The application of trimethylsilyl diazomethane to the synthesis of optically active pyrazolines and related studies

The 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of trimethylsilyl diazomethane with camphorsultam-derived acrylates are reported as a means for the efficient synthesis of optically active pyrazolines. Trimethylsilyl diazomethane is a safe, commercially available diazoalkane which provides Δ¹-pyrazolines 1n good yield and diastereoselectivity when camphorsultam-derived acrylates are used as the reaction dipolarophiles . These initial cycloadducts are subsequently converted to stable, characterizable Δ²-pyrazolines upon desilylation.

A manifold of reactions that can be applied to these Δ²-pyrazolines has been developed which includes pyrazoline reduction, N-N bond reduction, addition to the pyrazoline C=N by mild carbon nucleophiles, and both solvolytic and reductive chiral auxiliary removal. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the pyrazoline reduction products can take part in peptide coupling reactions that allow for the pyrazolidines to serve as proline-like molecules. The development of this methodology is a general solution to the problem of highly substituted, functionalized pyrazoline synthesis. Importantly, the pyrazolines thus provided have been demonstrated to be amenable to reactions that add to their value as synthetic intermediates.

Design of redox/radical sensing molecules via Nitrile Imine-Mediated Tetrazole-ene Cycloaddition (NITEC)

The current study introduces a novel synthetic avenue for the preparation of profluorescent nitroxides via nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition (NITEC). The photoinduced cycloaddition was performed under metal-free, mild conditions allowing the preparation of a library of the nitroxide functionalized pyrazolines and corresponding methoxyamines. High reaction rates and full conversion were observed, with the presence of the nitroxide having no significant impact on the cycloaddition performance. The formed products were investigated with respect to their photophysical properties in order to quantify their “switch on/off” behavior. The fluorescence quenching performance is strongly dependent on the distance between the chromophore and the free radical spin as demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. Highest levels of fluorescence quenching were achieved for pyrazolines with the nitroxide directly fused to the chromophore. Importantly, the pyrazoline profluorescent nitroxides were shown to efficiently act as sensors for redox/radical processes.

1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction of ?,?-unsaturated esters and lactones with diazomethane

1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of diazomethane to the alpha,beta-unsaturated esters and lactones such as 2-4, 6-8, 10 and 13 occurs in a stereoselective manner affording conjugated Delta(2)-pyrazolines. E and Z isomers of D-mannitol lead to identical product which was cyclised to investigate the absolute stereochemistry of the product. The regiospecificities of all the reactions are consistent with FMO coefficients obtained through AM1 calculations.

Catalytic Enantioselective Iodoaminocyclization of Hydrazones

The first catalytic enantioselective iodoaminocyclization of beta,gamma-unsaturated hydrazones has been developed with the help of a trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-derived bifunctional thiourea catalyst and allows for the direct access to Delta(2)-pyrazolines containing a quaternary stereogenic center in high yield with good enantioselectivity (up to 95% yield and 95:5 er).

Synthesis and antioxidant activity study of pyrazoline carrying an arylfuran/arylthiophene moiety

A novel series of N-acetyl-3-aryl-5-(5-(p/o-nitrophenyl)-2-furyl//thienyl)-substituted pyrazolines (3a-o) were synthesized by the reaction of 1-aryl-3-(5-(p/o-nitrophenyl)-2-furyl/thienyl)-2-propene-1-ones with hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid medium. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established by IR, H-1-NMR, mass spectra and a single-crystal X-ray study. The antioxidant activities of the synthesized compounds were determined using the DPPH scavenging assay. The compounds 3a, 3f, 3h and 3o showed moderate activity.

Hydrazides and hydrazones as versatile Michael-Donors for iminium-catalyzed conjugate addition reactions

396 : il., graf.

