993 resultados para rRNA


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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) contains a number of modified nucleosides in functionally important regions including the intersubunit bridge regions. As the activity of ribosome recycling factor (RRF) in separating the large and the small subunits of the ribosome involves disruption of intersubunit bridges, we investigated the impact of rRNA methylations on ribosome recycling. We show that deficiency of rRNA methylations, especially at positions 1518 and 1519 of 16S rRNA near the interface with the 50S subunit and in the vicinity of the IF3 binding site, adversely affects the efficiency of RRF-mediated ribosome recycling. In addition, we show that a compromise in the RRF activity affords increased initiation with a mutant tRNA(fMet) wherein the three consecutive G-C base pairs ((29)GGG(31):39CCC41), a highly conserved feature of the initiator tRNAs, were mutated to those found in the elongator tRNA(Met) ((29)UCA(31):(39)psi GA(41)). This observation has allowed us to uncover a new role of RRF as a factor that contributes to fidelity of initiator tRNA selection on the ribosome. We discuss these and earlier findings to propose that RRF plays a crucial role during all the steps of protein synthesis.

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Avian haemophili demonstrating in vitro satellitic growth, also referred to as the V-factor or NAD requirement, have mainly been classified with Avibacterium paragallinarum (Haemophilus paragallinarum), Avibacterium avium (Pasteurella avium), Avibacterium volantium (Pasteurella volantium) and Avibacterium sp. A (Pasteurella species A). The aim of the present study was to assess the taxonomic position of 18 V-factor-requiring isolates of unclassified Haemophilus-like organisms isolated from galliforme, anseriforme, columbiforme and gruiforme birds as well as kestrels and psittacine birds including budgerigars by conventional phenotypic tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All isolates shared phenotypical characteristics which allowed classification with Pasteurellaceae. Haemolysis of bovine red blood cells was negative. Haemin (X-factor) was not required for growth. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis including bootstrap analysis showed that six isolates were related to the avian 16S rRNA group and were classified as Avibacterium according to 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Surprisingly, the other 12 isolates were unrelated to Avibacterium. Two isolates were unrelated to any of the known 16S rRNA groups of Pasteurellaceae. Two isolates were related to Volucribacter of the avian 16S rRNA group. Seven isolates belonged to the Testudinis 16S rRNA group and out of these, two isolates were closely related to taxa 14 and 32 of Bisgaard, whereas four other isolates were found to form a genus-like group distantly related to taxon 40 and one isolated remained distantly related to other members of the Testudinis group. One isolate was closely related to taxon 26 (a member of Actinobacillus sensu stricto). The study documented major genetic diversity among V-factor-requiring avian isolates beyond the traditional interpretation that they only belong to Avibacterium, underlining the limited value of satellitic growth for identification of avian members of Pasteurellaceae. Our study also emphasized that these organisms will never be isolated without the use of special media satisfying the V-factor requirement.

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A genomic library was constructed from a HindIII digest of Azospirillum lipoferum chromosomal DNA in the HindIII site of pUC19. From the library, a clone, pALH64, which showed strong hybridization with 3' end labeled A. lipoferum total tRNAs and which contains a 2.9 kb insert was isolated and restriction map of the insert established. The nucleotide sequence of a 490 bp HindIII-HincII subfragment containing a cluster of genes coding for 5S rRNA, tRNA(Val)(UAC), tRNA(Thr)(UGA) and tRNA(Lys)(UUU) has been determined. The gene organization is 5S rRNA (115 bp), spacer (10 bp), tRNA(Val) (76 bp), spacer (3 bp), tRNA(Thr) (76 bp), spacer (7 bp) and tRNA(Lys) (76 bp). Hybridization experiments using A. lipoferum total tRNAs and 5S rRNA with the cloned DNA probes revealed that all three tRNA genes and the 5S rRNA gene are expressed in vivo in the bacterial cells.

