On the development of object functions and restrictions for shapes made with a turret punch press

This study presents the information required to describe the machine and device resources in the turret punch press environment which are needed for the development of the analysing method for automated production. The description of product and device resources and their interconnectedness is the starting point for method comparison the development of expenses, production planning and the performance of optimisation. The manufacturing method cannot be optimized unless the variables and their interdependence are known. Sheet metal parts in particular may then become remarkably complex, and their automatic manufacture may be difficult or, with some automatic equipment, even impossible if not know manufacturing properties. This thesis consists of three main elements, which constitute the triangulation. In the first phase of triangulation, the manufacture occuring on a turret punch press is examined in order to find the factors that affect the efficiency of production. In the second phase of triangulation, the manufacturability of products on turret punch presses is examined through a set of laboratory tests. The third phase oftriangulation involves an examination of five industry parts. The main key findings of this study are: all possible efficiency in high automation level machining cannot be achieved unless the raw materials used in production and the dependencies of the machine and tools are well known. Machine-specific manufacturability factors for turret punch presses were not taken into account in the industrial case samples. On the grounds of the performed tests and industrial case samples, the designer of a sheet metal product can directly influence the machining time, material loss, energy consumption and the number of tools required on a turret punch press by making decisions in the way presented in the hypothesis of thisstudy. The sheet metal parts to be produced can be optimised to bemanufactured on a turret punch press when the material to be used and the kinds of machine and tool options available are known. This provides in-depth knowledge of the machine and tool properties machine and tool-specifically. None of the optimisation starting points described here is a separate entity; instead, they are all connected to each other.

Development of a Testing Method for Convertibility of Paperboard

Työssä tutkittiin muovattujen kartonkivuokien sekä muovattujen kartonkinäytteiden rinnastettavuutta. Puristusvaiheen prosessiolosuhteiden miellettiin vaikuttavan eniten multidimensionaliseen muodonmuutokseen. Multidimensionaalista muodonmuutosta simuloitiin uudella muovaamiseen soveltuvalla muovauslaitteella. Kirjallisuusosassa keskeisiä teemoja ovat kartongin muovaus sekä kuitupohjaisen materiaalin reologinen käyttäytyminen. Kirjallisuusosassa esitellään lisäksi yksi tekninen sovellus, jonka avulla kyetään ennustamaan kuitumateriaalin muovautuvuutta sekä mittaamaan tapahtunutta muodonmuutosta. Prosessiparametrien teoreettista vaikutustakuituihin tarkastellaan myös kirjallisuusosassa. Kokeellisessa osassa toteutettiin kartonkivuokien valmistus puristamalla. Vastaavilla prosessiparametreilla muovattiin myös pienemmät testinäytteet. Perinteiset yksidimensionaliset deformaatiomittaukset toteutettiin lujuusominaisuuksien laboratoriomäärityksinä. Myös kitka, joka toimii tärkeänä muuttujana prässäysprosessissa, mitattiin laboratorio-olosuhteissa. Tämän työn tulokset osoittavat uuden kehitetyn muovausmenetelmän toimivuuden. Asema-voima kuvaajat ovat selkeitä sekä helposti luettavia. Tuloksissa havaittiin materiaalin muovauspotentiaalin sekä asema-voima kuvaajan välillä vallitseva yhteys. Erittäin merkittävä huomio oli myös, että muovipäällystetyllä kartongilla oli yhteys päällystämättömän kartongin asema-voima kuvaajaan. Tämä tulos osoittaa, että muovipäällystetyn kartongin muovautuvuutta voi olla mahdollista ennustaa pohjakartongin muovautuvuustulosten perusteella. Perinteiset yksidimensionaliset laboratoriomittaukset eivät kykene antamaan riittävää informaatiota muovautuvuuden ennustamiseen. Tästä näkökulmasta on tärkeää että kartongin multidimensionalista muotoutuvuutta voidaankin tutkia kehitetyllä muovausmenetelmällä.

Avaliação físico-química de óleos da amêndoa de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) obtidos artesanalmente e por prensagem a frio e sua influência sobre marcadores bioquímicos, oxidativos e inflamatórios de ratos submetidos à toxicidade aguda por tetracloreto de carbono

O óleo da amêndoa de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) é considerado um coproduto do fruto, consumido na região do Cerrado, bioma brasileiro. Ele é fundamental para agregar valor e ampliar a utilização deste fruto regional a outros setores produtivos comerciais. Relatos na literatura apontam que o óleo possui capacidade antioxidante e efeitos benéficos sobre doenças inflamatórias, que estão associados à presença de ácidos graxos insaturados e fitoquímicos em sua composição química. Por outro lado, o tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4) é uma potente hepatotoxina, capaz de gerar radicais livres que levam ao estresse oxidativo e à inflamação. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar os óleos da amêndoa de pequi obtidos artesanalmente e por prensagem a frio e verificar o efeito de seus constituintes graxos e bioativos sobre parâmetros oxidativos e inflamatórios de ratos submetidos à toxicidade aguda induzida por tetracloreto de carbono. Inicialmente, foram investigados os parâmetros de qualidade dos óleos, bem como o perfil de ácidos graxos, teores de compostos bioativos, capacidade antioxidante e estabilidade termo-oxidativa. Os óleos da amêndoa de pequi apresentaram boa qualidade e resistência termo-oxidativa e mostraram-se ricos em ácido graxo oleico, além de possuírem compostos com propriedades antioxidantes, como fenólicos, carotenoides, tocoferóis e fitosteróis. Posteriormente, o efeito do tratamento por 22 dias com óleos da amêndoa de pequi artesanal ou prensado a frio (3 mL/kg) sobre a toxicidade aguda induzida pelo CCl4 em ratos \"Wistar\" machos foi avaliado. Para tal, foram determinados marcadores bioquímicos séricos, perfil lipídico, peroxidação lipídica, marcadores do sistema de defesa antioxidante e detoxificante, além de parâmetros inflamatórios do tecido hepático. De maneira geral, verificou-se que os óleos da amêndoa de pequi não minimizaram as alterações hepáticas induzidas pelo CCl4, evidenciadas pelas enzimas marcadoras do dano hepático e por parâmetros inflamatórios, no entanto os animais tratados com o óleo prensado a frio aumentaram sua capacidade antioxidante.

Press forming of paperboard – advancement of converting tools and process control

Press forming is nowadays one of the most common industrial methods in use for producing deeper trays from paperboard. Demands for material properties like recyclability and sustainability have increased also in the packaging industry, but there are still limitations related to the formability of paperboard. A majority of recent studies have focused on material development, but the potential of the package manufacturing process can also be improved by the development of tooling and process control. In this study, advanced converting tools (die cutting tools and the press forming mould) are created for production scale paperboard tray manufacturing. Also monitoring methods that enable the production of paperboard trays with enhanced quality, and can be utilized in process control are developed. The principles for tray blank preparation, including creasing pattern and die cutting tool design are introduced. The mould heating arrangement and determination of mould clearance are investigated to improve the quality of the press formed trays. The effect of the spring back of the tray walls on the tray dimensions can be managed by adjusting the heat-related process parameters and estimating it at the mould design stage. This enables production speed optimization as the process parameters can be adjusted more freely. Real-time monitoring of pressing force by using multiple force sensors embedded in the mould structure can be utilized in the evaluation of material characteristics on a modified production machinery. Comprehensive process control can be achieved with a combination of measurement of the outer dimensions of the trays and pressing force monitoring. The control method enables detection of defects and tracking changes in the material properties. The optimized converting tools provide a basis for effective operation of the control system.