Síntese e potenciais aplicações de novas porfirinas β-funcionalizadas

Neste trabalho é descrita a síntese de novos derivados porfirínicos com potencial aplicação em terapia fotodinâmica (PDT) e como quimiossensores para o reconhecimento molecular de catiões metálicos. Os novos compostos foram preparados usando como “template” 2-formil-5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina através de diferentes abordagens sintéticas, tais como, reações de cicloadição 1,3-dipolar ou reações do tipo condensação aldólica. Depois de uma breve introdução sobre porfirinas segue-se no capítulo 2 a descrição dos estudos de formilação de Vilsmeier-Haack dos complexos de Ni(II) e Cu(II) de meso-tetra-arilporfirinas realizados usando irradiação de microondas. Utilizando os complexos de Ni(II) e Cu(II) da 5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina foram considerados vários solventes, potências de irradiação e tempos de reação; as melhores condições encontradas foram aplicadas a outras mesotetra- arilporfirinas. Os derivados formilados resultantes da reação de formilação de Vilsmeier-Haack com irradiação de micro-ondas foram isolados em bons rendimentos e com significativa redução no tempo de reação, que passou de horas, em condiçoes clássicas de aquecimento, para minutos sob irradiação de micro-ondas. O “scale-up” da reação, nas condições estabelecidas, mostrou ser eficiente não sendo a reação afetada pelo aumento da quantidade de porfirina. O capítulo 3 descreve a reação de ciclo-adição 1,3-dipolar de meso-tetraarilporfirinas com iminas de nitrilo, geradas in situ por desidrobromação de hidrazono-α-bromoglioxilatos de etilo na presença de base. A reação de iminas de nitrilo com 5,10,15,20-tetraquis(pentafluorofenil)porfirina, na presença de K2CO3 em tolueno a refluxo, permitiu isolar novas pirazoloclorinas em rendimentos moderados. Foram investigadas as propriedades fotofísicas das novas clorinas e os resultados sugerem que duas delas apresentam potencialidades para serem utilizadas em PDT. Este tipo de reações foi estendida ao complexo 2-vinil-5,10,15,20- tetrafenilporfirinatozinco(II); este complexo reagiu com as iminas de nitrilo obtendo-se os correspondentes derivados porfirina-pirazolina em rendimentos que variaram entre valores de bom e de excelente. A regioquímica dos derivados porfirina-pirazolina formados foi elucidada por RMN e confirmada por difração de raios-X. O tratamento dos derivados porfirina-pirazolina com DDQ proporciona os correspondentes derivados porfirina-pirazol com rendimentos de moderados a excelentes. Quando os derivados porfirina-pirazolina foram submetidos a condições de hidrólise básica, observou-se não só a hidrólise do grupo éster presente no anel pirazolínico mas também a concomitante oxidação desta unidade heterocíclica, isolando-se assim, num único passo reacional, novos derivados de tipo porfirinapirazol com um grupo carboxílico. A descomplexação dos complexos de Zn(II) foi realizada na presença de TFA, tendo-se isolado quantitativamente os respetivos derivados na forma de bases livres.Foram estudadas algumas das propriedades fotofísicas de todos os compostos obtidos, quer na forma de complexos de Zn(II), quer na forma de base livre. Duma forma geral, todos os compostos preparados mostraram ser bons geradores de oxigénio singleto, o que os torna interessantes para possível utilização como fotossensibilizadores em PDT. No capítulo 4 é descrita a reação de 2-formil-5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina com aril-cetonas e acetato de amónio, na presença de La(OTf)3, o que permitiu isolar novas benzoporfirinas e 2-(2,6-diarilpiridina-4-il)porfirinas. Esta metodologia foi utilizada para preparar, pela primeira vez, uma 2-(2,2':6,2''- terpiridin-4-il)porfirina. As estruturas de duas das 2-(2,6-diarilpiridin-4- il)porfirinas foram confirmadas por difração de raios-X de cristal único. A metodologia descrita permite ainda preparar novos derivados de tipo porfirinacalcona, apenas com pequenos ajustes nas condições reacionais através de uma reação do tipo condensação aldólica. Os derivados do tipo porfirinacalcona foram posteriormente usados para preparar derivados do tipo porfirinapirazol 1,3,5-tri-substituídos em bons rendimentos, através de reação de condensação com fenil-hidrazina. Em cada um dos capítulos é descrito os procedimentos experimentais e a caracterização espectroscópica (RMN, UV-vis e massa) dos novos compostos isolados. Em alguns casos foi necessário o recurso a técnicas de RMN bidimensionais como COSY, NOESY, HSQC e HMBC. Os compostos preparados neste trabalho foram ainda objecto de estudos de avaliação das respetivas potencialidades para actuarem como quimiossensores para o reconhecimento de catiões metálicos, nomeadamente, Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II), Cd(II) e Hg(II). Assim no capítulo 5 é descrita a caracterização fotofísica dos compostos preparados no capítulo 4 e, os estudos destes como potenciais quimiossensores. Os estudos para verificar a potencialidade dos compostos como quimiossensores foram efectuados: i) em solução, através de titulações espectrofotométricas e espectrofluorimétricas, ii) no estado sólido, recorrendo à preparação de filmes de PMMA dopados com os ligandos porfirínicos em estudo e, iii) na fase gasosa, seguindo as titulações dos ligandos com metais por espectrometria de massa (MALDI-TOF-MS). Os compostos estudados mostraram ter capacidade para atuarem como quimiossensores de catiões metálicos capazes de distinguirem entre os iões Zn(II) e Hg(II).

