéaires ont été recueillies sur l'humérus, le radius, le fémur et le tibia sur un échantillon squelettique des espèces H. sapiens, P. troglodytes, G. gorilla et P. pygmaeus. À partir de ces mesures et du calcul de certains ratios, des comparaisons intra et interspécifiques ont été réalisées. Les différences les plus significatives entre les espèces se dévoilent au niveau intermembre et sont relatives aux différents pourcentages d'utilisation des membres supérieurs ou inférieurs. Au sein des espèces, les résultats révèlent une similarité dans les réactions des surfaces métaphysaires au niveau intermembre, supérieur et inférieur. Les changements proportionnels ont lieu entre les stades 0 et 1 pour H. sapiens (première marché indépendante), entre les stades 2 et 4 pour P. troglodytes (majorité du poids corporel soutenue par les membres inférieurs) et entre les stades 3 et 5 pour G. gorilla (taille adulte et quadrupédie très majoritaire). Pour P. pygmaeus aucun stade en particulier n'a été ciblé par les analyses et cela concorde avec l'homogénéité de ses modes de locomotion employés au cours de la vie. Les différences proportionnelles répondent à des changements locomoteurs majeurs. Australopithecus afarensis est intermédiaire entre H. sapiens et les grands singes pour de nombreuses comparaisons. Au niveau du genou, les plus jeunes individus A. afarensis ne montrent pas de morphologie bipède, similaire aux humains.

Assessment of brachial plexus blockade in chickens by an axillary approach

Objective To assess the brachial plexus block in chickens by an axillary approach and using a peripheral nerve stimulator.Study design Prospective, randomized, double-blinded study.Animals Six, 84-week old, female chickens.Methods Midazolam (1 mg kg(-1)) and butorphanol (1 mg kg(-1)) were administered into the pectoralis muscle. Fifteen minutes later, the birds were positioned in lateral recumbency and following palpation of the anatomic landmarks, a catheter was inserted using an axillary approach to the brachial plexus. Lidocaine or bupivacaine (1 mL kg(-1)) was injected after plexus localization by the nerve stimulator. Sensory function was tested before and after blockade (carpus, radius/ulna, humerus and pectoralis muscle) in the blocked and unblocked wings. The latency to onset of motor and sensory block and the duration of sensory block were recorded. A Friedman nonparametric one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare scores from baseline values over time and to compare the differences between wings at each time point.Results A total of 18 blocks were performed with a success rate of 66.6% (12/18). The latency for motor block was 2.8 +/- 1.1 and 3.2 +/- 0.4 minutes for lidocaine and bupivacaine, respectively. The latencies for and durations of the sensory block were 6.0 +/- 2.5 and 64.0 +/- 18.0 and 7.8 +/- 5.8 and 91.6 +/- 61.7 minutes for lidocaine and bupivacaine, respectively. There was no statistical difference between these times for lidocaine or bupivacaine. Sensory function was not abolished in nonblocked wings.Conclusions and clinical relevance The brachial plexus block was an easy technique to perform but had a high failure rate. It might be useful for providing anesthesia or postoperative analgesia of the wing in chickens and exotic avian species that have similar wing anatomy.

Comparative analysis between three methods of bone estimating age in individuals with down syndrome by mode of the hand and wrist ray

The wrist and hand region has been the most commonly used for estimating age and osseous development due to the great number of ossification centers. The aim was to determine which method, Tanner & Whitehouse's (TW3), Greulich & Pyle's (GP) or Eklof & Ringertz's, more closely relates to the chronological age in subjects with Down syndrome with chronological ages between 61 and 180 months, using wrist and hand radiographs. The sample consisted of 85 radiographs, 52 of males and 33 of females. Eklof & Ringertz's method was computerized (Radiomemory). Greulich & Pyle's atlas was used and compared with the wrist and hand radiographs. For the TW3 method, 13 ossification centers were evaluated; for each one of them, there are seven or eight development stages to which scores are assigned; these scores are then added and the results are transformed into osseous age values. No statistically significant differences were observed between the male and female genders for methods TW3 and GP, contrasting with the observed differences for the Eklof & Ringertz method. Correlation (r2) between osseous and chronological ages was 0.8262 for TW3 and 0.7965 for GP, while for the method of Eklof & Ringertz, it was 0.7656 for females and 0.8353 for males. The author concluded that the osseous age assessment method that better related to the chronological age was the TW3, followed by Greulich & Pyle's and Eklof & Ringertz's.

Densidade mineral óssea em cães da raça pastor alemão sob treinamento físico

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Exogenous bacterial osteomyelitis in 52 dogs: a retrospective study of etiology and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profile (2000-2013)

Background: Most clinical cases of osteomyelitis in dogs involve infectious agents, especially bacteria and fungi. The characterization of these microorganisms may aid in the prevention and treatment of disease.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively microbiological cultures and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profile of isolates from 52 cases of bacterial osteomyelitis in long bones of dogs over 2000-2013. In 78% of the cases injuries were caused by a motor vehicle accident, but there were a few cases of dog bites (17%) and ascending infection due to pododermatitis (5%).Animals and methods: The isolated microorganisms were identified based on conventional phenotypic methods. In vitro disk diffusion test was performed using 30 different antimicrobials.Results: The isolates were obtained from femur (28%), humerus (16%), tibia (31%), and radius/ulna (25%). Among 52 cases, culture was positive in 88% of cases. Thirteen genus of different species of microorganisms were isolated. The most common microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli followed by Streptococcus spp., enteric bacteria, Corynebacterium sp. and anaerobic bacteria. In 42% of cases cultures were mixed. The most effective drugs against isolated bacteria were amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium (79%) followed by ceftriaxone (69%). High-resistance rates were documented against azithromycin (80%), penicillin (59%), and clindamycin (59%).Conclusions: The present study highlights diverse etiologic agents in cases of infectious bacterial osteomyelitis, with predominance of Staphylococcus genus, and reinforces the importance of obtaining cultures and susceptibility profiles given the high rates of antimicrobial resistance.