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A clone showing female-specific expression was identified from an embryonic cDNA library of a mealybug, Planococcus lilacinus, In Southern blots this clone (P7) showed hybridization to genomic DNA of females, but not to that of males, However, P7 showed no hybridization to nuclei of either sex, raising the possibility that it was extrachromosomal in origin, In sectioned adult females P7 hybridized to an abdominal organ called the mycetome. The mycetome is formed by mycetocytes, which are polyploid cells originating from the polar bodies and cleavage nuclei that harbour maternally transmitted, intracellular symbionts. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of symbionts within the mycetocytes, Sequence analysis showed that P7 is a 16S rRNA gene, confirming its prokaryotic origin, P7 transcripts are localized to one pole in young embryos but are found in the pole as well as in the germ band during later stages of development, P7 expression is detectable in young embryos of both sexes but the absence of P7 in third instar and adult males suggests that this gene, and hence the endosymbionts, are subject to sex-specific elimination. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

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The potential of the 18S rRNA V9 metabarcoding approach for diet assessment was explored using MiSeq paired-end (PE; 2 9 150 bp) technology. To critically evaluate the method's performance with degraded/digested DNA, the diets of two zooplanktivorous fish species from the Bay of Biscay, European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and European sprat (Sprattus sprattus), were analysed. The taxonomic resolution and quantitative potential of the 18S V9 metabarcoding was first assessed both in silico and with mock and field plankton samples. Our method was capable of discriminating species within the reference database in a reliable way providing there was at least one variable position in the 18S V9 region. Furthermore, it successfully discriminated diet between both fish species, including habitat and diel differences among sardines, overcoming some of the limitations of traditional visual-based diet analysis methods. The high sensitivity and semi-quantitative nature of the 18S V9 metabarcoding approach was supported by both visual microscopy and qPCR-based results. This molecular approach provides an alternative cost and time effective tool for food-web analysis.

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木根麦冬(Ophiopogon xylorrhizus Wang et Dai)属于铃兰科(Convallariaceae)或广义百合科(Liliaceae s.l.)沿阶草族(Ophiopogoneae)沿阶草属(Ophiopogon Ker-Gawl.),属于典型的濒危植物。前人已从细胞学、种群生态学、生殖生物学和遗传结构与多样性等方面对木根麦冬进行了研究,但在分子进化和分子细胞遗传学水平上的研究近为空白。本文运用染色体的荧光原位杂交(FISH)、PCR扩增和克隆、DNA测序、系统发育重建等方法,对18S rDNA作了染色体原位定位,研究了木根麦冬的Ss rRNA基因结构特点,并重建了该基因的系统发育树,探讨了5S rRNA多基因家族的分子进化模式和木根麦冬的濒危机制。主要结果如下: 1.对木根麦冬三个居群七个个体、及其最近姐妹种林生麦冬(Ophiopogon svlvicola Wang et Tang)一个个体的5S rRNA基因进行了PCR扩增和TA克隆,在两个种中共得到1085个具有插入片段的阳性克隆。 2.对木根麦冬三个居群六个个体的294个SS rRNA基因克隆,及林生麦冬一个个体的45个克隆,总计339个克隆进行了DNA序列测定,这是目前已完成的最大的单个物种的5S rRNA数据。结果表明:两个种的序列高度多样化,在339个拷贝中仅仅有13对(3.8%)是相同的,序列长度变化在307bp-548bp之间,长度变异主要发生在间隔区,单个碱基的插入和缺失(indel)频率很高,5bp以上片段的插入,缺失有11个,插入的序列通常是其两侧序列的重复和倒位。术根麦冬序列的分化指数(sequence differentiation index,SDI)是0.078,林生麦冬是0.032,两个物种间是0.149,木根麦冬的序列之间的分化明显大于林生麦冬。 3.以PAUP程序对339个5S rRNA基因拷贝的DNA序列(包括编码区和间隔区)作了系统发育分析,结果如下:在得到一个唯一的最俭约树中,所有木根麦冬的拷贝被聚成一支,而林生麦冬的则被聚到另一支,统计支持率(bootstrap)达到lOO%,表明这两个物种所有的的5S rRNA基因拷贝分别来自各自的一个祖先拷贝(建立者拷贝),而其共同祖先的其它拷贝则在物种形成中或之后丢失:在多基因家族中如此长期而单一的拷贝偏选( sorting)过程尚未有前人报道;由此基因系统发育树可以看出,在这两个物种形成之后,“建立者拷贝”经历了多次扩增过程而形成了一个直系的(orthologous)多基因家族。 4.在木根麦冬分支中,很少有亚分支是全部由一个居群或一个个体的拷贝组成的,不同居群、不同个体的拷贝混合在同一个亚分支中;对基因系统发育树、序列多样性和序列分化指数分析表明,5S rRNA基因家族内一致化(homogeruzation)过程很弱,不同拷贝是独立进化的,这在串联.重复的多拷贝基因家族中是不寻常的;由上述分析我们推测,在术根麦冬的进化历史上,居群间的基因交流远远比今天频繁,可能是某些外在因素在近期发生变化,导致自交和自交衰退,并进而导致濒危。 5.利用荧光原位杂交技术,成功地将18S rRNA基因定位在木根麦冬减数分裂期的染色体上,两对强信号和一对弱信号分别位于三对二价体染色体上。