Dithiocarbazate complexes with the [M(PPh(3))](2+) (M=Pd or Pt) moiety Synthesis, characterization and anti-Tripanosoma cruzi activity

New neutral Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes of the type [M(L)(PPh(3))] (M Pd or Pt) were prepared in crystalline form in high-yield synthesis with the S-benzyldithiocarbazates and S-4-nitrobenzyldithiocarbazates derivatives from 2-hydroxyacetophenone, H(2)L(1a) and H(2)L(1b), and benzoylacetone, H(2)L(2a) and H(2)L(2b). The new complexes [Pt(L(1a))(PPh(3))] (1), [Pd(L(1a))(PPh(3))] (2), [Pt(L(1b))(PPh(3))] (3), [Pd(L(1b))(PPh(3))] (4), [Pt(L(2a))(PPh(3))] (5), [Pd(L(2a))(PPh(3))] (6), [Pt(L(2b))(PPh(3))] (7) and [Pd(L(2b))(PPh(3))] (8) were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, UV-visible, IR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), NMR ((1)H and (31)P) and by X-ray diffraction studies. The studies showed that differently from what was observed for the H(2)L(1a) and H(2)L(1b) ligands, H(2)L(2a) and H(2)L(2b) assume cyclic forms as 5-hydroxypyrazolinic. Upon coordination, H2L2a and H2L2b suffer ring-opening reaction, coordinating in the same manner as H(2)L(1a) and H(2)L(1b), deprotonated and in O,N,S-tridentate mode to the (MPPh(3))(2+) moiety. All complexes show a quite similar planar fourfold environment around the M(II) center. Furthermore, these complexes exhibited biological activity on extra and intracellular forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with IC(50) values ranging from 7.8 to 18.7 mu M, while the ligand H(2)L(2a) presented a trypanocidal activity on trypomastigote form better than the standard drug benznidazole. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine imines

Azomethine imines are considered 1,3-dipoles of the aza-allyl type which are transient intermediates and should be generated in situ but can also be stable and isolable compounds. They react with electron-rich and electron-poor olefins as well as with acetylenic compounds and allenoates mainly by a [3 + 2] cycloaddition but they can also take part in [3 + 3], [4 + 3], [3 + 2 + 2] and [5 + 3] with different dipolarophiles. These 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions (1,3-DC) can be performed not only under thermal or microwave conditions but also using metallo- and organocatalytic systems. In recent years enantiocatalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions have been extensively considered and applied to the synthesis of a great variety of dinitrogenated heterocycles with biological activity. Acyclic azomethine imines derived from mono and disubstituted hydrazones could be generated by prototropy under heating or by using Lewis or Brønsted acids to give, after [3 + 2] cycloadditions, pyrazolidines and pyrazolines. Cyclic azomethine imines, incorporating a C–N bond in a ring, such as isoquinolinium imides are the most widely used dipoles in normal and inverse-electron demand 1,3-DC allowing the synthesis of tetrahydro-, dihydro- and unsaturated pyrazolo[1,5-a]isoquinolines in racemic and enantioenriched forms with interesting biological activity. Pyridinium and quinolinium imides give the corresponding pyrazolopyridines and indazolo[3,2-a]isoquinolines, respectively. In the case of cyclic azomethine imines with an N–N bond incorporated into a ring, N-alkylidene-3-oxo-pyrazolidinium ylides are the most popular stable and isolated dipoles able to form dinitrogen-fused saturated and unsaturated pyrazolopyrazolones as racemic or enantiomerically enriched compounds present in many pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and other useful chemicals.

Syntheses of aza analogs of kainoids

The kainoids are a class of non-proteinogenic pyrrolidine dicarboxylates that exhibit both excitatory and excitotoxic activities. These activities are a result of the ability of the kainoids to act as glutamate receptor agonists by activating ionotropic glutamate receptors. The parent of this group of compounds is α-kainic acid. Kainic acid is isolated from the seaweed Diginea simplex and has been used in Asian countries as a treatment for intestinal worms in children. In addition it is used extensively by neuropharmacologists for the study of glutamate receptors. Several years ago, the world's sole supplier of kainic acid discontinued this product. Since that time, other sources have appeared, however, the price of kainic acid remains significantly higher than it once was. We have thus been working on synthesizing aza analogs of kainoids which would be less costly but potentially potent alternatives to kainic acid via the dipolar cycloadditions of diazoalkanes with trans diethyl glutaconate. These 1, 3-dipolar cycloadditions yielded 2-pyrazolines or pyrazoles. The 2-pyrazolines may be precursors to aza analogs of kainoids. The regioselectivity of these 1, 3-dipolar cycloadditions and isomerization of the 1-pyrazolines to 2-pyrazolines was evaluated. Reductions of the 2-pyrazolines yielded aza analogs of kainoids.^ TMS diazomethane, due to the commercial availability, has been frequently used as a synthetic reagent in 1, 3-dipolar cycloadditions, particularly in the preparation of novel amino acid analogs. A survey of the recent literature indicates that the regioselectivity of the double bond isomerization of TMS substituted 1-pyrazolines is variable and at first glance, unpredictable. In an effort to develop a mechanistic rational for the isomerization which could account for the products obtained, a systematic survey of dipolar cycloadditions between TMS diazomethane and α, β-unsaturated dipolarophiles was undertaken. It was suggested that the steric demand of the dipolarophiles had a profound effect on both the relative stereochemistry of dipolar cycloaddition reactions of TMSCHN2 and the preferred direction of isomerization of the resulting 1-pyrazoline.^

