Welcome to the Jungle: The Liability of Internet Intermediaries for Privacy Violations in Europe

In Europe, roughly three regimes apply to the liability of Internet intermediaries for privacy violations conducted by users through their network. These are: the e-Commerce Directive, which, under certain conditions, excludes them from liability; the Data Protection Directive, which imposes a number of duties and responsibilities on providers processing personal data; and the freedom of expression, contained inter alia in the ECHR, which, under certain conditions, grants Internet providers several privileges and freedoms. Each doctrine has its own field of application, but they also have partial overlap. In practice, this creates legal inequality and uncertainty, especially with regard to providers that host online platforms and process User Generated Content.

THE INFORMATION ERA THREATENS PRIVACY: A Comparative Study of Electronic Money’s Privacy Policies and Privacy Laws

This thesis consists of an analysis of electronic money (e-money), e-money’s privacy policies and relevant privacy laws. The value of information and the development of technology enhance the risk of privacy violations in the information era. Consumer privacy interests with respect to e-money are governed in part by the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) in Canada and by the European Union’s Data Protection Directive. The analysis is directed at whether the privacy policies of three kinds of e-money – Octopus Card, PayPal and MasterCard – comply with the spirit and letter of these laws. In light of technology change, the laws should be interpreted to apply broadly to protect privacy interests. Enhanced privacy protection may in fact lead to greater adoption of e-money by consumers.

Le respect de la vie privée et les inforoutes en République Démocratique du Congo

Le respect  de la vie privée est garanti dans presque tous les pays du monde, dont la République Démocratique du Congo. Les textes juridiques internes et internationaux qui assurent la protection de la vie privée ont généralement été édictés à une époque où l'on ne pouvait tenir compte de l’avènement des inforoutes. Cet article tend à rechercher, autant que faire se peut, les divers formes de violations de la vie privée pouvant être commises sur les réseaux numériques et les mécanismes de protection y relatifs. Sont abordées, en premier lieu, les violations effectuées par les pouvoirs publics. Nombreuses sont les atteintes à la vie privée autorisées par les normes juridiques étatiques pour raison de sécurité publique. Il en est ainsi des perquisitions électroniques, des visites de lieux et des saisies opérées par des agents des services étatiques porteurs des titres réguliers et dans le strict respect tant de la procédure que des lois. Toutefois, il arrive que les agents d'État débordent le cadre de l’objet de leur mission ou agissent sans titre régulier. Du côté des atteinte perpétrées par les personnes privées, l'on pourra citer, à titre indicatif, la commission des délits de presse et la violation du secret professionnel, la prise de connaissance ou la soustraction frauduleuse des données à caractère personnel. Ces atteintes procèdent de divers fondements, parmi lesquels on retrouvera les conceptions libertaires, les intérêts égoïstes, l’ignorance des législations étrangères, le principe de la liberté de l’information, les raisons scientifiques ou celles d’ordre public. Un certain nombre de mécanismes juridiques permet néanmoins de combattre ou de réfréner les violations de la vie privée. Tout semble graviter autour de la mise en œuvre d’une procédure pouvant enclencher des sanctions pénales, civiles, disciplinaires ou administratives, hormis l’existence de certains mécanismes de protection particuliers tel que le droit de réponse.

“Right to Privacy and Freedom of Press - Conflicts and Challenges”

India is a signatory to the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights 1948 and the International Covenant on Civil and Political 1966, the two major International instruments, building the foundations of the major democracies and the constitutions of the world. Both these instruments give an independent and upper position to right to privacy compared to right to freedom of speech and expression. The freedom of press finds its place under this right to freedom of speech and expression. Both these rights are the two opposite faces of the same coin. Therefore, without the right of privacy finding an equal place in Indian law compared to right to freedom of speech and expression, the working of democracy would be severely handicapped and violations against citizens rights will be on the rise It was this problem in law and need to bring a balance between these two conflicting rights that induced me to undertake this venture. This heavy burden to bring in a mechanism to balance these two rights culminated in me to undertake this thesis titled “Right to Privacy and Freedom of Press – Conflicts and Challenges

Monitoring employees emails without violating their privacy right

The capability of an employee to violate the policy of an organization is a concern for an employer. Monitoring is a measure taken by an employer to discourage an employee from acting inappropriately. However, current monitoring techniques tend to raise privacy issues because they violate the privacy rights of employees. Applying a monitoring technique without violating the privacy of employees is the aim of this paper. We propose a design and a protocol which give an employer the opportunity to monitor employee email in order to detect company policy violations. This can be achieved without violating the privacy of honest employees, while at the same time revealing evidence about the illegal actions of dishonest employees.

Privacy Calculus on Social Networking Sites: Explorative Evidence from Germany and USA

Worldwide social networks, like Facebook, face fierce competition from local platforms when expanding globally. To remain attractive social network providers need to encourage user self-disclosure. Yet, little research exists on how cultural differences impact selfdisclosure on these platforms. Addressing this gap, this study explores the differences in perceptions of disclosure-relevant determinants between German and US users. Survey of Facebook members indicates that German users expect more damage and attribute higher probability to privacy-related violations. On the other hand, even though American users show higher level of privacy concern, they extract more benefits from their social networking activities, have more trust in the service provider and legal assurances as well as perceive more control. These factors may explain a higher level of self-disclosure indicated by American users. Our results provide relevant insights for the social network providers who can adjust their expansion strategy with regard to cultural differences.