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被子植物的rRNA基因已经得到深入研究。二倍体被子植物一般拥有1-4对18S-5.8S-26S rDNA位点和1-2对5S rDNA位点。作为特殊的多基因家族成员,rDNA会受均一化力 (homogenizing forces) 的作用,通过基因转换、不等交换等机制,形成基因的致同进化 (concerted evolution)。长期以来,我们一直认为动植物rDNA致同进化水平很高,各种拷贝的序列几乎完全一致,因此可以直接应用PCR测序的方法进行分子系统学研究。但是在裸子植物中由于研究资料的匮乏,使我们对裸子植物rDNA的变异模式了解甚少。松属植物作为裸子植物的最大类群,它的rDNA变异和进化有何特点、与被子植物是否相同,是这个重要类群的进化研究中目前尚未解决的问题。本文的研究内容从三个方面进行: (1)rDNA的染色体定位 目前,松属的18S-5.8S-26S rDNA的染色体定位研究只包括5种植物,其中的3种同时涉及到5S rDNA定位。这些研究结果表明,不同种存在相异的rDNA位点数目,甚至不同的个体的rDNA位点均有变化。其共同点是,18S-5.8S-26S rDNA位点数平均较被子植物多,5S rDNA除Pinus radiata外,在其它种里则与被子植物相似。这种现象是松属或裸子植物的共同特征,亦或是特例呢?有限的研究限制了对裸子植物rDNA的了解。本研究的目的之一就是研究松属植物rDNA的染色体空间分布特征,希望借此了解松属植物间的关系,比较裸子植物和被子植物rDNA在染色体组水平的差异。 (2)5S rDNA的分子进化 5S rDNA的序列水平的进化研究在松属中尚属空白。5S rDNA在染色体数目上没有显示裸子植物与被子植物的差异,是否意味着松属乃至裸子植物的5S rDNA也同被子植物一样——致同进化完全,序列高度一致呢?利用克隆测序方法对松属植物5S rDNA的研究无疑是有开创性的工作,可以探讨裸子植物的5S rDNA的进化机制和种间关系。 (3)杂种基因组研究 杂交物种的起源演化是当前生物学研究的热点,通过杂种基因组的研究,可以了解杂种的的基因组构成,组织方式和进化历史,探讨杂交事件对成种过程的影响及意义。这项研究涉及到高山松、云南松和油松。之所以采用这三种植物,因为等位酶、cpDNA和mtDNA证据证明高山松为油松和云南松的自然杂交种。但这些证据不足以反映杂种核基因组的重组特征和构成及其进化规律。我们利用rDNA-FISH、5S rDNA和基因组原位杂交分析三种松树间的基因组关系,为揭示高山松的进化机制和历史提供新的依据。 本项研究得到以下结果: 一. rDNA荧光原位杂交 (FISH) 通过对华山松和白皮松两种单维管束亚属植物及油松、云南松、高山松、马尾松和南亚松等五种双维管束亚属植物的18S rDNA与5S rDNA的荧光原位杂交,结果表明: ⑴ 裸子植物的18S rDNA位点数目明显多于二倍体被子植物。其中主要位点数目,油松有7对,高山松5对,云南松8对,马尾松10对,南亚松6对,白皮松3对,华山松10对,平均在7对;另外,部分松树还存在弱位点。无论强弱位点都有部分存在于染色体的着丝粒区,除了赤松 (Pinus densiflora),在其它松科植物中并没有发现这种现象。究竟是基因转移的结果或该位点是18S rDNA的原始起源位置还有待确证。 ⑵ 5S rDNA位点相对变异较小,与被子植物相当。除了华山松5S rDNA有4对位点,马尾松只有1对位点外,其它松树的5S rDNA位点数目均为2对,并且在双维管束亚属植物中有一对属于弱位点。 ⑶ 两种rDNA存在不同连锁模式。