Syntheses of aza analogues of kainic acid

The kainate receptors are one of the three major groups of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. They are so named after their most potent agonist, kainic acid (KA), a natural product isolated from the seaweed Diginea simplex. This compound shows both neuroexcitatory and excitotoxic activities, and is an important pharmacological tool for neurophysiological studies. We predict that the more synthetically accessible aza analogues of kainic acid, could act as functional mimics of KA. These could be produced by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazoalkanes with trans glutaconate esters. ^ 1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions have been shown to produce 1-pyrazolines that isomerize into 2-pyrazolines. The 1- and 2-pyrazolines can be precursors to aza analogs of kainoids. The regioselectivity, relative stereochemistry and isomerization of the 1-pyrazolines into 2-pyrazolines have been evaluated. Reductions of the 1- and 2-pyrazolines produced aza analogs of kainoids. TMS diazomethane was used as the dipole in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions leading to aza KA analogs via 2-pyrazolines. A systematic study of cycloaddition-isomerization processes involving TMS-diazomethane and various α, β-unsaturated dipolarophiles has been undertaken. 1H-NMR monitoring of the reaction mixture compositions during the cycloaddition reaction revealed evidence of retro-dipolar cycloaddition processes. Faster formation of 4,5- trans-1-pyrazoline at the beginning of the reaction and subsequent isomerization of this product into 4,5-cis-1-pyrazoline via a retro-dipolar cycloaddition has been observed. Increased reaction time and/or reaction temperature preferentially caused the irreversible isomerization of 4,5-cis-1-pyrazoline into 4,5-cis-2-pyrazoline, which led to high yields of 4,5-cis-2-pyrazolines in the overall process. ^ Two syntheses of the 5-unsubstituted aza-kainic acid have been performed; first, via the reduction of the TMS-eliminated 2-pyrazoline from TMS diazomethane; second by the direct reduction of 1-pyrazoline with Hg/Al-amalgam. 5-Phenyl aza-kainic acid has been produced by direct reduction of 1-pyrazoline, obtained in the reaction of phenyldiazomethane and dibenzyl glutaconate, with Hg/Al-amalgam. ^ Current responses to aza kainate analogs in Aplysia whole cell buccal ganglia indicate potent neuroexcitatory activity. The repetitive exposure of neuronal cells to the 5-unsubstituted aza-kainic acid led to non-desensitizing current responses, showing both binding affinity and neuronal ion-channel activation by the synthesized agonist compound. ^

Síntese regioespecífica de novas N-acil trialometil pirazolinas graxas

Nesse trabalho é descrita a síntese de três hidrazidas graxas monosubstituídas [R1C(O)NHNH2, onde R1 =C15H31, C17H35, C17H33] derivadas dos ácidos graxos palmítico, esteárico e oléico, respectivamente, utilizando duas novas metodologias, primeiramente a partir de monocloridrato de hidrazina em presença de hidróxido de sódio e, em um segundo momento, usando dicloridrato de hidrazina e metóxido de sódio. Ambas as metodologias foram realizadas em metanol como solvente, sendo investigadas as proporções estequiométricas específicas para cada método utilizado. A síntese das hidrazidas graxas com as 4-alcóxi-1,1,1-trialometil-3-alquen-2-onas substituídas [R3C(O)C= C(R2 )(OR), onde R3 = CF3, CCl3; R2 = Me, 4-Me-C6H4, 4- OMe-C6H4, 4-Br-C6H4, 4-Cl-C6H4, 4-F-C6H4], através da reação de ciclocondensação do tipo [3+2] catalisada por BF3.MeOH, favoreceu a síntese regioespecífica de duas novas séries de N-acil trialometil pirazolinas graxas, com rendimentos de bons a excelentes (80 a 90%) e alto grau de pureza, tendo suas estruturas caracterizadas através de dados de Espectroscopia de Infravermelho, Cromatografia Gasosa Acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de 1H e 13C.