Utilizzo di algoritmi genetici nell'ambito della bioingegneria: Applicazione alla identificazione di modelli cardiaci

In questo studio sarà trattato lo sviluppo degli algoritmi genetici, uno strumento di calcolo nato ispirandosi alle leggi Darwiniane sull’evoluzione naturale. Questi algoritmi, le cui basi furono introdotte a partire dagli anni '40, mirano alla risoluzione di una vasta categoria di problemi computazionali utilizzando un approccio differente, basato sulle regole di mutazione e ricombinazione proprie della genetica. Essi permettono infatti di valutare delle soluzioni di partenza e, grazie alle variazioni introdotte dalla modifica casuale o dalla ricombinazione di queste, crearne di nuove nel tentativo di convergere verso soluzioni ottimali. Questo studio si propone come una descrizione di questo strumento, dei suoi sviluppi e delle sue potenzialità in ambito bioingegneristico, focalizzandosi sul suo utilizzo recente nell’ identificazione parametrica di modelli cardiaci.

The evolution and consequences of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)

"Jon B. Skjaerseth, professeur associé, Fridtjof Nansen Institute (Norvège), a présenté dans le cadre du panel Gestion des risques environnementaux par les institutions financières,  une conférence intitulée ""The evolution and consequences of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)""."

Citizens and the future of multilateralism in a polycentric world at 2030: the perspectives of emerging countries for the trading system: the impasse of WTO, the trends of mega agreements, the logic of value chains and the advent of consumers concerns on international trade

A new paradigm is modeling the World: evolutionary innovations in all fronts, new information technologies, huge mobility of capital, use of risky financial tools, globalization of production, new emerging powers and the impact of consumer concerns on governmental policies. These phenomena are shaping the World and forcing the advent of a new World Order in the Multilateral Monetary, Financial, and Trading System. The effects of this new paradigm are also transforming global governance. The political and economic orders established after the World War and centered on the multilateral model of UN, IMF, World Bank, and the GATT, leaded by the developed countries, are facing significant challenges. The rise of China and emerging countries shifted the old model to a polycentric World, where the governance of these organizations are threatened by emerging countries demanding a bigger participation in the role and decision boards of these international bodies. As a consequence, multilateralism is being confronted by polycentrism. Negotiations for a more representative voting process and the pressure for new rules to cope with the new demands are paralyzing important decisions. This scenario is affecting seriously not only the Monetary and Financial Systems but also the Multilateral Trading System. International trade is facing some significant challenges: a serious deadlock to conclude the last round of the multilateral negotiation at the WTO, the fragmentation of trade rules by the multiplication of preferential and mega agreements, the arrival of a new model of global production and trade leaded by global value chains that is threatening the old trade order, and the imposition of new sets of regulations by private bodies commanded by transnationals to support global value chains and non-governmental organizations to reflect the concerns of consumers in the North based on their precautionary attitude about sustainability of products made in the World. The lack of any multilateral order in this new regulation is creating a big cacophony of rules and developing a new regulatory war of the Global North against the Global South. The objective of this paper is to explore how these challenges are affecting the Tradinge System and how it can evolve to manage these new trends.

Open regionalism, nation-states and the learning process of integrating into a global trading system

Includes bibliography

Malaysian industrial and trade policies under the new international trading system

Includes bibliography

Industrial and trade policies under the new trading system: toward a comparative analysis between East Asia and Latin America

Includes bibliography

Ottimizzazione delle reti di distribuzione idrica tramite algoritmi genetici multi-obiettivo

Water distribution networks optimization is a challenging problem due to the dimension and the complexity of these systems. Since the last half of the twentieth century this field has been investigated by many authors. Recently, to overcome discrete nature of variables and non linearity of equations, the research has been focused on the development of heuristic algorithms. This algorithms do not require continuity and linearity of the problem functions because they are linked to an external hydraulic simulator that solve equations of mass continuity and of energy conservation of the network. In this work, a NSGA-II (Non-dominating Sorting Genetic Algorithm) has been used. This is a heuristic multi-objective genetic algorithm based on the analogy of evolution in nature. Starting from an initial random set of solutions, called population, it evolves them towards a front of solutions that minimize, separately and contemporaneously, all the objectives. This can be very useful in practical problems where multiple and discordant goals are common. Usually, one of the main drawback of these algorithms is related to time consuming: being a stochastic research, a lot of solutions must be analized before good ones are found. Results of this thesis about the classical optimal design problem shows that is possible to improve results modifying the mathematical definition of objective functions and the survival criterion, inserting good solutions created by a Cellular Automata and using rules created by classifier algorithm (C4.5). This part has been tested using the version of NSGA-II supplied by Centre for Water Systems (University of Exeter, UK) in MATLAB® environment. Even if orientating the research can constrain the algorithm with the risk of not finding the optimal set of solutions, it can greatly improve the results. Subsequently, thanks to CINECA help, a version of NSGA-II has been implemented in C language and parallelized: results about the global parallelization show the speed up, while results about the island parallelization show that communication among islands can improve the optimization. Finally, some tests about the optimization of pump scheduling have been carried out. In this case, good results are found for a small network, while the solutions of a big problem are affected by the lack of constraints on the number of pump switches. Possible future research is about the insertion of further constraints and the evolution guide. In the end, the optimization of water distribution systems is still far from a definitive solution, but the improvement in this field can be very useful in reducing the solutions cost of practical problems, where the high number of variables makes their management very difficult from human point of view.

L'utilizzo di algoritmi genetici nel progetto preliminare di un velivolo

Il progetto di un velivolo risulta essere un processo multidisciplinare molto complesso. Per poter determinare una configurazione di variabili che permetta di soddisfare i requisiti che si desiderano ottenere dal velivolo, sono necessarie una serie di stime che richiedono altrettanti cicli di analisi delle caratteristiche, prima di poter ottenere una configurazione completa o accettabile. Il processo di progetto richiede, così, un gran numero di iterazioni per poter trovare la migliore configurazione. In questo lavoro di tesi verranno descritti gli strumenti di ottimizzazione noti come algoritmi genetici e verrà presentato come questi possano essere inquadrati all'interno della fase preliminare del progetto di un velivolo.

Ottimizzazione di strutture reticolari mediante algoritmi genetici

La tesi tratta dell'ottimizzazione di alcune tipologie di strutture reticolari. Per sviluppare i problemi analizzati ci si è avvalsi del software Grasshopper, conducendo poi l'ottimizzazione mediante un algoritmo genetico.