双维管束亚属植物中,5S与18S rDNA连锁在同一染色体的同一臂或两条臂上。在同一染色体臂时,18S rDNA在臂的远端。单维管束亚属植物的5S与18S rDNA或连锁于同一染色体的同一臂上,或分别处于不同染色体。前一情况,5S rDNA位于臂的远端。据此可以说明两个亚属的rDNA结构在染色体组水平的很大分化。 ⑷ 松属植物的关系及高山松核型特征。由于5S与18S rDNA连锁关系的不同,可以将单维管束亚属和双维管束亚属分开。各亚属的不同物种可以依据杂交位点的多少、位置、信号强弱构成的核型图加以区分,并且构成一定的系统关系。杂交起源的高山松在染色体组上,表现出对油松和云南松两亲本不同染色体特征的分别继承与重组,并产生独有的特征。其II同源染色体之一18S rDNA位点的缺失,可能是染色体重组的痕迹。 二. 5S rDNA的序列变异与分子进化 利用分子克隆和DNA测序分析了油松、云南松、马尾松、白皮松和不同遗传背景的高山松居群的5S rRNA基因序列变异及基因进化规律,得到以下主要结果: ⑴ 5S rDNA的结构特征。双维管束亚属植物长度在658-728 bp,白皮松则为499-521 bp。长度差异体现在基因间隔区,而基因区极端保守,基本为120 bp。基因转录区内部存在着转录控制区,决定了5S rRNA的转录起始与转录效率。5S rRNA基因能够折叠成正常的二级结构,其中,相对于干区来说,环区要保守,但环E却表现出异乎寻常的变异,转换/颠换比值高达7.1,这种突变可能是假基因的产物。基因间隔区存在一定的保守单元,其中一些与转录的起始和终止调控相关,有些是裸子植物未知功能的特异保守区。 ⑵ 松属植物5S rDNA存在着基因组内与种间的异质性。基因组内的各个克隆中有超过80%的特异的,彼此不相同。整个5S rDNA分化距离为0.042 - 0.051,其中,间隔区的分化比基因区高,其速度约是基因区的3-7倍。比较种间5S rDNA序列发现:在122个克隆中,基因区只有50个特异的序列。基因组间的序列变异度与基因组内 (个体内) 没有明显差别。白皮松的间隔区与双维管束亚属松树的5S rDNA间隔区差异极大,几乎不能排序,而四种双维管束亚属植物的5S rDNA间隔区种间种内差异不大。 ⑶ 松属植物5S rDNA进化。PAUP分析建立的5S rRNA基因树显示,5S rRNA基因在基因组内是多系的 (polyphyletic),表明成种事件以前,祖先种就已经存在序列的分化。观测到的5S rRNA基因序列变异状况,并非完全是致同进化或独立进化的单一因素造成的,而是二者的相互作用的结果。致同进化确实存在,只是速度较慢而已。 ⑷ 高山松5S rDNA 组成。高山松拥有最高的基因组内的序列多样性,高山松的5S rDNA拷贝既有亲本类型,又有重组类型,并且不同地理及遗传来源的高山松显示一定的分化趋势,有更多的拷贝来自母系亲本。 三. 基因组原位杂交 以油松和云南松总DNA作为探针,相互进行基因组原位杂交,结果显示云南松和油松的染色体组可以完全被对方探针标记,在现有基因组原位杂交的分辨率下不能将两个基因组区分开。说明云南松和油松基因组之间存在高比例的同源序列,两种松树的基因组组成十分相似。利用油松和云南松总DNA作为探针,对高山松的染色体组进行双探针基因组原位杂交。结果表明,高山松全部基因组都能与两亲本探针完全杂交,说明三者间有着异乎寻常的亲缘关系。但在PH失调影响下,高山松只有部分基因组被杂交,并且两种探针的杂交信号有轻微差异。这可能是高度重复序列优先杂交的结果。这些情况表明,高山松虽然在基因组构成上与两个亲本基本一致,但基因在染色体组的空间排布上是存在差异的,这一点可以从rDNA-FISH中证明。

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 对大银鱼和小齿日本银鱼的线粒体细胞色素b 和16S rRNA 基因片段进行了扩增和序列测定,分析比较了2 种 间的序列差异。大银鱼2 个个体间细胞色素b 基因序列无差异,小齿日本银鱼3 个个体的序列出现了2 种单倍型;大银鱼 同小齿日本银鱼细胞色素b 序列(单倍型SB21) 之间存在86 个碱基差异(差异率21 %) ,变异较大。大银鱼、小齿日本银鱼 的16S rRNA 基因片段种内个体间无序列差异,两种间存在21 个碱基的差异(差异率5 %) ,有1 个碱基的插入/ 缺失。由 此可见,2 种银鱼间线粒体细胞色素b 基因的进化速率较快,约为16S rRNA 基因片段的4 倍。根据细胞色素b 序列数据, 推算出2 种银鱼大概在中新世晚期发生分化。

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对蝮亚科(蛇岛蝮Gloydius shedaoensis Zhao、黑眉蝮Gloydius saxatilis Emelianov、乌苏里蝮Gloydius ussurriensis Emelianov、竹叶青Trimeresurus stejnegeri Schmidt和分别来自不同地区的尖吻蝮Deinagkistrodon acutus Guenther、短尾蝮Gloydius brevicaudus Stejneger各两条)6种蛇共8个个体测定、分析了约370bp线粒体12S rRNA基因序列,以游蛇科链蛇属半棱鳞链蛇Dinodon semicarinatus序列为外群构建分子系统树。

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对自然感染的水牛源的人肉孢子虫以及黄牛源人肉孢子虫DNA的18S rRNA基因的PCR扩增产物进行了测序。对所获的863 bp的18S rRNA基因分析比较表明,二者有较高的同源性,因此认为二者可能同是一种肉孢子虫——人肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis hominis Railliet and Lucet,1891)。由此推断,不仅黄牛可作为人肉孢子虫的中间宿主,水牛也可作为人肉孢子虫的中间宿主。

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DNA templates were extracted from isolates of Sarcocystis hominis-like cysts collected from cattle and water buffalo, as well as from Sarcocystis fusiformis cysts and Sarcocystis suihominis cysts. The 18S rRNA genes were amplified using DNA from a single

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Thirteen restriction endonucleases were used to investigate nucleotide sequence variation in the 18S rRNA DNA of 88 individuals from ten Sarcocystis taxa collected as cysts from their intermediate hosts, swine, cattle and water buffalo. A DNA sequence of